Analysis of The Theme of Social Control in George Orwell's 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' and Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World' Through The Potrayal of The Protagonist.
ABSTRACT
Tugas Akhir ini berisi pembahasan tema melalui analisis tokoh utama dari
Nineteen Eighty-Four karya George Orwell dan Brave New World karya Aldous
Huxley menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis, khususnya teori kontrol sosial. Baik
Nineteen Eighty-Four maupun Brave New World merupakan novel distopia yang
menggambarkan negara totalitarian, yaitu negara yang mengontrol seluruh
aspek kehidupan penduduknya. Walaupun kedua negara ini tampak sangat
berbeda di permukaan, keduanya memiliki kondisi sosial yang stabil dan teratur.
Penduduk Oceania di Nineteen Eighty-Four hidup dalam ketakutan dan
acaman siksaan dari polisi apabila mereka berani melanggar peraturan. Di lain
pihak, Brave New World menggambarkan suatu negara di mana semua
penduduknya hidup di dalam kegembiraan. Terlepas dari perbedaan yang ada,
kedua negara ini terbukti memiliki sistem kontrol sosial yang efektif, yang terlihat
dari penggambaran tokoh utama dari kedua novel tersebut.
Di akhir karya tulis ini, saya berhasil menarik kesimpulan bahwa
penggambaran tokoh utama dalam novel-novel tersebut dipengaruhi oleh sistem
kontrol sosial yang berlaku dalam masyarakat di mana ia tinggal. Terlihat pula
bahwa walaupun metode yang dipakai untuk menerapkan kontrol sosial di kedua
novel itu memiliki banyak perbedaan, keduanya terbukti sama-sama efektif dan
sama-sama mengorbankan kebebasan individu demi mewujudkan negara yang
stabil dan masyarakat yang teratur.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ..................................................................
Statements of the Problem ...............................................................
Purpose of the Study ........................................................................
Method of Research .........................................................................
Organization of the Thesis ................................................................
1
4
4
5
5
CHAPTER TWO: THEORIES OF SOCIAL CONTROL ................................
6
CHAPTER THREE: DISCUSSION OF THEME THROUGH PORTRAYAL OF
THE PROTAGONIST IN NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR ......................
10
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION OF THEME THROUGH PORTRAYAL OF
THE PROTAGONIST IN BRAVE NEW WORLD ..............................
25
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION ................................................................
36
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................
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APPENDICES
Synopsis of Nineteen Eighty-Four ....................................................
Synopsis of Brave New World ..........................................................
Biography of George Orwell .............................................................
Biography of Aldous Huxley .............................................................
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APPENDICES
Synopsis of Nineteen Eighty-Four
Nineteen Eighty-Four is set in the fictional state of Oceania, in the year
1984. Oceania is ruled by the Party with Big Brother as its figurehead. Winston
Smith, whose job is to alter historical records in accordance to the Party’s actions
and purposes, is a member of the Outer Party. However, he is secretly
questioning the validity of the Party and its doctrines.
As the story progresses, Winston finds himself falling in love with a
woman named Julia. This leads to a series of affairs between the two of them,
each wanting to defy the Party in his or her own way. Together they decide to talk
to O’Brien, an Inner Party member who seems to be involved in the Brotherhood,
an underground rebel organization. However, this turns out to be a trap because
O’Brien is actually an agent of the Party.
Winston and Julia are captured and brought to the Ministry of Love.
There, Winston meets O’Brien who tortures him and tries to ‘correct’ his thinking.
He is also taken to Room 101, where he has to confront his greatest fear—rats.
Winston loses the battle when panic and terror drive him to tell O’Brien to unleash
them on Julia instead of him. Having betrayed her, he is then released.
Winston is now living his life as a new man, completely loyal to the Party
and Big Brother. He does what everyone does and never thinks about going
against the Party again. The Party has won.
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Synopsis of Brave New World
Brave New World is set approximately six hundred years in the future.
The dystopian world presented in the novel is ruled by a rigid caste system—from
Alpha, the highest, to Epsilon, the lowest. Humans are not only biologically
engineered, but also psychologically conditioned to fit certain roles in a specific
caste. There is also a drug called soma to ensure that no one ever feels
unhappy.
The first half of the novel follows the story of Bernard Marx, an Alpha-Plus
who is physically inferior compared to other men in his caste. This makes him
bitter and disgruntled, until one day, the beautiful Lenina Crowne agrees to date
him. They go for a vacation in the Savage Reservation in New Mexico, where
there are people still living in an almost primitive manner. In the reservation, they
meet John the Savage, the son of Linda, a Beta who was accidentally left behind
during an expedition to the reservation many years ago.
