The motivation of Komako in keeping relationships with Shimamura as seen in Yasunari Kawabata`s Snow Country.

THE MOTIVATION OF KOMAKO IN KEEPING

RELATIONSHIPS WITH SHIMAMURA

AS SEEN IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S

SNOW COUNTRY

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Matheus Riyadi Jati Nugroho Student Number: 061214039

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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THE MOTIVATION OF KOMAKO IN KEEPING

RELATIONSHIPS WITH SHIMAMURA

AS SEEN IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S

SNOW COUNTRY

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Matheus Riyadi Jati Nugroho Student Number: 061214039

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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ABSTRACT

Nugroho, Matheus Riyadi Jati. (2012). The Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura as Seen in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses Yasunari Kawabata’s novel entitled Snow Country. The story begins with the second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country. In the first visit, Komako was not a geisha yet, but Shimamura thought that she was a geisha. Komako is the first beautiful geisha he has seen so he thinks that all of the geisha in Snow Country are beautiful. On the second visit, he finds that Komako has been a geisha. However, Komako still wants Shimamura to be beside her although she knows that their relationship cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationship with other men. Some of those relationships that bother her life become her burden. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting. Then Shimamura realized that Yoko who was Komako’s servant made him fall in love. It created conflicts between Shimamura and Komako. Although they had conflicts, Komako hoped that she would be with Shimamura but she knew that she could not. Komako lived her life and tried to keep the relationship with Shimamura.

There is one problem discussed in this thesis, namely what motivates Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationship with Shimamura, who is a married man.

In gathering the data for this thesis, the researcher used library research. There were two kinds of sources in this study. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source of this research was the novel Snow Countrywritten by Yasunari Kawabata. For the secondary sources the researcher used some sources related to the psychological approach and theory of literature.

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Komako is perfectionist, tough and introvert person. Komako is also a beautiful geisha. There are some factors that motivate Komako as a geisha in keeping relationship with Shimamura as a married man. Komako’s intrinsic motivations include needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Komako experiences the condition of deficiency such as feeling unwanted and worthless, emptiness, loneliness and incompleteness. As long as Komako keeps relationship with Shimamura, she gets the love and belongingness from other people. She receives and gives love from other people and someone to love. The result is that she can get the sense of wholeness and warmth and also get the sense of growing together.

Finally, the researcher gives suggestions to future researchers. Future researchers can use biographical approach and psychological approach to analyze this novel. Furthermore, the researcher also provides a lesson plan and materials

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to teach English, especially reading competence with Narrative Text as the topic for XII grade of Senior High School students.

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ABSTRAK

Nugroho, Matheus Riyadi Jati. (2012). The Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationshisp with Shimamura as Seen in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Yasunari Kawabata yang berjudulSnow Country. Cerita dalam novel tersebut dimulai dengan kunjungan kedua Shimamura ke Snow Country. Dalam kunjungan pertama, Komako belum menjadi seorang geisha, tetapi Shimamura sudah berpikir bahwa dia adalah seorang geisha. Komako adalah geisha cantik yang pertama kali dia lihat sehingga dia berpikir bahwa semua geisha di Snow Country itu cantik. Dalam kunjungan kedua itu, dia menemukan bahwa Komako telah menjadi seorang geisha. Komako masih ingat tentang pertama kali mereka bertemu. Bagaimanapun Komako masih menginginkan Shimamura untuk berada disampingnya meskipun dia tahu bahwa hubungan mereka hanyalah sebatas pertemanan. Pada kunjungan ini, Komako memberitahu Shimamura tentang kehidupannya dan dia merasa bahagia. Sebagai seorang geisha, dia telah menemui banyak lelaki. Dia juga memiliki hubungan dengan lelaki lain. Beberapa hubungan yang menganggu hidupnya menjadi beban hidupnya. Pada kunjungan ketiga, meskipun Komako ingin hubungan mereka lebih dari sekedar pertemanan, dia dapat menjaga janji yang sudah dibuat antara dia dan Shimamura di pertemuan pertama. Kemudian Shimamura menyadari bahwa Yoko yang merupakan pembantu Komako membuat dia jatuh cinta. Hal ini menimbulkan konflik diantara Shimamura dan Komako. Meskipun mereka mempunyai konflik, Komako berharap bahwa dia akan bersama dengan Shimamura tetapi dia tahu bahwa dia tidak dapat melakukan hal itu. Komako menjalani kehidupannya dan berusaha untuk menjaga hubungannya dengan Shimamura.

Ada satu masalah yang didiskusikan dalam skripsi ini, yaitu apa motivasi Komako sebagai seorang geisha menjaga hubungannya dengan Shimamura sebagai seorang lelaki yang sudah menikah dalam novelSnow Country.

Dalam mengumpulkan data di skripsi ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Sumber primer dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Snow Country karya Yasunari Kawabata. Sebagai sumber sekunder peneliti menggunakan sumber-sumber yang berhubungan dengan pendekatan psikologi dan teori sastra.

Berdasarkan analisis yang dibuat, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Komako adalah seorang geisha yang cantik, seorang perfeksionis, seseorang yang kuat, dan sekaligus seseorang yang tertutup. Ada beberapa faktor yang memotivasi Komako sebagai seorang geisha untuk menjaga hubungan dengan Shimamura sebagai

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seorang lelaki yang sudah menikah. Motivasi intrinsik Komako mencakupi kebutuhan berhubungan dengan orang lain dan kebutuhan intimacy. Komako mengalami keadaan kekurangan seperti perasaan tidak diinginkan dan tidak berharga, kekosongan, kesendirian dan ketidaklengkapan. Sejauh Komako menjaga hubungan dengan Shimamura, dia mendapatkan rasa sayang dan rasa memiliki dari orang lain. Dia menerima dan memberi rasa sayang dari orang lain dan mendapatkan seseorang yang dapat dia sayangi. Hasil dari hal itu adalah dia mendapatkan perasaan kelengkapan dan kehangatan dan juga mendapatkan perasaan untuk tumbuh bersama.

Akhirnya, peneliti memberi saran kepada peneliti mendatang. Peneliti mendatang dapat menggunakan pendekatan biografi dan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisa novel ini. Lebih lanjut, peneliti juga menyediakan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran untuk mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kemampuan membaca untuk kelas XII sekolah menengah atas.

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In the floating world

Where all things do change

Love does change

When promising it will never change

Dedicated with love and gratitude to: My beloved parents, YB. Kirdjo and Dth. Dwi Kusmaryati My lovely family and all my friends

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to bestow my highest and deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ for His plentiful love and never ending blessing in my life. His guidance has strengthened me to finish my thesis, especially in every single time when struggle comes and life gets so hard.

I am deeply indebted to Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., as my major sponsor, who has guided me in writing this thesis. Her suggestions, corrections, guidance and encouragement are very meaningful in the completion of this thesis. I would also like to thank all my lecturers in the English Language Study Program of Sanata Dharma University for their help and service during my study. My thanks are extended to Mbak Dani and Mbak Tari for helping me with the administrative matters.

My gratitude and respect to my beloved parents, Bapak YB. Kirdjo and Ibu Dth. Dwi Kusmaryati, who have encouraged me in composing my thesis and given me their endless affection and prayers. I thank them for always supporting me to finish this thesis. I also would like to thank my older brothers, older sisters and younger sister, Mas Agus, Mbak Zita, Mbak Septi, Mas Kombang, Mbak Novi, Mas Febri and Siskafor their support in many ways. I also thank my niece and nephew Terra and Advento, who makes my life colorful. Their love, encouragement, faith and prayer really mean to my life.

I would like to thank to my best friends, Paijo, Dwi, Jember, Wegig and Oon,who always support me in every time and everywhere. I would like to thank Guntur for being my language consultant. He has made some corrections and

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given me suggestions in relation to this thesis. I would also like to thank many other PBI students for the support and for every moment that was spent in this lovely campus.

