The main character`s struggles to achieve self-control as A Teenager in Stephanie Mayer`s New Moon - USD Repository
THE MAIN CHARACTER’S STRUGGLES TO ACHIEVE SELF-CONTROL AS A TEENAGER
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S NEW MOON AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
ELOK DWI RAHAYU Student Number : 06 4214 006
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010
THE MAIN CHARACTER’S STRUGGLES TO ACHIEVE SELF-CONTROL AS A TEENAGER
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S NEW MOON AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
ELOK DWI RAHAYU Student Number : 06 4214 006
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010
Do the best and
God will do the Rest
I dedicate this undergraduate thesis to
My Lord, ALLAH SWT My Mother, Sri Rahayu My Grandfather, Achmad Santoso My Grandmother, Masrika
My Sister, Ika
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH SWT, as I have accomplished my undergraduate thesis, for any help, guidance throughout my life and for never leaving me in my hard time. I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents. They have prayed for me and supported me, especially my greatest mom (Sri Rahayu). My unlimited gratitude goes to my grandpa (Ach.Santoso) and grandma (Masrika): they have raised me up till now, I thank them so much for their love, admitting me as their lovely grandchild. Without them I can not be what I am now. I thank my sister, Ika
Riskian Fakih for the happiness, love, laugh, and support to finish my study, even
for the fighting all over the time we have spent all along together. I love her so much.I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan
Wijanarka, M. Hum., for his advice, time, patient guidance, and revision of this
thesis from the beginning of my thesis writing until now. Without his help, I would not be able to finish this thesis. I also would like to thank my co-advisor, Dewi
Widyastuti, S.Pd., M. Hum., for her time to read this thesis and help me to make
some revisions on it. Thank you for the time, ideas, and energy.I am grateful to my only best friend, dee- J, you have spent many experiences and stories with me. The memories will never be forgotten at all. We still have the future to share with. I miss her so much.
I am also grateful to my incredible boarding house friends, Niken and Nina, who always support me to write my undergraduate thesis. Both of them are my crazy friends to share my time and problems with, that I can keep on laughing all the time.
I need to thank “The 3O kwek2”, Me2, D-nald, who always be my super friends. I Thank them for being my only friends who know my stupidity. They are all
st
the best since we are always together from the very 1 semester in English Letters Department, Thanks!
I would like to thank my friends with whom I passed the process of studying in Sanata Dharma University, debesek (DBSK) ’06, Nek sela, Marce, Meme, Arum,
and Fin who always stay together from the beginning of the semester till the end; my
futsal team, San2, Na2, Yuniar, Lusi, Ester, Jules, Vina, you are all the best team ever, to the only one ’04 brother in Sanata Dharma, Alfa, who always advises me; and to those who belongs to The English Letters of Sanata Dharma 2006 that I could not mention one by one down here.
ELOK DWI RAHAYU
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... iAPPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ………………….. iv
MOTTO PAGE ....................................................................................................... vDEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. xi
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ............................................................................... 6 B. Problem Formulation .................................................................................... 6 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................. 6 D. Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ......................................................... 9 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................ 9 B. Review of Related Theories .......................................................................... 12 1. Theory of Character and Characterization .......................................... 12
2. Theory of Self-Control ……………………………………………... 16
a. Theory of Motivation ..................................................................... 17
b. Theory of Emotion……….............................................................. 18
c. Theory of The Consciousness of Self.............................................. 19 C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 22
A. Object of the Study ....................................................................................... 22 B. Approach of the Study .................................................................................. 23 C. Method of the Study ...................................................................................... 24CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 27
A. The Delineation of the Main Character (Bella Swan) in the Story ………... 28 B. Bella’s Struggles in Achieving Self-Control as a Teenager.......................... 43 1. The Revelation of Bella’s Motivation to Achieve Self-Control .......... 45 2. The Revelation of Bella’s Emotion to Achieve Self- Control ………. 51 3. The Revelation of Bella’s Consciousness of Self to Achieve ………. 55 Self-ControlCHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 61
BIBLIOGRHAPY ………………………………………………………… 65
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………. 67 Appendix : Summary of the Stephenie Meyer’s New Moon …………….67 Appendix : Stephenie Meyer’s Biography and Her works …………… 68
ABSTRACT
ELOK DWI RAHAYU. The Main Character’s Struggles to Achieve Self-Control
as a Teenager in Stephenie Meyer’s New Moon. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010.This thesis examines one of Stephenie Meyer’s novels, New Moon. This novel is about a teenage girl, Bella Swan who has different characteristics from the other teenagers of her age. The Novel tells about love achievement in the youth period, but there is uniqueness of the main character’s love journey: It is different from the other story, because the main character loves a vampire, Edward Cullen. Finally, Meyer tells the reader how an 18 year old teenager can struggle against her youth desire in order to achieve self-control.