John agrees to return to the civilised world with Bernard, and this
‘discovery’ gives Bernard the fame he has always wanted. John, on the other
hand, is disappointed by what he sees in the new world. He denies and rebels
against everything, including soma and his overwhelming passion for Lenina. His
mother’s death further increases his anger and later he is captured and
questioned by Mustapha Mond, one of the Ten World Controllers. Afterwards,
John chooses to live alone in a lighthouse outside the city, but the appearance of
a crowd making a spectacle out of his life causes him to explode into rage. In the
chaos which follows, he unintentionally consumes soma and is drawn unwillingly
into a sexual orgy. The next day, John realises what he has done and, unable to
live with the knowledge, commits suicide by hanging himself.
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Biography of George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair, who used the penname George Orwell, was born in
Motihari, India, on June 25, 1903. One year after his birth, he went back to
England with his mother and sister. His father, a British civil servant, remained in
India. Orwell’s first formal education was at St. Cyprian, a boarding school in
Eastbourne, where he experienced the rigidity and discrimination of English class
system. He later earned a scholarship to Wellington College and Eton College,
where he continued his education.
After a short career in the Indian Imperial Police, Orwell lived in selfimposed poverty for several years before participating in the Spanish Civil War
with his wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy. Wounded in the war, he returned to
England and began his writing career as a freelance for many small publications.
During this period, he wrote many essays, reviews, and documentaries. Later, he
began to develop a reputation for his well-crafted literary criticism.
Orwell is most well-known for two of his novels, Animal Farm (1945) and
Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), both reflecting his deep-rooted distrust to autocratic
government and proved to be huge successes for the author. However, not long
after Nineteen Eighty-Four was published, Orwell finally succumbed to
tuberculosis from which he had been suffering for the last three years of his life.
He died on January 21, 1950, in a London Hospital.
Sources: “George Orwell”, “George Orwell Biography”, Ritter
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Biography of Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley, born in Godalming, Surrey on July 26, 1894 was
the author of Brave New World. He came from a family of intellectuals and literary
figures. His father was a teacher, editor, and biographer, while his mother was
the niece of Matthew Arnold, a British poet, and one of his aunts was also a
novelist.
Huxley studied at Eton College, Berkshire from 1908 to 1913. When he
was sixteen, Huxley experienced an eighteen-month period of total blindness due
to an attack of keratitis punctata. Later his condition improved, and by wearing
special glasses and learning Braille, he was able to continue his education at
Balliol College, Oxford, and earn a B.A. in English.
Huxley was a prolific writer. He published a dozen books in eight years,
starting with his first novel, Crome Yellow (1921). Throughout his writing careers,
he experimented in many different genres. His notable works other than Brave
New World (1931) are the novels Point Counter Point (1928) and Island (1962),
two volumes of essays, The Art of Seeing (1942) and The Doors of Perception
(1954), and a book on philosophy, The Perennial Philosophy (1945), which is
often credited as one of the early pillars of transpersonal theory. Other than
novels, he also wrote travel books, histories, and plays.
Huxley died in Los Angeles on November 22, 1963.
Source: “Aldous Huxley”, Lombardi, “Transpersonal Pioneers: Aldous Huxley”
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Edward Ross, a famous American sociologist and a major figure in the
early conception of criminology, defines social control as a system of devices
through which society brings its members into conformity with the accepted
standards of behaviour. As a result, social control is often associated with the
maintenance of order and stability in society (Kumar). To achieve any kind of
social order, members of society are expected to behave in accordance to a set
of rules, both formal and informal, which are in effect in that particular society. In
other words, the objective of applying methods of social control in society is to
achieve social order.
According to George H. Mead in his article, “The Genesis of the Self and
Social Control”, social control depends on how well the individuals in society can
imitate the attitudes of other people with whom they frequently socialise in life,
because a uniform society is easier to control. In Brave New World and Nineteen
Eighty-Four, this aspect of social control is brought to such an extreme that it
gives very little room for individual freedom. However, the methods of social
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control used in these novels are very different, since they were written by two
different authors for two different reasons.
Aldous Huxley, the author of Brave New World, was a member of the
famous Huxley family who boasted a number of brilliant intellectuals. In the first
half of the twentieth century, Huxley was already considered “one of the great
intellects of the era, as he produced a wide range of novels, travel books,
histories, poems, plays, and essays on philosophy, arts, religion and psychology”
(McMillan, “An old-school ideas man heralds a new age”). The credit to his lasting
fame, however, mainly rests on one of his novels, Brave New World, which has
spawned two films and a radio program. Although often credited as a science
fiction, it is actually a political satire and has been regarded as “one of the most
long-lived and profoundly disturbing works of fiction written in recent time”
(Lightcap).