This page would not be enough to mention all my friends who have been helping me and supporting me. Their participation and contribution are very much appreciated. For those whose names are not mentioned on this page, I am grateful to know them all and may God give them endless blessing.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE...i

APPROVAL PAGES...ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY...iv

ABSTRACT...v

ABSTRAK...vii

DEDICATION PAGE...ix

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI...x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS...xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES...xvi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...1

1.1. Background of the Research...1

1.2. Research Question ...3

1.3. Objectives of the Research ...3

1.4. Benefits of the Research ...3

1.5. Definition of Terms ...4

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...6

2.1. Review of Related Theories ...6

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2.1.1.1. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ...7

2.1.1.2. Murray’s Theory of Motivation ...7

2.1.1.3. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation ...9

2.1.1.4. Beck’s Theory of Motivation ...11

2.1.2. Character and Characterization ...12

2.2. Theoretical Framework...14

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY...15

3.1. Object of the Research...15

3.2. Approach of the Research...17

3.3. Method of the Research ...17

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS...19

4.1. The Characterization of Komako ...19

4.1.1. Beautiful ...20

4.1.2. Perfectionist ...20

4.1.3. Tough...21

4.1.4. Introvert ...23

4.2. Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura .25 4.2.1. Needs of Affiliation ...25

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...44

5.1. Conclusions ...44

5.2. Suggestions ...46

5.2.1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ...46

5.2.2. Suggestions for English Teachers...46

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX

A. Summary ofSnow Country...50

B. Biography of Yasunari Kawabata...52

C. Lesson Plan...54

D. Reading Material ...56

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the background of the research, research question, objectives of the research, benefits of the research, and definition of terms. Background of the research describes why writer chose the novel and the topic. The research question gives general descriptions in the form of questions about the problems that are analyzed and discussed in this research. The objectives of the research contain the expected answers to the questions formulated in the research question. The benefits of the research contain people who will get benefits from the research. The last part, the definition of terms, explains the definition of terms in order to help reader easily understand the research. It can help reader avoid misconception.

1.1 Background of the Research

Murphy (1972) states that literature is the expression of life through language. Literature talks about real life, people, thought and the feeling about life. Literature is based on the reality of life, what happened in this life. Reading literary works can give pleasure for the reader and it can also deepen and broaden reader’s knowledge. There are many kinds of literary works. The genres of literary works are fiction, prose, poetry, drama and novel. Each literary work has its own characteristics. The dimensions of novel are larger than a short story.

Novel allows reader the leisure to convert a glimpse of surrounding world into a careful scrutiny. Novel tells about the fiction. Fiction means that the novel describes imaginary events and people. The event has been made up or invented and people are unreal. Although it is fiction and the characters are unreal, it represents the real world. When people read novel, people can feel the feelings which appear in the story. The feelings can be happiness, sadness, or motivations that can make people do something.

People need something to have in this life. It encourages people to do something to achieve what people want. What encourages people to do something is called motivation. According to Petri (1981), motivation is a specific need, desire or want for achievement that energizes and directs goal. An effort to make a better life is a kind of achievement motivation. People want to fulfill their goals of life. All of their goals are based on their needs. Maslow (1973) states that motivation is based on human needs. The needs motivate to act. The behavior of individuals is usually determined by their strongest need. It is clear that human being can behave based on the needs that they face at the moment. According to Murray, there are two kinds of needs. Those needs are primary needs and secondary needs. Primary needs are based on biological needs that people have to fulfill such as hunger, thirst and oxygen. In the secondary needs, it is based on psychological needs such as needs of achievement, needs of power, needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. It shows that there is something underlying on what people do. It is called motivation.

The writer was interested in the motivation of character in novel as the literary work. The novel that was analyzed is Snow Country by Yasunari Kawabata.Snow Countryis story about geisha and her life. Komako is a geisha in the story and Shimamura who is a wealthy man from Tokyo accompanies her. The writer chose the topic about the motivation of Komako as a geisha in keeping the relationships with Shimamura in Snow Country. It is interesting why Komako keeps that promise although she wants to be more than just a friend and it hurts her. She knows about the consequences. This story shows how Komako struggles to keep the relationships. Motivation is needed to do what she needs. There are many reasons and those reasons are her motivation.

1.2 Research Question

The writer formulates the research question as follows:

What motivates Komako, who is a Geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man, inSnow Country?

1.3 Objectives of the Research

The objective of this research is to answer the question that is in the research question. This research aims to identify what motivates Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man, inSnow Country.

1.4 Benefits of the Research

This research is expected to give some contributions to many people. Firstly, the readers can gain knowledge from this research especially about the human motivation. Readers can understand easily about the motivation and know what motivation is so that readers can make their own character building.

For the education, this research is expected to give contribution to the learning of literature. The teachers can use Japanese literature because it is also as great as the literature from other countries and can promote about the culture (cross cultural understanding). For the next research, this research can be the reference about the Japanese culture especially geisha and about the motivation in keeping relationships.

1.5 Definition of Terms

To understand this research easily, writer will define the terms that are used in this research.

1.5.1 Geisha

Geisha in Japanese means a person of art. Geisha is a person who performs arts in giving pleasure and enjoyment for the customers. They show their arts skill. She is not considered as the prostitute because Geisha does not have relationships in sex. In performing arts, Geisha can dance, sing, and play music or poem. Geisha makes up her face with white paint. The job of Geisha is only to entertain the customers in the party or in the teahouse. In this research, Komako

performs her arts as a geisha in giving pleasure and enjoyment for her customers. She tries not to make relationships with other people especially her customers. 1.5.2 Need

According to Hull, need is internal homeostatic imbalance that must be satisfied in order to keep the body performing at a consistent level. In this research, need is defined as something that demanded to be fulfilled. (as cited in Worchel and Shebilske, 1989, p. 375). It is defined that Komako’s needs of love and belongingness are demanded to be fulfilled.

1.5.3 Motivation

According to Worchel and Shebilske (1989), motivation comes from the pleasure one gets from the something itself or from the sense of satisfaction in completing or even working on something (p. 373). Motivation is defined as a desire or an action to do something that supports to reach the goal of life. This research will explore Komako’s desire in keeping her relationships with Shimamura to gain pleasure and satisfaction.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two sub headings. The first is the theoretical review and the second is the criticisms made on the novel by other writers and sources. The theoretical review consists of character and characterization and theory of motivation. The theoretical framework explains the theory that will be used in answering the research question.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

This part consists of theory of literature and theory of motivation. The theory of motivation consists of Murray’s Theory, Maslow’s Theory and Beck’s Theory. The theory of literature consists of the theories of character and characterization.

2.1.1 Psychological Approach

This research only uses psychological approach. The psychological approach uses the knowledge of psychology to understand literary works. This approach can explain various patterns of human behavior that are done by or happened to the characters in a literary work. It means that psychological theories explain about human motivation, personality, behavior patterns that can be used to interpret a literary work. This research uses psychological approach in order to analyze the character’s motivation in keeping relationships in the story more deeply.

2.1.1.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000), there are two forms of motivation. Those forms are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action for one’s own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There is not real reward such as money, status, or certificate for their work because the reward is from their heart, feeling satisfaction in doing things well.

Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from reward that will be benefit for someone such as money, status or certificate. There is no enjoyment for this motivation because people only do something for the reward given not for their satisfaction.

2.1.1.2 Murray’s Theory of Motivation

Motivation is defined as internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as internal factor that moves human beings towards the goal that is to be achieved. Motivation makes human beings keep their efforts and keep them on their goal in order to prevent from losing the way to achieve the goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific behavior that support them in the process of achieving their goal.

Murray also states that people behave in a particular way. That behavior is driven by an internal state of disequilibrium. Disequilibrium means that people have a lack of something and it drives them to behave. It also means that there is

need in people’s life. Murray defines needs as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain given circumstances. Murray also states that personality is the reflection of behavior controlled by needs. People are dissatisfied and they desire something. Murray classified human needs into two types:

a. Primary Needs

Primary needs are based on biological demands such as the need for oxygen, food, and water.

b. Secondary Needs

Secondary needs are based on psychological such as the needs of achievement, needs of power, needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy.

a. Needs of Achievement

Needs of achievement refers to the desire to do things well, overcome obstacles and to do things better.

b. Needs of Power

Needs of power refers to the desire to have dominance, impact on others, prestige, position, and influence over others.

c. Needs of Affiliation

Needs of affiliation refers to the desire to spend time with other people. It is about social comparison, emotional support, positive simulation and attention from others.

d. Needs of Intimacy

Needs of intimacy refers to the desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person. It is the desire to merge self with another.