The study raises two problems to be examined. The first problem is how the main character of Bella Swan is delineated in the story. The second is how Isabella Swan struggles to achieve self-control. This is related to the revelation of Isabella’s motivation, the emotion, and the consciousness of self as a teenager
In order to reach the objectives of the study, the study uses library research method to collect data. The primary data are taken from Stephenie Meyer’s novel entitled New Moon. The secondary data are taken from sources related to the novel and the topic of this thesis.
The study finds that Bella has tried to struggle to achieve self-control of her life. She makes up some struggles to reach the success. In the beginning, she is delineated as an ordinary teenage girl. She has friends to share with. She is a smart and diligent girl. She works for her own school tuition; she gets an A-mark for her school subject. This shows her attitude as an ordinary teenager girl. Then, in her journey of life, she falls in love with a vampire, that is weird, human loves vampire. Bella’s love journey does not go well; her birthday party becomes her nightmare. Edward decides to leave her in order not to hurt her. Then, it comes up as the starting point which makes her depressed and decides to control herself. She believes that she can remove her desire. She will not be a vampire and will not be with Edward. In dealing with the struggles, Bella makes something dangerous as her power to achieve the self-control. To break out the rules is the main point of changing and controlling her desires. It proves that the effort of Bella to struggle is the most important aspect to make her struggle successful. Bella portrays the struggles in achieving self-control through her delineation of character and the revelation of her motivation, emotion, and the consciousness of self as a part of her life journey as a teenager.
ABSTRAK
ELOK DWI RAHAYU. The Main Character’s Struggles to Achieve Self-Control
as a Teenager in Stephenie Meyer’s New Moon. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra
Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010.Novel ini mengisahkan seorang gadis remaja yang bernama Isabella Swan yang memiliki sifat yang berbeda dengan remaja seusianya. Novel ini menceritakan tentang suatu pencapaian cinta anak muda. Tetapi ada hal unik yang terjadi pada perjalanan cinta tokoh utamanya. Novel ini akan berbeda dengan cerita lainnya, karena tokoh utama dalam cerita ini mencintai seorang vampir, Edward Cullen. Pada akhirnya, Meyer ingin menceritakan kepada pembaca bagaimana seorang gadis remaja yang berumur 18 tahun dapat berjuang menentang hasrat untuk mencapai pengendalian diri.