Brave New World set standards “not only for science fiction, but for
literature’s popular ‘dystopia’ genre in the 1940s and 1950s as well” (Mical).
Dystopia is “an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad,
typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one” (“Dystopia”). The novel is
considered different from many other dystopian novels because it depicts, at
least on the surface, a utopian world. Utopia is “an imagined place or state of
things in which everything is perfect” (“Utopia”), which is the opposite of dystopia.
In Brave New World, the society is engineered and maintained in such a way that
everyone is happy and healthy, regardless of their class and profession. “There is
no poverty, little disease, no social unrest, no discontent” (McMillan, “More than a
catchphrase”), and yet, several characters in the novel, along with the readers,
cannot help but feel that there is something wrong in this seemingly perfect
society.
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George Orwell, on the other hand, took the definition of dystopia to its
most extreme and presented a society of fear and oppression in Nineteen EightyFour. This novel, together with his other hugely successful political fable, Animal
Farm (1954), is “the twentieth century’s biggest sellers for a contemporary
author” (McMillan, “The paradoxes of a political writer’s life”). Orwell’s reputation
rests “not only on his political shrewdness and his sharp satires but also on his
marvellously clear style and on his superb essays, which rank with the best ever
written” (Ritter). His many works, including essays, documentaries, and
criticisms, have long since established him as one of the most important and
influential voices of the century.
Nineteen Eighty-Four is one of the best-known novels of the twentieth
century. Most people, even those who have never read it, know that the book
tells us about a totalitarian state under the rule of a ‘Party’ and its figurehead, the
Big Brother. Not only that it has inspired numerous television and film
adaptations, it also has “contributed numerous concepts, words, and phrases to
present day language including Newspeak, doublethink . . . thoughtcrime”
(“George Orwell”), and many others. In fact, the fame of Nineteen Eighty-Four is
such that the word “Orwellian” is still commonly used nowadays to describe
totalitarian societies (McMillan, “The paradoxes of a political writer’s life”).
Both Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four are set in totalitarian
societies. Totalitarian means “of or relating to a political regime based on
subordination of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of the
life and productive capacity of the nation especially by coercive measures”
(“Totalitarianism”). This definition clearly shows that a totalitarian state seeks to
control its people completely, which also means that these people will have very
little freedom as long as they still live under the regime. The state achieves this
by employing various methods of social control, as both Brave New World and
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Nineteen Eighty-Four show. The types of social control used in these two novels,
however, are different, which is why I will endeavour to analyse the theme of the
novels from this angle.
Theme in literature is “a salient abstract idea that emerges from a literary
work's treatment of its subject-matter” (“Theme”). I will reveal the theme through
the portrayal of the major characters, or characters who play significant roles in
the novel. Character, on the other hand, is “any representation of an individual
being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or
verbal representation” (“Character”).
I choose sociological approach, specifically social control, to help analyse
the portrayal of the major characters. Characters, as human beings, are
members of their respective societies and therefore subject to methods of social
control enforced in them. “According to Maclver and Page society is a system of
usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid of many groupings and
divisions, of controls of human behaviour and liberties” (“Definitions of Society”).
This definition clearly shows that as a system, society influences the behaviours
of its members, which in turn define the characteristics of its members.
Statement of the problem
1. What is the theme of the novel?
2. How is the theme revealed through the portrayal of the protagonists in
connection with social control?
Purpose of the Study
Based on the problems stated above, the purposes of this thesis are:
1. To show the themes of the two novels.
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2. To show how the themes are revealed through the portrayal of the
protagonists in connection with social control.
Method of Research
The method of research that I use is library research. I begin my
research by reading George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Aldous Huxley’s
Brave New World, followed by several books which might be relevant to the topic
that I am going to discuss. After that, I analyse the primary text using some
theories from relevant textbooks and some references and materials from the
Internet that can support the analysis and can help me in writing a good thesis.
Finally, I draw conclusions from the analysis.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of five chapters, preceded by the Cover, the Table
of Contents, and the Abstract. Chapter One is the Introduction, which consists of
the Background of the Study, the Statement of the Problem, the Purpose of the
Study, the Method of Research and the Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two
contains theories of social control which are relevant to the analysis in the later
chapters. In Chapter Three, I analyse the theme of social control in George
Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four through the Portrayal of the Protagonist. In
Chapter Four, I analyse the theme of social control in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New
World through the Portrayal of the Protagonist. Chapter Five is the Conclusion.
This thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendices, consisting of the
Synopsis of Novel and the Biography of Author.
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
Based on the previous analyses of Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New
World, I have come to a number of conclusions. As I have mentioned in the
beginning, the purpose of this thesis is to analyse both novels using theories of
social control. The protagonists as members of their respective society will be
greatly influenced by methods of social control employed by their respective
government to achieve social stability; therefore, their characteristics will also
reflect such methods as used in that particular society.
The protagonist in Nineteen Eighty-Four is portrayed as a dynamic
character who suffers a life of constant fear and constraint as a result of extreme
applications of legal social control. At the beginning of the novel, he is shown as
fatalistic, paranoid, true, and rebellious. Then, when fear proves insufficient to
secure his conformity, pain comes into play, dispensed by the arm of legal
authority in the novel. Through these methods, the protagonist changes from
paranoid to numb, true to false, and is finally forced into obedience—all at the
cost of his freedom as an individual and a human being. Therefore, it is my
conclusion that the theme of social control in Nineteen Eighty-Four is: A continual
and excessive use of legal social control which causes extreme fear and pain can
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be so effective that in the end it will severely limit the freedom of the people as a
way for the state to maintain its strict hold over them.
The protagonist in Brave New World, on the other hand, is a static
character who leads a life of easy pleasure within a rigid caste system in which
everyone is more or less happy regardless of her or his position in society. The
protagonist is shown as boastful, self-oriented, cowardly, and childish, as the
result of extreme applications of medical social control in the society in which he
lives. Therefore, it is my conclusion that the theme of social control in Brave New
World is: A continual and excessive use of medical social control which makes
people completely dependent on pleasure and happiness can be so effective that
it will become a way for the state to maintain its absolute hold over them.
It is clear that these two novels share some similarities. First, they are
both dystopian novels which portray rigid and relatively stable totalitarian states.
A totalitarian state, by its very definition, controls the lives of its people
completely. This is shown to be the case with Oceania in Nineteen Eighty-Four
and the World State in Brave New World. Both have absolute control over their
people despite their different means to achieve this control.
The second similarity is, to achieve the stability in their particular society,
the ruling government in each novel use certain methods of social control which
are described clearly throughout the course of the story. These methods are
shown to be effective in both novels, and this success also comes with the same
grand sacrifice, which is the freedom of the people. Such conclusion can be seen
through the portrayals of the protagonists. In both novels, the protagonists are
shown as having no choice but to display such characteristics as have been
analysed in the previous chapters due to their exposure to methods of social
control present in their respective society.
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These two novels, however, are not completely similar. They also have
several major differences, among others the setting of time. Nineteen Eighty-Four
is set in 1984, which is only thirty-six years after the novel was published. The
events in Brave New World, on the other hand, take place about six hundred
years in the future, most likely to allow for such technological advances in the
medical field as described in the novel.
The types of social control used in the novels are also different. Nineteen
Eighty-Four chiefly uses various forms of legal social control, from constant
surveillance to torture, all of which are legally sanctioned and carried out by the
arm of legal control, which is the Thought Police. Meanwhile, Brave New World
uses forms of medical social control, from embryonic manipulation and social
conditioning to the administering of medication which allows those who consume
it to be happy all the time.
The third difference lies in the devices of social control used in these
novels. The legal control in Nineteen Eighty-Four is shown as focused on
physical and psychological punishment, resulting in pain and fear. In other words,
the government of Oceania threatens its people with the use of pain to bring
order to its society. The medical control in Brave New World, on the other hand,
emphasises on pleasure and drug addiction to ensure social order. This aspect of
Brave New World also lends a slightly utopian look to its society—yet another
difference with Nineteen Eighty-Four, in which everything is bleak and clearly
dystopian.
To conclude, both legal control and medical control, when used to such
an extreme, is an effective means of social control. The same thing can also be
said about pain and pleasure. Despite their significant difference, both of them is
an effective means to control society and therefore achieve social order.
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However, in return for that stability, the societies in both novels are shown
to be dystopian ones with very little room for freedom. This is proven by the
portrayal of the protagonist, who is shown to be completely subject to the will of
the state. The reason is because the state must have absolute control over its
people in order to achieve social stability, and it gains this control through
whatever means. This, I believe, is in accordance with the principle of
totalitarianism, in which an absolute control over every aspect of the nation,
including the people, is a must in order to establish social order.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Texts:
Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. New York:
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1965. Print.
Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2000. Print.
References:
“Aldous Huxley.” The Literature Network. Jalic Inc, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
“Boastful.” Collins English Dictionary. Collins, 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.
“Character.” Literary Terms and Definitions. Dr. L. Kip Wheeler, 2013. Web. 20
Apr. 2013.
“Childish.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 21 Oct.
2013.
Chriss, James J. Social Control: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press,
2013. Print.
“Conformity.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 22 Sep.
2013.
Conrad, Peter. “Types of medical social control.” Sociology of Health & Illness 1
(1979): 1-11. Wiley Online Library. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.
“Cowardly.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 21 Oct.
2013.
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“Definitions of Society.” Sociology Guide. Sociology Guide.com, 2011. Web. 21
Apr. 2013.
“Dynamic Character.” Literary Terms and Definitions. Dr. L. Kip Wheeler, 2013.
Web. 29 Sep. 2013.
“Dysgenics.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 20 Oct.
2013.
“Dystopia.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 20 Apr.
2013.
“Eugenics.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 20 Oct.
2013.
“False.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 22 Sep.
2013.
“Fatalism.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 30 Aug.
2013.
Felluga, Dino Franco. “Pleasure Principle and Reality Principle.” Guide to Literary
and Critical Theory. Dino Franco Felluga, 2011. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
“George Orwell.” The Literature Network. Jalic Inc, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
“George Orwell Biography.” Biography.com. A+E Television Networks, LLC.,
2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World Revisited. New York: Harper & Row,
Publishers, Inc., 1965. Print.
Kagan, Jerome. “Human Behaviour.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
Katz, Leonard D. “Pleasure.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. E. N.
Zalta. Stanford: Stanford University, 2013. Web. 26 Oct. 2013.
Klein, Naomi. “Torture’s Dirty Secret: It Works.” Naomi Klein. Naomi Klein, n.d.
Web. 22 Sept. 2013.
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Kumar, Bharat. “Complete information on the meaning and characteristics of
Social Control.” Preserve Articles. PreserveArticles.com, n.d. Web. 20 Apr.
2013.
Lightcap, Tracy. “BRAVE NEW WORLD.” Law and Politics Book Review Vol. 18
No. 4 (2008): 328-331. Law and Politics Book Review. Web. 20 Apr. 2013.
Lombardi, Esther. “Aldous Huxley Biography.” About.com Classic Literature. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
McMillan, Eric. “An old-school ideas man heralds a new age.” The Greatest
Authors of All Time – Aldous Huxley. Eric McMillan, n.d. Web. 21 Apr.
2013.
McMillan, Eric. “More than a catchphrase.” The Greatest Authors of All Time –
Brave New World. Eric McMillan, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013.
McMillan, Eric. “The paradoxes of a political writer’s life.” The Greatest Authors of
All Time – George Orwell. Eric McMillan, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013.
Mead, George Herbert. “The Genesis of the Self and Social Control.”
International Journal of Ethics 35 (1925): 251-277. The Mead Project. Web.
20 Apr. 2013.
Mical, Jason N. “Existential Reading – Brave New World.” Drury University. Drury
University, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2013.
“Numb.” Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC., 2014. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.
“Obedient.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 30 Aug.
2013.
“Paranoid.” The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.
Pynchon, Thomas. Introduction. Nineteen Eighty-Four. By George Orwell.
London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2000. x.
“Rebellious.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 31 Aug.
2013.
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Ritter, Christopher D. “George Orwell.” A Theory of Civilization. Philip Atkinson,
n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
“Self-oriented.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 21
Oct. 2013.
Strub, H. “The theory of Panoptical control: Bentham's Panopticon and Orwell's
Nineteen Eighty-Four.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 25
(1989): 40-59. Wiley Online Library. Web. 1 Aug. 2013.
“Theme.” The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2013.
Web. 20 Apr. 2013.
“Totalitarianism.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 12
Dec. 2013.
“Transpersonal Pioneers: Aldous Huxley.” Sofia University. Sofia University, n.d.
Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
“True.” Collins English Dictionary. Collins, 2013. Web. 14 Sep. 2013.
“Utopia.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2013.
Zola, Irving Kenneth. “Medicine as an Institution of Social Control.” The
Sociological Review 20 (1972): 487-504. Wiley Online Library. Web. 20
Oct. 2013.