Murray believes that needs can be interrelated, can support other needs and can conflict with other needs. Murray also believes that stronger needs are expressed more often over time and lead to more intense behavior. Murray states that personality that is the reflection of the behavior is being driven by the secondary needs. The extent to which each of these needs shapes people’s personality and behavior.

2.1.1.3 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation

Maslow’s book Motivation: Theory and Research develops a theory of motivation that emphasizes on the human needs. Maslow says that human motivation is based on human needs (as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 302). He introduces the hierarchy of human needs. He believed that each level on the hierarchy does not have to be perfectly satisfied. It means that lower needs are partially met, higher needs partially emerge.

The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the lowest level or the first level is physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs (as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 302).

a. Physiological Needs

The human being’s basic needs are physiological needs. It includes the needs for food, water, sleep, oxygen and sex. This is the lowest need in the

Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. If the physiological needs are not adequately met, the needs above them are pushed into the background in controlling behavior. When the physiological needs are adequately met, the needs above them emerge as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.

b. Safety Needs

Everybody needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is in danger. Human beings need the security and protection from pain, fear, anxiety and disorder. The peaceful society makes its member feel safe. Safety needs control people’s behavior in the emergency situation. Maslow believed that the safety needs of most adults in our society are usually met.

c. Love and Belongingness Needs

The need of love is true in the absence of a friend, a wife or children. According to Maslow, love is different from sex. Love in this case is not restricted to romantic love but it includes the feeling of closeness between two good friends. The love requires both the receiving and giving of love, love from another and someone to love. This needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to feel part of a group, or a feeling that one’s belongs.

d. Esteem Needs

It means needs for positive, high evaluation of oneself. Maslow states that there are two categories of self-esteem. Those are a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others.

The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, adequacy, confidence, independence and freedom. The need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation by others of one’s abilities a feeling of importance. When this need is satisfied, people have feelings of self-confidence and self-worth and see one as having a purpose in the world.

e. Self – actualization Needs

The need of self-actualization emerges after the satisfaction of the physiological, safety, love and belongingness and esteem needs. At the self-actualization level, person’s behavior is motivated by different condition at the lower levels.

Self-actualization needs refer to the desire for self-fulfillment, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. It values such as truth, honesty, beauty, goodness and they provide the meaning to the life of self-actualized individual.

2.1.1.4 Beck’s Theory of Motivation

Beck (1978) defines the specific interpersonal attraction into three different principles. Those are affiliation, liking and loving. In the term of affiliation, Beck states that people want to be with someone for many different reasons, which do not necessarily involve a particular liking for them. The term of affiliation refers just to associating with others, apart from the question of liking or loving them (p. 354).

In the term of liking, Beck states that people may prefer to be with some particular people because they have personal characteristics that give them pleasure. People may be interesting, fulfill some of their needs, or they are just comfortable with them (p. 354). Rubin (1973) also says that there are many kinds of liking as there are reasons for choosing other people, but Rubin defines the term of liking into two dimensions. Those are affection and respect. Affection is based on interpersonal relations. Respect is based on admirable qualities such as skills or performance in difficult situations (p. 26).

The third term of interpersonal attraction is loving. Rubin (1973) defines love into three elements. Those elements are attachment, caring and intimacy. Attachment means the desire to be in another’s presence, to make physical contact. Caring means the concern for satisfaction and security of another. Intimacy means the capacity of two people to communicate easily and confidentially, verbally and nonverbally (p. 26)

2.1.2 Character and Characterization

Character, according to Abrams (1993) inA Glossary of Literary Terms,is the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities through dialogue and action. In determining the role of a character, Henkle (1977) divides characters into two categories. Those are major and minor characters. The major characters are the most important characters in the story. The minor characters are the other characters that play less important roles in the story in order to help the major characters play their roles in the story.

Character and characterization cannot be separated from each other. Characterization is the way of an author to reveal the characteristics of imaginary persons in the story. It can make the imaginary persons in the story appear to be like a real person in life. An author can characterize the characters using many ways and means.

Murphy (1972) in his book Understanding Unseen gives explanation on how characters are presented by an author. There are nine ways of how an author reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the reader. The first way is using personal description (p. 161). In this way, the author explains directly to the readers the physical appearance of the characters. The second way is character as seen by another (ibid, p. 162). This way, the author mentions the characters though the eyes of other characters in the story so that the readers can catch a reflected image of them through the other characters’ eyes. The third way is by speech (ibid, p. 164). In the speech, the author gives the clues of the characters’ personalities to the readers through what the characters say. The fourth way is using past life (ibid, p. 166). This way means letting the readers know something about the characters’ past life so that the author can give the readers some clues to the characters’ personalities. The fifth way is using conversation of others (ibid, p. 167). In the conversation of others, the author makes dialogues about a character in the story which is spoken by some characters in it. The readers can refer to the conversations to know something about the character.

The sixth way is reactions (ibid, p. 168). The author mentions indirectly characters’ personalities by letting the readers know how the characters react to

various events or situations. The seventh way is using direct comment (ibid, p. 170). The author uses a direct comment to describe the characters. The author seems to judge the characters directly whether the characters are good or bad, beautiful or ugly and the like. The eighth way is by the thoughts (ibid, p. 171). The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about so that the readers can get knowledge of the personality of the character when they read the description of what the character is thinking about. The last way is mannerisms (ibid, p. 173). In this way, the author describes a character’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may tell the readers something about the character.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

This research aims to find out the motivation of Kamako as one of the characters in Kawabata’sSnow Country. This research uses the theory of literature and the theory of motivation. In the literary theories, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization to describe the character of Komako. The way or means to reveal the character’s personalities are using direct comment, as seen by another character, past life, thought and mannerisms. The theory of motivation is used to reveal the motivation of Kamako in keeping the relationship with Shimamura in Snow Country. Vernoy’s theory of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is used to define whether the motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure or not. Murray’s theory of motivation is used to define needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Maslow’s and Beck’s theory of motivation are used to support the needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, there are three parts that are discussed. Those parts are object of the research, approach of the research and method of the research. Object of the research tells about the novel discussed in the research. The approach of the research tells about the approach that is used in analyzing the novel and why that approach is used. The method of research tells about the procedures in analyzing the novel.

3.1 Object of the Research

The object of this research is Snow Country(1957). This is a novel written by a Japanese author, Yasunari Kawabata. The first edition of this novel was published in Japanese in 1947 entitled Yukiguni. This research uses the version which was published by Tuttle Publishing in 1957 and translated from Japanese to English by Edward G. Seidensticker. The novel contains 2 parts and is 175 pages long.

Snow Country tells about the living of geisha in a place that has long and gray winters. The major characters are Shimamura and Komako. The story starts from Shimamura who has a journey to Snow Country. Shimamura is a wealthy dilettante. Shimamura has come three times to the Snow Country. The story begins with the second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country. On the second visit,

he finds that Komako has been a geisha. At the first visit, Komako was not a geisha yet, but Shimamura thought that she was a geisha. Komako is the first beautiful geisha he has seen so he thinks that all of the geisha in Snow Country are beautiful. Shimamura wants Komako to help him find a geisha as beautiful as Komako because both Shimamura and Komako want their relationships to be just friends so it can last longer. Although Shimamura hopes that they are friends, Komako is falling in love with him at the first visit. Shimamura says that he will go to Snow Country once a year. Komako said that their relationships were just friends so it could last longer. As time goes by, Komako was also fall in love with Shimamura. While Komako was busy as geisha, she always tried to spend her time to be with Shimamura.

On the second visit, Komako still remembers about the first time they meet. Komako still wants that Shimamura to be beside her although she knows that their relationships cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. Komako has become a real geisha on the second visit. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationships with other man. Some of those relationshipss that bother her life become her burden. Shimamura went back to Tokyo to get his ordinary life. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting.

A few times later, he came back to Snow Country and realized that Yoko who was Komako’s servant made him fell in love. It created conflicts between Shimamura and Komako. Although they had conflicts, Komako hoped that she

would be with Shimamura but she knew that she could not. Komako lived her life and tried to keep the relationships with Shimamura.