Penelitian ini menyajikan dua masalah untk dibahas. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Isabella Swan di lukiskan dalam novel. Masalah kedua adalah bagaimana Isabella Swan berjuang untuk mencapai pengendalian diri yang dihubungkan dengan pemaparan motivasi, emosi, dan kesadaran diri sebagai remaja. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian ini, digunakanlah studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data. Data primer yang diambil dari novel karya Stephenie Meyer,
New Moon
dan data sekunder yang diambil dari somber-sumber yang berhubungan dengan novel dan topik penelitian. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Bella berusaha untuk berjuang mendapatkan pengendalian diri dari kehidupannya. Dia melakukan beberapa usaha untuk meraih kesuksesan. Pada awalnya, dia di lukiskan sebagai seorang gadis biasa. Dia mempunyai teman untuk berbagi. Dia merupakan anak yang pintar dan rajin. Dia bekerja untuk membayar uang sekolahnya sendiri, dia mendapatkan nilai A untuk mata pelajaran di sekolah. Ini menunjukkan tingkah lakunya sebagai seorang gadis remaja biasa. Kemudian dalam perjalanan hidupnya, dia jatuh cinta dengan seorang vampir,yang mana hal tersebut merupakan hal yang tidak lazim, manusia mencintai vampir. Perjalanan cinta nya Bella tidak berjalan dengan baik, sebuah pesta ulang tahunnya menjadi sebuah mimpi buruk. Hal ini karena Edward memutuskan untuk pergi meninggalkan Bella agar tidak menyakitinya. Kemudian, hal ini menjadi poin awal yang membuatnya menjadi sangat terpukul dan memtuskan untuk dapat mengontrol dirinya sendiri. Dia percaya bahwa dia dapat melupakan keinginanya. Bella tidak akan ingin menjadi seorang vampir dan tidak akan bersama Edward. Dalam kaitannya dengan perjuangannya, Bella membuat sesuatu yang berbahaya sebagai kekuatan untuk meraih pengendalian diri. Untuk melanggar peraturan adalah poin dasar dari perubahan dan pengendalian terhadap segala keinginannya. Ini membuktikan bahwa usaha yang dilakukan Bella untuk berjuang adalah aspek yang terpenting untuk dirinya agar apa yang ia perjuangkan menajdi nyata. Bella mengungkapkan perjuangannya untuk meraih pengendalian diri yang terlihat dari penggambaran karakter dan pemaparan dari motivasi, emosi, dan kesadaran diri senagai bagian dari perjalanan dirinya sebagai seorang remaja.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Human beings in this world have their own experiences in their lives. Some
people tend to think that the experiences should be kept into their literary works to express their feelings, ideas, and minds. An author or a writter keeps their expressions into written media, such as play, poetry, short story, lyric, and novel. Those kinds of media are formulated as Literature. A literature can deal with human’s thought, feelings, ideas, and their personal experiences.
Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us, it is thus fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language (Hudson,1958:10). Somehow it is interesting to read a literary work because the readers do not just get the information and amusement but also get the knowledge and satisfaction as well.
Literature also gives us a special knowledge of life that is not identical with that of real intellectual and critical values. It is actually possible for a well- read person to make mature of life without having great deal experience (Grace, 1965:7).
The readers may learn how to face the life by the reflection of the conflicts or the problems which appear in the real life. The readers can also understand and study the character and characterization of the people in literary works.
As we can see from the character involvement, the work of literature can be seen as the part of the author’s expression. The author can arrange the character to create a good story. The work may have the character/characters to show the author’s idea. There are many types of writting methods. The Novel that is analysed is about a fiction and popular literature. The author tries to transfer his/her idea in such a fiction. The fiction and popular literature may be easier to express and connect the main problem in the society, environment, family, etc. It shows that every single of life can be written down into literary works.
An author attempts to make his/her character believable and come alive for his/her reader by nine ways: personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of other, reactions, direct comments, thoughts, and mannerism (Murphy, 1972 :161-173).
The writer underlines some of the nine ways. They are through the explanation of the reactions, thoughts, mannerism, and also the personal description. The character’s reaction toward what happen in their lives could shape the thoughts, personality, and their mannerism, whether it is shown in their speech or conversation of others. One releases one’s feelings and experiences in a written text so that the readers can imagine the portrait of human life. It may be said that the literary works also deal with the human’s experience in their life. Therefore, by reading literary works we can learn how people’s struggle in their lives.
It is possible that the readers will understand one’s struggles of life. The readers human struggles basically for life continuity, self-rights, equality, independence, etc. In this thesis, the writer is interested to discuss the struggles of a girl as a teenager to achieve the self control in her life. It can be seen through her life environment, relationship with her parents, friends, and love relationship. The writer is interested in how the struggles to gain the self-control can be so important for her life as a teenager.