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Tugas Akhir ini berisi pembahasan tema melalui analisis tokoh utama dari
Nineteen Eighty-Four karya George Orwell dan Brave New World karya Aldous
Huxley menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis, khususnya teori kontrol sosial. Baik
Nineteen Eighty-Four maupun Brave New World merupakan novel distopia yang
menggambarkan negara totalitarian, yaitu negara yang mengontrol seluruh
aspek kehidupan penduduknya. Walaupun kedua negara ini tampak sangat
berbeda di permukaan, keduanya memiliki kondisi sosial yang stabil dan teratur.
Penduduk Oceania di Nineteen Eighty-Four hidup dalam ketakutan dan
acaman siksaan dari polisi apabila mereka berani melanggar peraturan. Di lain
pihak, Brave New World menggambarkan suatu negara di mana semua
penduduknya hidup di dalam kegembiraan. Terlepas dari perbedaan yang ada,
kedua negara ini terbukti memiliki sistem kontrol sosial yang efektif, yang terlihat
dari penggambaran tokoh utama dari kedua novel tersebut.
Di akhir karya tulis ini, saya berhasil menarik kesimpulan bahwa
penggambaran tokoh utama dalam novel-novel tersebut dipengaruhi oleh sistem
kontrol sosial yang berlaku dalam masyarakat di mana ia tinggal. Terlihat pula
bahwa walaupun metode yang dipakai untuk menerapkan kontrol sosial di kedua
novel itu memiliki banyak perbedaan, keduanya terbukti sama-sama efektif dan
sama-sama mengorbankan kebebasan individu demi mewujudkan negara yang
stabil dan masyarakat yang teratur.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ..................................................................
Statements of the Problem ...............................................................
Purpose of the Study ........................................................................
Method of Research .........................................................................
Organization of the Thesis ................................................................
1
4
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5
5
CHAPTER TWO: THEORIES OF SOCIAL CONTROL ................................
6
CHAPTER THREE: DISCUSSION OF THEME THROUGH PORTRAYAL OF
THE PROTAGONIST IN NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR ......................
10
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION OF THEME THROUGH PORTRAYAL OF
THE PROTAGONIST IN BRAVE NEW WORLD ..............................
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION ................................................................
36
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................
41
APPENDICES
Synopsis of Nineteen Eighty-Four ....................................................
Synopsis of Brave New World ..........................................................
Biography of George Orwell .............................................................
Biography of Aldous Huxley .............................................................
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APPENDICES
Synopsis of Nineteen Eighty-Four
Nineteen Eighty-Four is set in the fictional state of Oceania, in the year
1984. Oceania is ruled by the Party with Big Brother as its figurehead. Winston
Smith, whose job is to alter historical records in accordance to the Party’s actions
and purposes, is a member of the Outer Party. However, he is secretly
questioning the validity of the Party and its doctrines.
As the story progresses, Winston finds himself falling in love with a
woman named Julia. This leads to a series of affairs between the two of them,
each wanting to defy the Party in his or her own way. Together they decide to talk
to O’Brien, an Inner Party member who seems to be involved in the Brotherhood,
an underground rebel organization. However, this turns out to be a trap because
O’Brien is actually an agent of the Party.
Winston and Julia are captured and brought to the Ministry of Love.
There, Winston meets O’Brien who tortures him and tries to ‘correct’ his thinking.
He is also taken to Room 101, where he has to confront his greatest fear—rats.
Winston loses the battle when panic and terror drive him to tell O’Brien to unleash
them on Julia instead of him. Having betrayed her, he is then released.
Winston is now living his life as a new man, completely loyal to the Party
and Big Brother. He does what everyone does and never thinks about going
against the Party again. The Party has won.
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Synopsis of Brave New World
Brave New World is set approximately six hundred years in the future.
The dystopian world presented in the novel is ruled by a rigid caste system—from
Alpha, the highest, to Epsilon, the lowest. Humans are not only biologically
engineered, but also psychologically conditioned to fit certain roles in a specific
caste. There is also a drug called soma to ensure that no one ever feels
unhappy.
The first half of the novel follows the story of Bernard Marx, an Alpha-Plus
who is physically inferior compared to other men in his caste. This makes him
bitter and disgruntled, until one day, the beautiful Lenina Crowne agrees to date
him. They go for a vacation in the Savage Reservation in New Mexico, where
there are people still living in an almost primitive manner. In the reservation, they
meet John the Savage, the son of Linda, a Beta who was accidentally left behind
during an expedition to the reservation many years ago.