3.2 Approach of the Research

The focus of this research was the motivation of Kamako to be a Geisha in Snow Country. This research needed an approach which could be used in analyzing the problem. There are five kinds of approaches in analyzing literary work. Those approaches are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach. This research used psychological approach because it could help in analyzing human motivation, personality, and behavior which related to psychology. This research could obtain deeper understanding of the motivation of Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man using psychological approach. Human motivation is psychology’s concern. Therefore, this research needed psychological approach to answer the problems formulated.

3.3 Method of the Research

This research was a library research. There were two kinds of sources that were used in analyzing the problems formulated. Those sources were primary and secondary sources. The primary source was the novelSnow Country(1957) itself by Yasunari Kawabata. The secondary sources were the sources that support the analysis. There were several books related to the theory of literature and the theory of motivation. This research used library research method in gathering the

data. There were four steps in conducting this research in order to answer the research question. The first step was to read, understand and comprehend the novel. The second step was to determine the approach and theory that would be applied in analyzing this research. Based on the problem formulation stated, this research used psychological approach. The theories of psychology in this research were the theory of human motivation and theory of human needs. The third step was analyzing the novel using the theories and approach to answer the research question. The last step was drawing conclusion from the result of the analysis.

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CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS

This chapter is aimed to answer the question which is stated in the research question. In this chapter, the writer tries to analyze the motivation of Komako, who is a Geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man. The writer divides the analysis into two parts. The first part discusses the characterization of Komako and the second part discusses the motivation of Komako as a Geisha in keeping the relationships with Shimamura as a married man.

4.1 The Characterization of Komako

There are two major characters in the novel. Komako is one of the major characters. The other major character is Shimamura. Komako is the major character because she is a complex character and frequently appears in the story of the novel. This characterization of Komako will help to identify the motivation of Komako in keeping relationships with Shimamura. The understanding of who Komako is can help to understand what motivates her in doing what she does. Motivation is seen as internal factor that moves human beings towards the goal that is to be achieved. Those internal factor drives person to behave and respond to the stimuli from external factor so that person can fulfill the needs.

4.1.1 Beautiful

Komako is a good-looking woman. By looking at her face, people know that she was given a natural beauty. Her face looks beautiful although she does not pay too much attention to it. Shimamura says that Komako is the most beautiful one in Snow Country. The author gives the direct comment about Komako and it can be seen through Shimamura’s thought in the quotation below.

The high, thin nose was a little lonely, a little sad, but the bud of her lips opened and closed smoothly, like a beautiful little circle of leeches. Even when she was silent her lips seemed always to be moving. … the line of her eyelids neither rose nor fell … the short, thick hair of her eyebrows sloped gently down to enfold the line discreetly … with her skin like white porcelain coated over faint pink … the impression she gave was above all one of cleanness, not quite one of real beauty. (p. 32)

4.1.2 Perfectionist

Komako’s good manner can be observed in the way she cares about her life and her environment. She is totally concerned about anything around her. This behavior represents that she has purpose of her life and she makes plan of her life. She is aware of the situation in which she does not enjoy. People can be affected by the environment but people also can affect the environment through their behavior. It can be known from the quotation below through Komako’s mannerisms and habits.

Shimamura sat idly smoking, his feet in the kotatsu. When the ashes dropped from his cigarette, Komako took them up in a handerchief and brought him an ashtray. He laughed a bright morning laugh. Komako laughed too.

“If you had a husband, you’d spend all your time scolding him”. “I would not. But I’d be laughed at for folding up even my dirty clothes. I can’t help it. That’s the way I am. (p. 65)

From the quotation above, it can be seen that Shimamura teases Komako by referring her as a good wife. It is the evidence for Komako’s behavior in keeping places clean and tidy.

When I come home late at night, everything is laid out for me, but the mattresses aren’t square one on the other, and the sheet is wrong. I hate it. After they’ve been so kind, though, I feel guilty making the bed over. (p.102)

Although she knows that her efforts may be in vain, she still does what she wants to do. She just let herself to be a person whom the place needs. It can be seen through Komako’s reaction. It is about how Komako react to event and situation that implies how perfectionist she is. The quotation below can describe it well.

“So everyone says. There are four little children, and the place is terrible clutter. I spend the whole day picking things up. I know everything will be thrown down again as soon as my back is turned, but somehow I can’t help myself. I want to be as clean and neat as the place will let me.” (p.102)

Komako was waiting for him, clean and prim as before, when he came back from the bath.

“It would be good to work on my sewing in a quiet place like this,” she said. The room had evidently been cleaned, and the sun poured in on the deepest corners of the slightly worn matting. (p. 115)

4.1.3 Tough

Komako’s personality can be seen through what the other character thinks. Shimamura interacts with Komako for a period of time. As time goes by, Shimamura knows who Komako is. Although he said that what Komako does is in vain, he can understand that what she does is not really as useless as it seems

because it represents the way Komako lives. It gives representation that Komako’s life is beautiful and full of sympathy for other people. It must also be noted that Komako is not a person who is easily to give up the efforts she has made.

To Shimamura it was wasted effort, this way of living. He sensed in it, too, a longing that called out of him for sympathy. But the life and way of living no doubt flowed thus grandly from the samisen with a new worth for Komako herself. (p.72)

Komako feels that her life is not easy. She has to crawl from the bottom condition for a better one. Komako struggles with all of her efforts and she does it with pleasure. The condition that she is nothing for other people encourages her to give the best of her so that she can respect life.

Based on what Komako is thinking about, it can give the description of Komako’s personality. Because she has to work hard, she respects what she gets. She deserves to get what she has tried hard before. Understanding that people have to work harder to achieve the goal of life, Komako thinks that life is not simple and does not like people who do not care about the process of struggling. To get much money to keep her life is the important thing that she has to do. Komako thinks that people who have a lot of money without struggling will not understand about life.

You have plenty of money, and you’re not much of a person. You don’t understand at all. (p.102)

“You sew, do you?”

“What an insulting question. I had to work harder than anyone else in the family. I see now, looking back, that the years when I was growing up were the worst ones of all.” (p.115)

What Komako thinks first is all about money. People cannot live their life without money although many people said that money is not everything. Back to reality of life, Komako has to get more and more money. After retouching her face in the mirror, she would stand up to leave. “Back to work, I’m all business. Business, business.” (p.128). What Komako is thinking about reveals that she is a tough person.

4.1.4 Introvert

Komako’s past life can represent her personality. Komako is a woman who always keeps her memories of life so that she can reflect on what she has done. She spends much of her time by doing everything alone. She does not have someone to talk to. In this life, people may need to express themselves by communicating with others. On the other hand, people may use another thing to express themselves. In this situation, Komako uses diary as the media to write about her journey of life. She writes anything about what happens in her life. Komako starts to write diary since she was 16 years old. It has been a long time by the time she meets Shimamura who makes the best entries for her diary.

“All I have to do is look in my diary.” “You keep a diary?”

“It’s always fun to read an old diary. But I don’t hide anything when I write in my diary, and sometimes I’m ashamed to look at it myself.” (p.40)

“And you’ve kept the diary all this time? Yes. The year I was sixteen and this year have been the best.” (p.41)

Although she is an introvert, Komako is a smart person. Her thought is not limited by her social interaction. As an introvert, she spends her time by doing

something that can help her enjoy life. In writing the diary, she does not only write about what happened in her life but also writes about her opinion about literary works. It shows that she is smart and open-minded. Although she lives in a country area, she still spends a little bit of her time by reading magazine or literary works. After reading those literary works, she tries to give her opinion or comment on what she thinks happened in the story. She can understand the story and comprehend it by relating the characters.

“You write down your criticisms, do you? I could never do anything like that. I just write down the author and the characters and how they are related to each other. That is about all.”