Stephenie Meyer as the writer of New Moon, a novel that the writer would like to analyze in this thesis, is known as the young novel writer, and mostly her specification is all about the youth in their life style. Her Success as a writer is due to her belief in her existing idea to be shown off to the other. This implies that she is the teenager’s professional writer. She wants to show and share the other people of the teenager’s life, although she expresses the way of life that the teenager exists as the youth, she also shares the involvement of the parents. In other words, she comes up as the representative of the teenager, on how she is trying to show the struggles, love criteria and the changing happened in the youth itself.
The novel, entitled New Moon, that expresses the love of youth (Bella) is clearly different from usual, which no human loves the vampire and wants to change herself to be vampire too. In a misguided attempt to protect Bella, Edward convinces her that he no longer loves her and moves away with his family, leaving her heartbroken and depressed.
After Edward has left her, Bella becomes so weak and depressive. Bella tries to her friend that loves her to skip the feelings to forget Edward. Bella struggles to find her self-control as the best way to change her mind whether she can lose her feeling to Edward. The novel shows to the reader how a teenager girl struggle to achieve self- control. As a teenager, she completely shows her effort to reach what she wants. In her struggle to get the self-control she has to find her self into a great position until she can achieve the self-control. She manages the whole process to achieve it. She did the clumsiness as her habit, she puts the wild game with another guy, and she tries to ruin her feeling with Jacob too.
New Moon as a fiction is coming out in the time of the teenager’s changing. The changing from old generation into modern generation. The period where they comes up as the growing man as the mature or even more mature to conduct their life (http//twilightsaga. com/stepheniemeyer/html).
David Plotz (1999) in his review The American Teen-ager states that Teens are environmentalists. They adore technology and understand it as no generation before them did. They practically invent the Internet. They don't vote: They distrust politics and prefer voluntarism. They are skeptical of corporations and impervious to traditional advertising. They are less racist and more multiracial than any group of teenager in history. They tend to be free to get the best way to arrange their life without any disturbance and assistance from outside even inside their life around (http//homepage.mental help.com/david plotz/html). "teenager"-this strong, troubling creature caught somewhere between the rock of youth and the hard place of
According to Grace & Fred M. Hechinger in Teenage Tyranny, teen-age, like birth and death, is inevitable. It is nothing to be ashamed of. Nor is it a badge of special distinction worthy of a continuous birthday party. While teenagers should be afforded mitigating circumstances for some of their actions and views, on the basis of natural immaturity, they should neither be placed in an aquarium tank for purposes of exhibition and analysis nor be put on a pedestal to be extolled for that admittedly enviable condition-youth (Hechinger, 1964: 1). Here the Grace & Fred want to show that teenagers are actually as part of life. They are coming to be the symbol of freedom and immaturity. Therefore, they can be so naïve or even they can be so tough.
The character of Bella in the novel is described as the way of the teenager’s life style. The identity of the teen can be seen through the teenager’s life style. Bella loves a vampire, as a human being that is insane and some say it does not make any sense. She comes to think forward to get what we call as self-control. It happens when Edward, her lover leaves her. For instance, those bad things happening to her are the one that she wants to reach the self-control. All characters also put the big influences in showing the reality of what teens do in their life. The way that they react, feel, love, or even think spontaneously in a risk effect.
The writer believes that there are some good questions to be answered between the main character as a teenager and the struggle in achieving self-control. The novel will explain how the teenager in this thesis is the main character showing her freedom to choose, live, and die in their own way as the way to get self-control. And there is no influence from the other side.
Stephenie Meyer’s work New Moon has attracted many writers and critics because of its fame. Therefore, the fluctuation of the character of Bella as the main character attracts the researcher to use the novel and research more deeply about the main character’s struggle that appear in the novel with the main character’s struggles
to achieve self-control as teenager as the title to the thesis.
B. Problem Formulation
Regarding to the topic that is discussed above, this thesis will analyze problems that can be formulated as follows.
1. How is Bella delineated in the Novel ?
2. How does Bella struggle to achieve her self-control as a teenager ?
C. Objectives of the Study
The aims of the study firstly to observe the character and characterization of Bella as the main character to know how Bella is delineated as a teenager through her struggles, and secondly to find out Bella’s struggles in achieve self-control as a teenager.