John agrees to return to the civilised world with Bernard, and this
‘discovery’ gives Bernard the fame he has always wanted. John, on the other
hand, is disappointed by what he sees in the new world. He denies and rebels
against everything, including soma and his overwhelming passion for Lenina. His
mother’s death further increases his anger and later he is captured and
questioned by Mustapha Mond, one of the Ten World Controllers. Afterwards,
John chooses to live alone in a lighthouse outside the city, but the appearance of
a crowd making a spectacle out of his life causes him to explode into rage. In the
chaos which follows, he unintentionally consumes soma and is drawn unwillingly
into a sexual orgy. The next day, John realises what he has done and, unable to
live with the knowledge, commits suicide by hanging himself.
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Biography of George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair, who used the penname George Orwell, was born in
Motihari, India, on June 25, 1903. One year after his birth, he went back to
England with his mother and sister. His father, a British civil servant, remained in
India. Orwell’s first formal education was at St. Cyprian, a boarding school in
Eastbourne, where he experienced the rigidity and discrimination of English class
system. He later earned a scholarship to Wellington College and Eton College,
where he continued his education.
After a short career in the Indian Imperial Police, Orwell lived in selfimposed poverty for several years before participating in the Spanish Civil War
with his wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy. Wounded in the war, he returned to
England and began his writing career as a freelance for many small publications.
During this period, he wrote many essays, reviews, and documentaries. Later, he
began to develop a reputation for his well-crafted literary criticism.
Orwell is most well-known for two of his novels, Animal Farm (1945) and
Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), both reflecting his deep-rooted distrust to autocratic
government and proved to be huge successes for the author. However, not long
after Nineteen Eighty-Four was published, Orwell finally succumbed to
tuberculosis from which he had been suffering for the last three years of his life.
He died on January 21, 1950, in a London Hospital.
Sources: “George Orwell”, “George Orwell Biography”, Ritter
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Biography of Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley, born in Godalming, Surrey on July 26, 1894 was
the author of Brave New World. He came from a family of intellectuals and literary
figures. His father was a teacher, editor, and biographer, while his mother was
the niece of Matthew Arnold, a British poet, and one of his aunts was also a
novelist.
Huxley studied at Eton College, Berkshire from 1908 to 1913. When he
was sixteen, Huxley experienced an eighteen-month period of total blindness due
to an attack of keratitis punctata. Later his condition improved, and by wearing
special glasses and learning Braille, he was able to continue his education at
Balliol College, Oxford, and earn a B.A. in English.
Huxley was a prolific writer. He published a dozen books in eight years,
starting with his first novel, Crome Yellow (1921). Throughout his writing careers,
he experimented in many different genres. His notable works other than Brave
New World (1931) are the novels Point Counter Point (1928) and Island (1962),
two volumes of essays, The Art of Seeing (1942) and The Doors of Perception
(1954), and a book on philosophy, The Perennial Philosophy (1945), which is
often credited as one of the early pillars of transpersonal theory. Other than
novels, he also wrote travel books, histories, and plays.
Huxley died in Los Angeles on November 22, 1963.
Source: “Aldous Huxley”, Lombardi, “Transpersonal Pioneers: Aldous Huxley”
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Edward Ross, a famous American sociologist and a major figure in the
early conception of criminology, defines social control as a system of devices
through which society brings its members into conformity with the accepted
standards of behaviour. As a result, social control is often associated with the
maintenance of order and stability in society (Kumar). To achieve any kind of
social order, members of society are expected to behave in accordance to a set
of rules, both formal and informal, which are in effect in that particular society. In
other words, the objective of applying methods of social control in society is to
achieve social order.
According to George H. Mead in his article, “The Genesis of the Self and
Social Control”, social control depends on how well the individuals in society can
imitate the attitudes of other people with whom they frequently socialise in life,
because a uniform society is easier to control. In Brave New World and Nineteen
Eighty-Four, this aspect of social control is brought to such an extreme that it
gives very little room for individual freedom. However, the methods of social
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control used in these novels are very different, since they were written by two
different authors for two different reasons.
Aldous Huxley, the author of Brave New World, was a member of the
famous Huxley family who boasted a number of brilliant intellectuals. In the first
half of the twentieth century, Huxley was already considered “one of the great
intellects of the era, as he produced a wide range of novels, travel books,
histories, poems, plays, and essays on philosophy, arts, religion and psychology”
(McMillan, “An old-school ideas man heralds a new age”). The credit to his lasting
fame, however, mainly rests on one of his novels, Brave New World, which has
spawned two films and a radio program. Although often credited as a science
fiction, it is actually a political satire and has been regarded as “one of the most
long-lived and profoundly disturbing works of fiction written in recent time”
(Lightcap).
