PPOL V501 study guide answer
1.Scientific Management
Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and
synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency,
especially labor productivity. it was one of the earliest attempts to apply
science to the engineering of process and to management. It also known as
Taylorism after its founder Frederick winslow Taylor. Although it became
obsolete by 1930s, most of its themes are still important parts of industrial
engineering and management today. Production efficiency methodology that
breaks every action, job or task into small and simple segments which can be
easily analyzed and taught.
2. Basic Thinking of classical organization Theory
Classical organization theory deal with the formal organization and concepts
to increase management efficiency. Taylor presented scientific management
concepts, Weber gave the bureaucratic approach, and Fayol developed the
administrative theory of the organization. They all contributed significantly to
the development of classical organization theory.
The scientific management approach developed by Taylor is based on the
concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization,
specialization and simplification. Weber’s bureaucratic theory emphasized
the need for a hierarchical structure of power. It recognized the importance
of division of labor and specialization.
3. The Hawthorne Expirement
Famous experiments in industrial history.
change in thinking about work and productivity.
set individual in social context,establishing that the performance of
employees is influenced by their surroundings and by the people that they
are working with as much as by their own abilities.
Western Electric’s factory at Hawthorne, a suburb of Chicago, in her late
1920s and early 1930s.
Most part done by Elton Mayo, an Austrlian-born sociologist.
original purpose to study the effects of physical conditions on productivity.
Results— not changes in physical conditions that were affecting the workers’
productivity rather it was the fact that someone was actually concerned
about their worrkplace and the opportunities this gave them to discuss
changes before they took place.
4.The meanings of Mile’s law
say “ where you stand depends on where you sit”.
arose in Bureau of the budget that occurred in early 1949.
there was no such thing as pure objectivity in the arena of budgeting or
public policy making in general.
Every person has a function to perform and that assigned reponsibility
markedly influences one’s judgment.
5.
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
theories of human motivation and management.
contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in…..
Theory X stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards and
penalties; Theory Y the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages
workers to approach task without direct supervision.
Theory X
based on pessimistic assumptions regarding the typical worker.
supposes that the typical employee has little to no ambition,shies away from
work or responsibilities and is individual-goal oriented.
two opposing approaches when implementing Theory x, the hard approach
and the soft approach.
Hard approach - close supervision,intimidation, and imminent punishment.
Soft approach - less strictly regulated rules in hopes for high production.
Theory Y
people in workforce are internally motivated,enjoy their labor in the company
and work to better themselves without a direct”reward” in return.
considered their employees as one of the value assets in the organizations.
more democratic.
6. Public Service Motivation.
Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and
synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency,
especially labor productivity. it was one of the earliest attempts to apply
science to the engineering of process and to management. It also known as
Taylorism after its founder Frederick winslow Taylor. Although it became
obsolete by 1930s, most of its themes are still important parts of industrial
engineering and management today. Production efficiency methodology that
breaks every action, job or task into small and simple segments which can be
easily analyzed and taught.
2. Basic Thinking of classical organization Theory
Classical organization theory deal with the formal organization and concepts
to increase management efficiency. Taylor presented scientific management
concepts, Weber gave the bureaucratic approach, and Fayol developed the
administrative theory of the organization. They all contributed significantly to
the development of classical organization theory.
The scientific management approach developed by Taylor is based on the
concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization,
specialization and simplification. Weber’s bureaucratic theory emphasized
the need for a hierarchical structure of power. It recognized the importance
of division of labor and specialization.
3. The Hawthorne Expirement
Famous experiments in industrial history.
change in thinking about work and productivity.
set individual in social context,establishing that the performance of
employees is influenced by their surroundings and by the people that they
are working with as much as by their own abilities.
Western Electric’s factory at Hawthorne, a suburb of Chicago, in her late
1920s and early 1930s.
Most part done by Elton Mayo, an Austrlian-born sociologist.
original purpose to study the effects of physical conditions on productivity.
Results— not changes in physical conditions that were affecting the workers’
productivity rather it was the fact that someone was actually concerned
about their worrkplace and the opportunities this gave them to discuss
changes before they took place.
4.The meanings of Mile’s law
say “ where you stand depends on where you sit”.
arose in Bureau of the budget that occurred in early 1949.
there was no such thing as pure objectivity in the arena of budgeting or
public policy making in general.
Every person has a function to perform and that assigned reponsibility
markedly influences one’s judgment.
5.
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
theories of human motivation and management.
contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in…..
Theory X stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards and
penalties; Theory Y the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages
workers to approach task without direct supervision.
Theory X
based on pessimistic assumptions regarding the typical worker.
supposes that the typical employee has little to no ambition,shies away from
work or responsibilities and is individual-goal oriented.
two opposing approaches when implementing Theory x, the hard approach
and the soft approach.
Hard approach - close supervision,intimidation, and imminent punishment.
Soft approach - less strictly regulated rules in hopes for high production.
Theory Y
people in workforce are internally motivated,enjoy their labor in the company
and work to better themselves without a direct”reward” in return.
considered their employees as one of the value assets in the organizations.
more democratic.
6. Public Service Motivation.