D. Definition of Terms This part will give some explanation of some terms that are used in the thesis.
This is necessary to clarify the terms in order to reveal a better understanding on the novel.
1. Main Character
Holman & Harmon in A Handbook to Literature describe character as a complicated term that includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human’s personality (Aristotle’s sense of ethos), the presence of moral uprightness, and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seems to be human beings of one sort or another (1986: 81).
Abrams states that characters are actually the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work,who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral,dispositional,and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue, and what they do the action (1993: 23).
Barnhart and Hasley state, the term of character is defined as an account or statements of qualities, peculiarities of a person or thing (1956: 156).
2. Struggle
Struggle actually occurs when a person intends to achieve something with effort and process. Thus, Struggle, according to The American Heritage Dictionary of The
English Language
struggle is to be strenuously engaged with the problems or an undertaking, to progress with difficulty (Soukhanov, 1966: 1782).
3. Self-Control
According to Blackwell Encyclopedia of Psychology, self-control is the ability to control impulses and reactions, and is another name for self-discipline. It is not some kind of negative and limiting behavior, as some people might think, when self- control is used wisely and with common sense, it becomes one of the most important tools for self improvement and for achieving success (http://www.blackwell reference.com) (23 February 2010).
4. Teenager Teenager is a person between the ages of 13 and 19, the period of puberty.
Teenager is characterized by marked the physiological changes, development of sexual feelings, efforts toward the construction of identity, and a progression from concrete to abstract thought. Teenager is sometimes viewed as a transitional state, during which youths begin to separate themselves from their parents but still lack a clearly defined role in society. It is generally regarded as an emotionally intense and often stressful period (http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn) (24 June 2010).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review on Related Studies Theories and other works are very helpful for the writer to acomplish the study. There are some works that are related to Meyer’s novel New Moon and others to finish the process of the study. New Moon
is the second sequel of Twilight of Bella Swan's unusual life in Forks, Washington. Bella becomes a girl in many kinds of changes in her life. It can be shown in her love, life, and environment around her. The character of Bella could be revealed on her struggle to achieve self-control through her teenager’s life (www.accessmylibrary.com/2006/meyer-stephenie-new-moon.html\). ( 20 Oktober
2009)
Some critics criticize this novel. Thomas Hine says that in The Rise and Fall of
the American Teenager
throughout our turbulent history, generations of youths have stood at the forefront of social change-calculating the odds, taking the risks, and learning how to survive and thrive in the times. Thomas Hine's remarkable contribution is a focused study and a glorious appreciation of youth that challenges us to confront our stereotypes, to rethink our expectations and to consider a new the lives of those individuals-some of them living under our roofs-who are, as always, our blessing, our bane, and our future. Teenagers occupy a special place in life. They are envied and sold to, studied and deplored. They seem to be growing up too fast, and always immature, they are barbarians at the gate-and our only hope for a better world. What, then, is this thing called "teenager"-this strong, troubling creature caught somewhere between the rock of youth and the hard place of adulthood (Hine, 1999: 305-314). That shows Bella’s attitude toward her teenager’s life into a great starting point of her struggles. She takes the risk, learning how to survive and thrive in times.
Megan Tingley states in Megan Tingley Books that Stephenie Meyer tries to draw her personal implication to the young novelist’s perspective toward the teenager world is meant to draw Bella’s struggles. Stephenie Meyer is good with feelings. Mind you, she obtained a nice complicated situation. Bella is in love with a vampire who has an especially powerful thirst for her blood, but resists that urge because he loves her. In New Moon, Edward faces the "reality" that he is not good for Bella, and Bella is not good for him. Thus, he leaves her. Meyer captures well how it feels to be left by the love of your life. The unbelievable shock of seeing hard coldness on his face when he says he is leaving. The utter numbness that follows, wondering how to go on, how to face ordinary, day-to-day life in fact of her teen age development (www.accessmylibrary.com/.2006../meyer-stephenie-new-moon.html). (20 October 2009).