Shimamura asks her about her purpose of writing about the criticisms of literary works. Shimamura asks whether it is useful for her or not because he thinks that what she has done is useless. Komako knows about it and agrees with Shimamura’s opinion that it is a waste effort. Although she says that it is no use, it shows that she can think well than the other people around her. It implies that she understand about life. “But what good does it do? … A complete waste effort,” she answered brightly, as though the admission meant little to her. (p.41)

Komako has been living alone since she was sixteen when she was in Tokyo. When she comes to Snow Country, she is alone. When she meets people who she really feels comfortable, she can reveal her burden. It looks that she is different with her usual activity. She can be another people whom she wants to be. She talked on feverishly, as though she had been starved for someone who would listen to her, and presently began to show an ease and abandon that revealed her to be at heart a woman of the pleasure quarters after all. And she seemed in general to know what there was to know about men. (p.19)

She talked happily too of movies and plays she had never seen. She had no doubt been starved all these months for someone who would listen to her. Had she forgotten that a hundred and ninety-nine days earlier exactly this sort conversation had set off the impulse to throw herself to Shimamura? Again she lost herself in the talk, and again her words seemed to be warming her whole body. (p.42)

It can be concluded that she is an introvert. She cannot tell anything with someone whom she does not believe in because of her past life. She keeps it to herself and she will tell it only when she finds the right person. Those mannerisms also prove that she is introvert.

4.2 Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura

The motivation of people to do something is based on human needs. Writer discusses the motivation uses Murray’s theory. It will be supported by Maslow’s theory and Beck’s theory. Murrays says that people’s personality, as the reflection of their behavior, is driven by secondary needs. Secondary needs are based on psychological needs such as needs of achievement, needs of power, needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Writer uses the theory of affiliation needs and intimacy needs. Affiliation needs and intimacy needs is about interpersonal attraction.

4.2.1 Needs of Affiliation

Murray states that needs of affiliation refer to the desire to spend time with other people. The needs involve social comparison, emotional support, positive simulation and attention from others. In the first visit of Shimamura to Snow Country, Komako has emotional support with him. She has desire to spend time

with him. At that visit, Shimamura wants to have a geisha and he needs help from Komako but she refuses it.

She had barely taken a seat when he asked her to call him a geisha. “Call you a geisha?”

“You know what I mean.”

“I didn’t come to be asked that.” She stood up abruptly and went over to the window, her face reddening as she looked out at the mountains. “There are no women like that here.” (p.20)

The quotation above implies that Komako refuses to do what Shimamura asks. She does not want to call any geisha and gives any reason because she wants to spend her time with Shimamura. She is rather angry because he does not ask her to accompany him as a geisha.

Shimamura has reasons why he does not ask Komako to accompany him. He has concluded that their relationships are just as friends because if it is an affair, it could not last longer.

“An affair of the moment, no more. Nothing beautiful about it. You know that-it couldn’t last.”

“That’s true. It’s that way with everyone who comes here. This is a hot spring and people are here for a day or two and gone.” Her manner was remarkably open – the transition had been almost too abrupt. “The guest who doesn’t say he’s fond of you, and yet you somehow know is – he’s the one you have pleasant memories of. You don’t forget him, even long after he’s left you, they say. And he’s the one you get letters from. (p.22)

Based on the quotation above, Komako thinks that Shimamura is the one whom she feels comfortable with. On the other hand, Shimamura is a married man from Tokyo who likes travelling. He goes to Snow Country to do hiking on the mountain. When he goes down to the country, he thinks that every geisha in that country is as beautiful as Komako. The first time he meets Komako, he says that

their relationships is just as friend. If the relationships are just as friend, it can last longer and it can give many advantages for Shimamura.

In Komako’s thought, this kind of relationships is not what she wants. She knows that it lasts longer if they are just friends. Komako needs the love and belongingness from the other people that she does not have before. It motivates her to get closer to Shimamura. She is lack of affectionate relationships. She also wants the positive simulation and attention from Shimamura. She wants to belong to someone. In her mind, someone who enjoys the best activities or memories will be the part of her life that she will not forget.

He felt a little guilty, as though he had deceived her, when he saw how the frivolous words of the traveler who would gone tomorrow seemed to have struck something deep and serious in the woman’s life.

But he went on: “I can bring my family here, and we can all be friends.

“I understand that well enough.” She smiled, her voice falling, and a touch of the geisha’s playfulness came out. “I’d like that much better. It lasts longer if you’re just friends.” (p.26)

The quotation above represents the way Shimamura tries to keep the relationships. That way will give advantage for Shimamura but it will give nothing for Komako. It only hurts her. He sees the seriousness in Komako’s decision to get closer to him but he tries to avoid by giving a choice that will make the relationships much better. Shimamura’s saying affects Komako. It makes her heart fragile and she gets collapsed. It can be seen through the quotation below.

It was perhaps ten o’clock that night. The woman called loudly to Shimamura from the hall, and a moment later she fell into his room as if someone had thrown her. She collapsed in front of the table. Flailing with a drunken arm at

everything that happened to be on it, she poured herself a glass of water and drank in great pulps. (p.33)

An hour or so later, he heard uneven steps coming down the long hall. She was weaving from side to side, he could tell, running into a wall, stumbling to the floor. “Shimamura, Shimamura,” she called in a high voice. “I can’t see. Shimamura!”

It was, with no attempt at covering itself, the naked heart of a woman calling out to her man. Shimamura was startled. (p.34)

That is a woman calling out to her man. Komako cannot lie to her heart. She is an introvert, but she can tell what she feels to whom she relies on. That man is Shimamura. He has changed Komako’s world. She feels that Shimamura is the one she wants to belong to. The previous Shimamura’s decision breaks her and makes her down.

She no longer resisted, however. Giving herself up to his hands, she began writing something with the tip of her finger. She would tell him the people she liked, she said. After she had written the names of some twenty or thirty actors, she wrote “Shimamura, Shimamura,” over and over again. (p.35) Her face was turned half away, hidden from him, but after a time she thrust her lips violently toward him.

Then, as if in a delirium she were trying to tell of her pain, she repeated over and over, he did not know how many times: ”No, no. Didn’t you say you wanted to be friends?” (p.37)

The quotation above is the hardest part when Komako has to convince Shimamura about her feeling. Although she responses him unconsciously, that statement is her real response to him. She wants to heal her pain because she cannot accept the reality about the relationships. She loses control and being unconfident.

But then she said: “I won’t have any regrets. I’ll never have any regrets. But I’m not that sort of woman. It can’t last. Didn’t you say so yourself?”

“It’s not my fault. It’s yours. You lost. You’re the weak one. Not I.” She ran on almost in a trance, and she bit at her sleeve as if to fight back the happiness. (p.37)

“I’m thinking of you as a friend. That’s why I’ve behaved so well.” (p.20) (Shimamura)

The quotation above means that Komako wants to spend her time with Shimamura. She says that it is not only a day or two and then it gone. After Shimamura goes away from Snow Country, Komako only has memories that she will not forget, even long after he left her. It concludes that Komako wants Shimamura to be always beside her every time.

Spending time with other people as a need is also one of human needs according to Maslow’s theory of motivation. There are five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy needs. Those are physiological need, safety need, love and belongingness need, esteem need and self-actualization. The basic level of that hierarchy is physiological need. People have to fulfill this need first before move to the higher level. Komako has fulfilled this physiological need so that she can move to the higher level that she wants.

Although she is not a geisha yet, she is known as a good Maiko, who helps a geisha in the party. She is usually asked to perform in the party with other geisha and all people think that she is an amateur. After being a geisha, she gets more jobs than before. As the consequence, she gets more money than before. She does not need to worry about her physiological needs such as food, water, sleep, oxygen. It can be seen through the quotation below.

Since there were no young apprentice geisha in the town, and since most of the local geisha were at an age when they preferred not to have dance, the services of the girl were much valued. She almost never came alone to entertain a guest at the inn, and yet she could not exactly be called an amateur… (p.17)

That is the situation when she was not a geisha yet. She has become the one that people always asked to give services. She also has another skill that the other geisha does not have. It gives more advantages to her. The situation changes when she becomes a geisha, she has to give services more than 3 parties in one night. She can move from one to another teahouse in one night.

She walked two miles and more between parties at the old spring and the new, and here in the mountains there were few parties that kept her up late. (p.105) Such were the things she talked of. Or she told him of the inn she had gone to first, and the next, and the parties she had been to at each.