Robin Bowman in his book It's Complicated: The American Teenager mentions that teenager as seen from the personal development could share their young people’s voices of passion, pride, embarrassment, lust, pain, bewilderment, ideas and stereotypes of teenagers with the diversity of individuals in the portraits. This book accompanies about the inside lives of these kids and how they see their reality in their own voices (Bowman, 2007: 30).
Here Bowman has the same ideas that the teenager has the very big contribution in the individual development. Meyer’s ideas of the passion, lust, pain, joy, uncertainty, etc have commonly shown up to the majority happening toward Bella’s developmental character in her adolescence age.
The New York Times
Book Review, in the introduction on New Moon gives another perspective as follows : Stephenie Meyer delivers another irresistible combination of romance and suspense with a supernatural twist. Passionate, riveting, and full of surprising twists and turns, this vampire love saga is well on its way to literary immortality.(www.wordpress.com/2008/08/.../NewMoon-by-Stephenie- Meyer.html) (22 March 2009). As it is said, Meyer tries to share another thing to the readers about the different life style that may happen to the people in which the romance and the illogic thing could occur and stand together in the people’s life by showing the continuing love story of the teenager girl, Bella with Edward, who is actually a vampire. And that makes the readers also reflect how life can form up the personal character.
Therefore, in this thesis the writer wants to analyze further about Stephenie Meyer’s works as a young novelist , who is trying to figure out the character of Bella as a teenager in a different way and the attitude toward her surrounding life.
In comparison with other works of young teenager’s character, Meyer has some teenager to accomplish the struggles in achieving the self-control. The writer chooses to find the Meyer’s intention to analyze the main character struggles in finding the self-control as a different teenager that will be the point to diverge the thesis from any other studies.
B. Review of Related Theories
The writer needs to use some theories to support the thesis’ writing that are considered relevant to the study. Since this thesis studies the main character’s struggles to achieve self-control as a teenager, the first thing to analyze is the theory of character and characterization, and the second is the theory of self-control.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization.
One of the important elements in a work of literature is character. A character is an important factor in fiction. The term “character” might refer to the persons or figures in a work of literature. The theory of character states that the character brings a story in ways that conducts the emotional qualities, the moral judgment and also dispositional. Characters are also created with certain qualities. They are recognized by readers for their characteristics and characterization by the authors. The character of the work should be very useful to the work itself.
Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literature describe character as complicated term which includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human’s personality (Aristotle’s sense of ethos), the presence of moral uprightness and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in arts that seem to be human beings of one sort or another (1986: 81).
Abrams also states that the characters are actually the presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue, and what they do the action (1993: 23). Therefore, it can make the fiction clear.
E.M. Forster in Aspects of the Novel classifies characters into two types. First, the flat character that is built around a single idea or quality and is represented in outline and without much individuality detail, and so they can be fairly describe in a single phrase or sentence. The flat characters are described by one or two traits.
Another type of the character is the round character; characters that are complex in temperament and motivation and are represented with subtle peculiarity. Therefore, those characters are difficult to describe with an adequacy as a person into a real life and like most people, they are capable of surprising us. There is also a static character. The static character is the same sort of person at the end of the story as he or she is in the beginning. The developing or dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of his or her character, personality or outlook (Forster, 1972: 18).
Drs. E. Van De Laar and Dr. N. Schoonderwoerd in An Approach to English
Literature
also support the theory of “round and flat characters”. The theory perfect way for a novelist to represent his or her characters. The characters are called “the round character”. In contrast, characters represented only or mainly in one aspect are called ‘flat characters or types or caricatures’ (De Laar and Schoonderwoerd, 1963: 170).
Theory of character includes the delineation of character. Delineation of Character, according to Drs. E. Van De Laar and Dr. N. Schoonderwoerd in An
Approach to English Literature,
delineation is a description of characters in the novel (De Laar and Schoonderwoerd, 1963: 163). The characters can be delineated by showing them in contact with other characters and by showing how they react to other human beings. The interplay of characters may give the description more about the character (De Laar and Schoonderwoerd, 1963: 171).
According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Jr. in Reading and
Writing about Literature
, the process by which an author creates a character is called characterization. There are two principal ways an author can characterize.
First, he or she can use direct means to describe physical appearance, intellectual, moral attributes, and the degree of sensitivity of the character. Second, he or she can use dramatic means and place the character in situations to show what the character is by the way he behaves or speaks (Rohrberger and Woods Jr., 1971: 20).
Murphy in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and The
English Novel for Overseas Student
also has classification that differs the representation of the character. There are nine ways in which the author presents the
1. Personal Description, we can find out the nature of the character/s from the author’s description about her/his character appearance.
2. Speech, the character can give us the clue to his/her nature through his/her speaking, conversation with other people and opinion.
3. Conversation as seen by another. We know the character’s nature through the other eyes and also comments on his/her nature.
4. Reaction, the person’s nature can be known by his/her reactions to different occasions.
5. Direct Comments, the author can give comments on the person’s character directly.
6. Thought, the nature of the character can be known from what she/he is thinking.
7. Conversation of others, the conversation of other people can be the way of the author to tell the reader on the person’s character by showing the dialogue among other characters and other utterance on that person.
8. The past life, the author uses to tell the character’s past life, by commenting out directly, describing the person’s mind, person’s dialogue, and the medium among another person.
9. Mannerism, we can understand the character through the way he/she behaves, attitudes, and talks with the other people (1972:161-173).
2. Theory of Self-Control
In The Science of Self-Control Howard Rachlin states that self-control may be seen as the interaction with one's own future self. Rachlin shows that indeed the value of the whole of one's whole life is far greater than the sum of the values of its individual parts (metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php) (23 February 2010).
In Blackwell Encyclopedia of Psychology, Self-control is the ability to control impulses and reactions, and is another name for self-discipline. It is not some kind of negative and limiting behavior, as some people might think. When self-control is used wisely and with common sense, it becomes one of the most important tools for self improvement and for achieving success. Self-control is a concept used by psychologists to explain differences among people in the frequency of engaging in a wide variety of acts that cause harm to others. It is defined as the tendency to avoid acts whose long-term costs exceed their momentary advantages. These theories are distinguished by the assumption that people are rational actors, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Basic human needs and desires are seen as fairly uniformly distributed among people (even if access to the means to satisfy these needs and desires is far from uniformly distributed). They include the desire for affection from others, material goods, and pleasurable physical and psychological experiences. In general, people pursue these wants (http://www.blackwell reference.com) (23 February 2010).
In the article, The Positive Psychology of Self-Control Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., over one's own actions. This exercise may take the form of mental regulation, emotional management, goal setting, self-monitoring and making responsible choices. Self-control becomes a thought process, because of the cognitive processes and mental regulations needed to implement self-control. When self-control is tested by unrelenting pressure or prolonged deprivation, then its continuation depends on internal resources such as character, courage, faith, purpose, endurance. In this case, self-control may be considered a resource, an important part of a cluster of inner resources. An important part of self-control has to do with regulating one's own emotions so that one's behavior is situation-appropriate and socially acceptable. Even though feelings are generally considered uncontrollable, their intensity and expressions can be regulated. Finally, self-control requires motivation. Even when one possesses all of the above, in certain situations, such as a special celebration or an artificial psychology experiment, one may decide to briefly give up self-control for the occasion (www.meaning.ca/.../pres_col_jun_2004_self-control.htm ) (23 February 2010). There are some theories which are related to support the theory of self-control.
a. Theory of Motivation
Motivation is one thing that people actually have in their life. It stimulates to do something that will affect their life or can fulfill their desire. Psychology in Action states that motivation refers to factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal (Huffman,1997: 364).
In the General Psychology, the motivation can pursue someone to do something to achieve what he wants. To continue the functioning of an urge, in spite of one or two frustrating experiences, is the evidence of a strong push for a person to attain a particular goal. Such kind of persistence that continues until success is achieved is the significant characteristic of motivation (Crow, 1973:132-133). This theory confirms that a person must have a reason behind what he does. There are some urges to some actions in order to achieve their goals and fulfill the desire. They must have a desire that can be called as a motivation so that they do some struggle to achieve it.