“I’ll come again later.” She had a glass of water before she left. “Or maybe I won’t. Thirty guests and only three of us. I’ll be much too busy.” (p.129)

Komako is famous geisha in Snow Country. When she hears bad talk about her, she does not care about it. She believes that what she does will make no difference for her because she can find other happiness in another place. Komako has great confidence with her skills and competences.

“The floor always creaks when I come down to the hall. I walk very softly, but they hear me just the same. ‘Off to the Camelia Room again, Komako?’ they say as I go by the kitchen. I never thought I’d have to worry so about my reputation.” (p. 129)

“You begin to have a bad name, and you’re ruined in a little place like this.” But she looked up and smile. “It makes no difference. My kind can find work anywhere.”

That straightforward manner, so replete with direct, immediate feeling, was quite foreign to Shimamura, the idler why had inherited his money.

“It will be the same, wherever I go. There’s nothing to be upset about.” (p.130)

Komako has fulfilled the basic needs of physiological to move higher level. According Maslow, people can move to higher level after they fulfill their basic needs first. To move to higher level, people do not have to move step by step. People can jump into the level they want to fulfill. In the Komako’s condition, the higher level she needs to achieve after basic needs is love and belongingness needs. Love and belongingness needs means that people need receiving and giving love from the others. According to Maslow, love is different from sex. Love in this case is not restricted to romantic love but it includes the feeling of closeness between two good friends.

According to Robert C. Beck, there are three different principles of interpersonal attraction. Those principles are affiliation, liking and loving. In the term of affiliation, people may want to be with someone for many different reasons, which do not necessarily involve a particular liking for them (Beck, 1978: 354).

Komako might be happy with the presence of Shimamura. In this term of affiliation, Komako associate with Shimamura apart from the question of liking and loving him. The term of liking refers to the people who want to be someone’s belonging. It is caused that they have personal characteristics that provides the some pleasure (Beck, 1978: 354). At first Komako does not show how she loves Shimamura. It is caused by the statement that Shimamura says about their relationships’s being just friends. As a woman, she cannot hide her feeling for Shimamura. She tries to express her feeling in her state of intoxication. It makes Shimamura understands that this woman is really falling in love with him.

Ruben defines the term of liking into two dimensions: affection and respect. Affection is based on interpersonal relations, and respect is based on admirable qualities, such as skills or performance in difficult situations (Ruben, 1973: 26). The determinants of liking are proximity, familiarity and similarity (Beck, 1978: 358). In this the term of liking, Komako defines herself into the dimension of affection. Her first determinant is proximity. In the proximity, people are more likely to be attracted to and be friends with people who are physically close to them. Komako has close relationships with Shimamura because she is accustomed to spend time with Shimamura. She keeps all the memories she had in the diary, especially after Shimamura leaves Snow Country. It is used to remember what she has experienced so far. Komako lives alone. She does not have family or relations around her. As a geisha, she lives with a family who employees and gives her a place to rest. The routine activity she has is writing diary. It can reduce the pain she feels. According to Maslow, people are motivated to do something to heal the pain and get the happiness of life. People do not want their life to be painful. In writing diary, Komako can discover who she is. She can reflect what happened to her.

“All I have to do is look in my diary.” … “It’s always fun to read an old diary. But I don’t hide anything when I write in my diary, and sometimes I’m ashamed to look at it myself.” (p.40)

The second determinant is familiarity. Familiarity means that the closer two individuals are, the more familiar with each other they become. It is the effect of proximity (Beck, 1978: 358). Using the diary, she spends each day to

remember Shimamura. The second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country is almost seven months after the first visit. Spending those months is very hard for Komako. She does not have someone to have conversation with. She feels empty when Shimamura is not around. She thinks that she loses something that is important in her life.

She talked happily too of movies and plays she had never seen. She had no doubt been starved all these months for someone who would listen to her. Had she forgotten that a hundred and ninety days earlier exactly this conversation had set off the impulse to throw herself at Shimamura? Again she lost herself in the talk, and again her words seemed to be warning of her whole body. (p.42-43)

In conclusion, Komako has needs of affiliation in keeping relationships with Shimamura as a married man. First, it is her desire to get closer to someone especially the needs of the love and belongingness from other people. Besides that, it is her motivation to avoid the pain and find the happiness and she can only use diary to remember her happy time with Shimamura for so long. Komako is also determined to be with Shimamura because he has personal characteristics that provide her some pleasure.

4.2.1.1 Needs of Intimacy

Needs of intimacy refers to the desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person. It is the desire to merge self with another. In the interpersonal attraction, the third principle is about love. Rubin defines the concept of love into three elements: attachment, caring and intimacy (Rubin, 1973: 26). Attachment is the strong desire to be in another’s presence to make physical contact. Caring is concerned with satisfaction and security of

another. Intimacy defines the capacity of two people to communicate easily and confidentially, verbally and nonverbally. Komako has a strong desire to be in Shimamura’s presence. When people feel that they trust another person, they can tell about their past life. People live not only for this day; they also have the life the day before. It is about their past life. Komako also has the past life before she meets Shimamura. Her past life is about her relationships with man. When doing her job as geisha, she meets many customers. The characteristic of geisha is that she is not allowed to have relationships with her customer. The customer cannot force what they want when they are in the party with geisha. A geisha also has rights to do what she wants to do or does not. In her past experience, she meets a man who wants to marry her. Komako is a woman who always makes detail plan of her life. She is not the woman who acts hastily when it comes to her future. The man had been after her to marry him, but she couldn’t like him. She had had great trouble deciding what to do. (p,64) (Hamamatsu)

When the man asks her to marry him, Komako already has opinion about marriage. Marriage is not as simple as people think. It is more than just loving each other. People have to prepare everything well for the marriage. The important thing is people have to prepare themselves first before they have relationships with other people and getting married. Komako says, “Marriage has so much charm?” “Don’t be nasty. It’s more that I want to have everything around me tidy and in order.” (p.64)

In the term of caring, Komako is concerned with satisfaction and security of another. When Komako decides to refuse the marriage, it gives problems to

her. She cannot find the freedom of her life. Komako is like living in jail. She cannot express her feeling to another man because she is bound to share it with one man only. When someone is in bound, they cannot think clearly. Komako also feels this way though the fact may not actually be so.

“Was there something between you and the man from Hamamatsu?

She flung out her answer: “If there had been, do you think I would have hesitated? But he said that as long as I stayed here, he wouldn’t let me marry anyone else. He said he would do everything possible to stand in the way.” (p. 64)

“But what could he do from as far away as Hamamatsu? You worried about that?

Komako stretched out for a time, enjoying the warmth of her body. When she spoke again, her tone was quite casual. “I thought I was pregnant. … it seems ridiculous when I look back on it now.” (p. 64)

In the Snow Country, many people think that Komako engages with the son of a music teacher. The reason for people to come to that conclusion is because a rumor says that the reason of Komako to be a geisha is to pay the doctor’s bill. Son of the music teacher is sick. From the beginning, Komako has become the talking of Snow Country. Many people talks about her. It was started when she was not yet a geisha but had the skills that made people thought that she was a real geisha. It is the most surprising story of the reason Komako chooses to be a geisha. Komako is a woman who does not care about what people say about her. She does not think the bad talk about her life. Komako is a firm woman. Although she does not care about the rumor, she actually thinks that what people say about her is completely false.

People have motivation to get something or to achieve the goal of life. It is also used by Komako to achieve her goal. The reason why she chooses to be a geisha is that because she has to pay the debt to the music teacher. The music teacher has taught her to be a woman who can lead a life by herself.

“I couldn’t quite believe all of it, as a matter of fact. But they said you went to work as a geisha to help pay doctor’s bills.”

“It sounds like something out of a cheap magazine. But that’s not true. I was never engaged to him. People seem to think I was, though. It wasn’t to help anyone in particular that I became a geisha. But I owe a great deal to his mother, and I had to do what I could.” (p. 67)

When Komako does not feel comfortable with what people say about her, she will give a strong reason. Komako can be angry when Shimamura always asks about her relationships with the son of music teacher. Her relationships are not like what people think. Komako passes the hard life by herself but on the other hand the son of music teacher is a sick man. In living the life, Komako never needs help from other people including the music teacher’s son. He could not help anything with her life.