We might know that a person is motivated from his/her action to achieve what a person want. People who are motivated usually will do a struggle to achieve their desires, needs, and goals. This theory will be very useful to understand why a person does something, in this case struggles. We also know the goals that a person wants by doing such things. They must have something behind their action and by this theory we can understand why people do that particular thing.
b. Theory of Emotion
Emotion is one of the basic things that people must have. But the emotions of a person are actually different from others. It comes up to be a sign of what kind of through the behavior that people may have. In the Psychology in Action, emotion is the feelings or affective responses that result from psychological arousal, thoughts, and beliefs, subjective evaluation, and bodily expression (Huffman, 1987: 364-365).
In The Principle of Psychology, an emotional temperament on the one hand, and a lively imagination for objects and circumstances on the other, are thus the conditions, necessary and sufficient, for an abundant emotional life (James, 1983:1088). This theory explains that a person may experience a wide variety of emotions; jealousy, fear, sadness, anger, and differing motives may determine how they act in the situation. On how a person can manage self control, the emotion and how the environment takes a deal inside the human’s emotion. No matter how the emotion deals with the environment, if the imagination poor, the occasion for touching off the emotional trains will fail to be realized. There is a spot where emotion has a very close relation with self-control. It takes a connection when a feeling controls the action of a person or brings the feelings into an action.
c. Theory of the Consciousness of Self When we talk about self-control, it must be related to the consciousness of self.
In The Principles of Psychology , the consciousness of self may bring an individual to the feelings and emotions which is called as self-feelings or it can be the actions to which they prompt which is called as self-seeking and self-preservation (James,1983:280). Those actions may arouse to a struggle of a person in preserving
Consciousness in the Psychological in Action becomes as the general state of being aware and responsive to stimuli in the external and internal environment.
Consciousness is always about something. It concerns perceptions (of objects and events), thoughts (including verbal thought and mental images, such as dreams and daydreams), feelings, and actions (Huffman,1997:124).
The stream of consciousness may classify the process of the level of awareness. Firstly the controlled processes, it occurs when the mental activities found at the top of the continuum of awareness, they require focused attention and generally interfere with other ongoing activities. Secondly, automatic processes, the mental activities requiring minimal attention, other ongoing activities are generally not affected (Huffman, 1997: 126).
This theory shows that the self-control can be dealt with the main focus of the basic influences of mind or feeling. Then it relates the both criteria with the physic mental processes when the action happens.
C. Theoretical Framework.
Those theories above will be used to analyze the novel. This study uses library research method in collecting and analyzing the data. Besides using the novel,
New Moon
as the primary sources of data, this also uses the data from articles and books. The study focuses on the main character of the story. Thus, the review of theories is needed to answer the problems of the study. The theories consist of theory of character and theory of self control. In the theory of character, there are explanation about the delineation of the character, development of the character, and the characterization. The theory of character especially the theory of character and characterization are applied to identify the character of the main character, Isabella Swan, that is depicted by the author. Theory of character, characterization, delineation character, and development of character are applied to answer the first problem. The writer also uses Murphy’s theory of characterization to understand the characteristic of the main character. This theory helps to know what kind of character Bella is and how her struggles to achieve self- control are seen by her characterization. To answer the second problem, it needs theory of self-control which consists of the theory of motivation, theory of emotion, theory of consciousness of self.
In conclusion, the review of related studies and theories are chosen in order to analyze the way of the intrinsic element especially the character used to present the struggles in achieving self-control as a teenager.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of this study is the novel New Moon which was written by Stephenie Meyer, a novelist who was born in 1973. This novel was published originally in September 2006 by Little, Brown and Company, in New York. This novel contains
24 chapters with 522 pages. New Moon is Stephenie Meyer’s novel that gained her place as a novelist with teenager novel specification and won the prestigious MTV movie award as the best teenager novel author and the best teen novel, performed in the movie in 2009.