“It’s not right for you to ask. How can a dying man keep me from doing as I like?” (p. 68)

“In Tokyo I was expected to dance, and they gave me dancing lessons. But I got only the faintest idea of how to play the samisen. If I were to lose that there would be no one here to teach me again. So I use scores.” (p.70)

After telling about the truth of the rumor, it indicates that the one she needs is Shimamura. Because Shimamura will not be able to come every time she needs him and that he has family in Tokyo, she asks him to come back to Tokyo.

Every time she sees Shimamura, it hurts her feeling due to the kind of the relationships she has with him.

“But it’s not easy for me. Go on back to Tokyo. It’s no easy for me. … was it sorrow at finding herself about to sink into too deep relationships with a traveler? Or at having to keep herself under control at so dear a moment? She has come that far … “ (p. 78)

The third concept of love is intimacy. Komako tries to communicate easily and confidentially with Shimamura. She keeps the relationships with Shimamura but she does not want to break up the family. She respects Shimamura’s wife and she does not want to tell the lies. Her decision is really hard for her but she has to do it. She cannot lie her heart and the other people who will be hurt because of her.

“Is that what happens when you lose your head over a man? I wonder.” (p. 97) “I couldn’t. I really couldn’t. I couldn’t possibly write the sort of letter your wife would see. I couldn’t bring myself to. I don’t tell lies just because people might be listening.” (p. 100)

She always keeps herself and does not change the way she lives. It also shows that she is not a person who can easily change her mind and heart. The life that is always same year after year sometimes makes her bored and gives her hallucination of being married.

“People say I haven’t changed since I came here. I was sixteen then. But life goes on the same, year after year.” (p, 101)

“I wonder if I can have children.” And she wondered too if being generally faithful to one man was not the same thing as being married.

The man that was in Komako’s life was not only the man who wanted to marry her. Komako also had relationships with a man who was her patron.

A patron is a man who protects a geisha’s life. This man is the first man whom Shimamura thinks that Komako falls in love with at the first time. It is about the past life of Komako’s relationships with man.

“That was the first time Shimamura had heard of the “one man” in Komako’s life. She had known him since she was sixteen, she said. … she had never liked the man, Komako continued, and had never felt near him, perhaps because the affair had begun she was down on the coast just after the death of the man who had paid her debts.” (p. 106)

Although Komako falls in love with this man, she tries to break up the relationships because she does not get the feeling of the relationships. There are two reasons why she chooses to leave him. The first reason is his age is over her age and the second reason is the man is never beside her. Komako actually needs someone who always beside her and can be the friend whom she can talk with. She tries to leave him for two chances but it is hard for her. Finally, she can break up her relationships with him.

“I’ve had two chances to leave him. When I went to work as a geisha here, and when I moved after the music teacher died. But I’ve never had the power to do it. I don’t have much will power.” (p.106)

“I sometimes think it would be easiest to break away from him if I were to be really bad. I honestly think so sometimes.” (p.107)

Komako’s relationships with Shimamura are getting closer and closer. Shimamura understands about the past experience of Komako’s life. Komako tells about her relationships with another man. From her story, it can be concluded that she cannot enjoy and get the feeling of the relationships. It is really different when she meets Shimamura. Komako gives her whole heart to Shimamura. It can be shown when she talks everything to him. Although she does not receive any

response from Shimamura, she still keeps the relationships with Shimamura. She knows that their relationships are just friends. Komako says, “You have no idea how I feel …. If I have time later, I’ll stop by to wash my hair. I may be late, but I’ll stop by.” (p.122)

As long as Komako keeps the relationships with Shimamura, she gets the love and belongingness from other people. She receives and gives love from another people and someone to love. She finds the man whom she loves so much. These relationships are much better than her relationships with another man before. It is the relationships that she wants.

According to Maslow, needs of intimacy is also described in the hierarchy of needs. After acquiring the love from other people, she needs high evaluation for herself. It is called self-esteem needs. There are two kinds of self-esteem needs. Those are a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. The needs for self-esteem motivate the individual to strive for achievement, independence, freedom, confidence and strength. It motivates Komako to get strength for her life and freedom of life by keeping the relationships with Shimamura. It can be shown from the quotation below that implies the Komako’s struggling to come for Shimamura based on her needs. She says, “I said I would come and I’ve come. Haven’t I? I said I’d come and I’ve come, haven’t I?” Her chest, even her abdomen, rose and fell violently. (p. 123)

When keeping the relationships, Komako actually needs someone to recognize and gives attention to her after what she has done for the man whom she loves. It is all about the feeling and love she has given to Shimamura. In the

beginning, Komako has known that their relationships can last longer if they are just friends. Komako realizes about this condition but at least she hopes that Shimamura will understand about her struggling. She said that only woman who is really able to love someone. Man sometimes does not think about it. This condition is true and it will always be like that. It can be shown from the quotation below. It implies that Komako needs recognition and attention from Shimamura.

“And I can’t complain. After all, only women are able really to love. … In the world as it is.” (p. 130)

As it always has been. She raised her head and added absent-mindedly: “You didn’t know that?” (p. 131)

The need of esteem from other people also involves the appreciation of others for one’s abilities to provide her/him a feeling of importance. When interacting with other people, someone wants to become a part of other’s life. Komako needs something from Shimamura. She gives her love and she hopes she will get love too. It is actually a wasted effort for her if she still hopes something from Shimamura. But the important thing is that Komako still wants to be appreciated by Shimamura and become an important part of Shimamura’s life. When they are having conversation, Shimamura tells Komako that he appreciates her. He says that Komako has been a good girl for him. It implies that Komako is being the feeling of importance of Shimamura’s life. On the other hand, Shimamura does not tell the reason why he says that.

“You’re a good girl.”

“Why? Why am I good? What’s good about me? … I’m not good at all. It’s not easy having you here. You’d best go home. Each time I come to see you I

want to put on a new kimono, and now I have none left. This one is borrowed. So you see I’m not really good at all.” (p. 146)

“And what do you find good in me?” Her voice was a little husky. “The first day I met you I thought I had never seen anyone I disliked more. People just don’t say the sort things of you. I hated you.” (p. 147)

After he says that Komako has been a good girl and gives her no reason, he says other words that Komako is a good woman. It makes confuses Komako. At first he says that she is a good girl, and then he says that she is a good woman. It is really contradictory. It saddens Komako and makes her hates Shimamura for not giving her a clear reason.

“You’re a good woman.”

“How am I good?” … “A good woman-what do you mean by that? What do you mean?” (p. 148)

“I hate you. How I hate you.” … “It makes me very sad,” she murmured to herself. (p. 148)

Those statements really make Komako shocked. She never thinks like this before. The most astonishing fact is that Shimamura does not tell the reason and the differences between a good girl and good woman. Finally, Komako feels that she is not someone that is important in Shimamura’s life.

Her skin was as clean as if it had just been laundered. He had not dreamed that she was a woman would find it necessary to take offense at such a trivial remark, and that very fact lent her an irresistible sadness.

When the need of self – esteem is satisfied, people will have feelings of self-confidence and self-worth and see one as having a purpose in the world. The statement of Shimamura breaks Komako’s feeling and she lost the confidence and self – worth.

In conclusion, Komako has needs of intimacy in keeping the relationships with Shimamura as a married man. She has problems with other man who wants to marry her. It makes her feels insecure. That condition makes Komako to have the element of attachment (strong desire to be in another’s presence), caring (concerning for satisfaction and security of other). Komako also tries to communicate easily and confidentially with Shimamura to keep their relationshipss.

The human needs can be divided into Homeostatis and Hedonism. Homeostatis means the tendency toward the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. Hedonism means that pleasure happiness are the chief goals in life (Weiner, 1980: 11). That people need something motivates them to behave and reach the goal of life. This disequilibrium drives people to behave and make their personality. According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, there are two types of motivation. Those are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action for our own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. It can be concluded that Komako has intrinsic motivation in keeping her relationshipss with Shimamura. The intrinsic motivation consists of needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Komako has experienced some condition of deficiency. Those deficiencies are feeling of unwanted and worthlessness, emptiness, loneliness and incompleteness. In the fulfillment the deficiency of feeling unwanted and worthlessness, she keeps the relationshipss with Shimamura because she can get the sense of wholeness and

warmth. To fulfill the deficiency of emptiness, loneliness and incompleteness, she can get the sense of growing together with Shimamura in keeping her relationships.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions. The first part is the conclusions of the whole analysis. The second part covers the suggestions which consist of two sections; suggestions for the future researchers and suggestions for the English teachers.

5.1 Conclusions

This part discusses the conclusion of the analysis in chapter 4. The first analysis is how Komako is described in Snow Country and the second analysis is the motivation of Komako in keeping the relationships with Shimamura. Based on the analysis using the theories of characters, Komako is classified into a major and dynamic character. Based on the theories of characterization, Komako can be described as a beautiful, perfectionist, tough and introvert person. It can be seen through Komako’s and Shimamura’s thought, as seen by Shimamura, speech, Komako’s reaction and mannerisms in facing life and also through Komako’s past life.

People are motivated to do something because of needs. One of the needs is psychological needs. Understanding the characteristics of Komako can help to analyze her motivation in keeping relationships with Shimamura. It is about the psychological needs. The writer defines her motivation into intrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivation is Komako wants enjoyment or pleasure for herself. She wants to avoid pain because she does not have person to rely on for a long time.

control at so dear a moment? She has come that far, then, Shimamura said to himself. He too was silent for a time.

“Please go back to Tokyo.”

“As a matter of fact, I was thinking of going back tomorrow.”

“No! Why are you going back?” She looked up, startled, as though aroused from sleep.

“What can I do for you, no matter how long I stay?”

She gazed at him for a moment, then burst out violently: “You don’t have to say that. What reason have you to say that?” she stood up irritably, and threw herself at his neck. “It’s wrong of you to say such things. Get up. Get up, I tell you.” The words poured out deliriously, and she fell down beside him, quite forgetting in her derangement the physical difficulty she had spoken of earlier.

Some time later, she opened warm, moist eyes. She picked up the hair ornament that had fallen to the floor.

Find the V1, V3and Indonesian meaning from the words below!

V1 V2 V3 Indonesian

Stood Shadowed

Changed Turned to

Called Insisted on

Pulled Hitched up

Tucked Shone

Sank Refused

Came Said Looked Startled Gazed

Burst Threw Poured out

Fell Opened Picked up

Read the text carefully and then answer the question below briefly!

1. What are the part of orientation, complications and resolution of the story? 2. Who are the characters of the story?

3. What is the setting of place and time of the story? 4. What are the conflicts that characters have? 5. How does the character resolve the conflicts?

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ABSTRACT

Nugroho, Matheus Riyadi Jati. (2012). The Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura as Seen in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses Yasunari Kawabata’s novel entitled Snow Country. The story begins with the second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country. In the first visit, Komako was not a geisha yet, but Shimamura thought that she was a geisha. Komako is the first beautiful geisha he has seen so he thinks that all of the geisha in Snow Country are beautiful. On the second visit, he finds that Komako has been a geisha. However, Komako still wants Shimamura to be beside her although she knows that their relationship cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationship with other men. Some of those relationships that bother her life become her burden. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting. Then Shimamura realized that Yoko who was Komako’s servant made him fall in love. It created conflicts between Shimamura and Komako. Although they had conflicts, Komako hoped that she would be with Shimamura but she knew that she could not. Komako lived her life and tried to keep the relationship with Shimamura.

There is one problem discussed in this thesis, namely what motivates Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationship with Shimamura, who is a married man.

In gathering the data for this thesis, the researcher used library research. There were two kinds of sources in this study. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source of this research was the novel Snow Countrywritten by Yasunari Kawabata. For the secondary sources the researcher used some sources related to the psychological approach and theory of literature.

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Komako is perfectionist, tough and introvert person. Komako is also a beautiful geisha. There are some factors that motivate Komako as a geisha in keeping relationship with Shimamura as a married man. Komako’s intrinsic motivations include needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Komako experiences the condition of deficiency such as feeling unwanted and worthless, emptiness, loneliness and incompleteness. As long as Komako keeps relationship with Shimamura, she gets the love and belongingness from other people. She receives and gives love from other people and someone to love. The result is that she can get the sense of wholeness and warmth and also get the sense of growing together.

Finally, the researcher gives suggestions to future researchers. Future researchers can use biographical approach and psychological approach to analyze this novel. Furthermore, the researcher also provides a lesson plan and materials

to teach English, especially reading competence with Narrative Text as the topic for XII grade of Senior High School students.

vii

ABSTRAK

Nugroho, Matheus Riyadi Jati. (2012). The Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationshisp with Shimamura as Seen in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Yasunari Kawabata yang berjudulSnow Country. Cerita dalam novel tersebut dimulai dengan kunjungan kedua Shimamura ke Snow Country. Dalam kunjungan pertama, Komako belum menjadi seorang geisha, tetapi Shimamura sudah berpikir bahwa dia adalah seorang geisha. Komako adalah geisha cantik yang pertama kali dia lihat sehingga dia berpikir bahwa semua geisha di Snow Country itu cantik. Dalam kunjungan kedua itu, dia menemukan bahwa Komako telah menjadi seorang geisha. Komako masih ingat tentang pertama kali mereka bertemu. Bagaimanapun Komako masih menginginkan Shimamura untuk berada disampingnya meskipun dia tahu bahwa hubungan mereka hanyalah sebatas pertemanan. Pada kunjungan ini, Komako memberitahu Shimamura tentang kehidupannya dan dia merasa bahagia. Sebagai seorang geisha, dia telah menemui banyak lelaki. Dia juga memiliki hubungan dengan lelaki lain. Beberapa hubungan yang menganggu hidupnya menjadi beban hidupnya. Pada kunjungan ketiga, meskipun Komako ingin hubungan mereka lebih dari sekedar pertemanan, dia dapat menjaga janji yang sudah dibuat antara dia dan Shimamura di pertemuan pertama. Kemudian Shimamura menyadari bahwa Yoko yang merupakan pembantu Komako membuat dia jatuh cinta. Hal ini menimbulkan konflik diantara Shimamura dan Komako. Meskipun mereka mempunyai konflik, Komako berharap bahwa dia akan bersama dengan Shimamura tetapi dia tahu bahwa dia tidak dapat melakukan hal itu. Komako menjalani kehidupannya dan berusaha untuk menjaga hubungannya dengan Shimamura.

Ada satu masalah yang didiskusikan dalam skripsi ini, yaitu apa motivasi Komako sebagai seorang geisha menjaga hubungannya dengan Shimamura sebagai seorang lelaki yang sudah menikah dalam novelSnow Country.

Dalam mengumpulkan data di skripsi ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Sumber primer dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Snow Country karya Yasunari Kawabata. Sebagai sumber sekunder peneliti menggunakan sumber-sumber yang berhubungan dengan pendekatan psikologi dan teori sastra.

Berdasarkan analisis yang dibuat, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Komako adalah seorang geisha yang cantik, seorang perfeksionis, seseorang yang kuat, dan sekaligus seseorang yang tertutup. Ada beberapa faktor yang memotivasi Komako sebagai seorang geisha untuk menjaga hubungan dengan Shimamura sebagai

seorang lelaki yang sudah menikah. Motivasi intrinsik Komako mencakupi kebutuhan berhubungan dengan orang lain dan kebutuhan intimacy. Komako mengalami keadaan kekurangan seperti perasaan tidak diinginkan dan tidak berharga, kekosongan, kesendirian dan ketidaklengkapan. Sejauh Komako menjaga hubungan dengan Shimamura, dia mendapatkan rasa sayang dan rasa memiliki dari orang lain. Dia menerima dan memberi rasa sayang dari orang lain dan mendapatkan seseorang yang dapat dia sayangi. Hasil dari hal itu adalah dia mendapatkan perasaan kelengkapan dan kehangatan dan juga mendapatkan perasaan untuk tumbuh bersama.

Akhirnya, peneliti memberi saran kepada peneliti mendatang. Peneliti mendatang dapat menggunakan pendekatan biografi dan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisa novel ini. Lebih lanjut, peneliti juga menyediakan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran untuk mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kemampuan membaca untuk kelas XII sekolah menengah atas.