Brave New World set standards “not only for science fiction, but for
literature’s popular ‘dystopia’ genre in the 1940s and 1950s as well” (Mical).
Dystopia is “an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad,
typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one” (“Dystopia”). The novel is
considered different from many other dystopian novels because it depicts, at
least on the surface, a utopian world. Utopia is “an imagined place or state of
things in which everything is perfect” (“Utopia”), which is the opposite of dystopia.
In Brave New World, the society is engineered and maintained in such a way that
everyone is happy and healthy, regardless of their class and profession. “There is
no poverty, little disease, no social unrest, no discontent” (McMillan, “More than a
catchphrase”), and yet, several characters in the novel, along with the readers,
cannot help but feel that there is something wrong in this seemingly perfect
society.
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George Orwell, on the other hand, took the definition of dystopia to its
most extreme and presented a society of fear and oppression in Nineteen EightyFour. This novel, together with his other hugely successful political fable, Animal
Farm (1954), is “the twentieth century’s biggest sellers for a contemporary
author” (McMillan, “The paradoxes of a political writer’s life”). Orwell’s reputation
rests “not only on his political shrewdness and his sharp satires but also on his
marvellously clear style and on his superb essays, which rank with the best ever
written” (Ritter). His many works, including essays, documentaries, and
criticisms, have long since established him as one of the most important and
influential voices of the century.
Nineteen Eighty-Four is one of the best-known novels of the twentieth
century. Most people, even those who have never read it, know that the book
tells us about a totalitarian state under the rule of a ‘Party’ and its figurehead, the
Big Brother. Not only that it has inspired numerous television and film
adaptations, it also has “contributed numerous concepts, words, and phrases to
present day language including Newspeak, doublethink . . . thoughtcrime”
(“George Orwell”), and many others. In fact, the fame of Nineteen Eighty-Four is
such that the word “Orwellian” is still commonly used nowadays to describe
totalitarian societies (McMillan, “The paradoxes of a political writer’s life”).
Both Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four are set in totalitarian
societies. Totalitarian means “of or relating to a political regime based on
subordination of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of the
life and productive capacity of the nation especially by coercive measures”
(“Totalitarianism”). This definition clearly shows that a totalitarian state seeks to
control its people completely, which also means that these people will have very
little freedom as long as they still live under the regime. The state achieves this
by employing various methods of social control, as both Brave New World and
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Nineteen Eighty-Four show. The types of social control used in these two novels,
however, are different, which is why I will endeavour to analyse the theme of the
novels from this angle.
Theme in literature is “a salient abstract idea that emerges from a literary
work's treatment of its subject-matter” (“Theme”). I will reveal the theme through
the portrayal of the major characters, or characters who play significant roles in
the novel. Character, on the other hand, is “any representation of an individual
being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or
verbal representation” (“Character”).
I choose sociological approach, specifically social control, to help analyse
the portrayal of the major characters. Characters, as human beings, are
members of their respective societies and therefore subject to methods of social
control enforced in them. “According to Maclver and Page society is a system of
usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid of many groupings and
divisions, of controls of human behaviour and liberties” (“Definitions of Society”).
This definition clearly shows that as a system, society influences the behaviours
of its members, which in turn define the characteristics of its members.
Statement of the problem
1. What is the theme of the novel?
2. How is the theme revealed through the portrayal of the protagonists in
connection with social control?
Purpose of the Study
Based on the problems stated above, the purposes of this thesis are:
1. To show the themes of the two novels.
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2. To show how the themes are revealed through the portrayal of the
protagonists in connection with social control.
Method of Research
The method of research that I use is library research. I begin my
research by reading George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Aldous Huxley’s
Brave New World, followed by several books which might be relevant to the topic
that I am going to discuss. After that, I analyse the primary text using some
theories from relevant textbooks and some references and materials from the
Internet that can support the analysis and can help me in writing a good thesis.
Finally, I draw conclusions from the analysis.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of five chapters, preceded by the Cover, the Table
of Contents, and the Abstract. Chapter One is the Introduction, which consists of
the Background of the Study, the Statement of the Problem, the Purpose of the
Study, the Method of Research and the Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two
contains theories of social control which are relevant to the analysis in the later
chapters. In Chapter Three, I analyse the theme of social control in George
Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four through the Portrayal of the Protagonist. In
Chapter Four, I analyse the theme of social control in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New
World through the Portrayal of the Protagonist. Chapter Five is the Conclusion.
This thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendices, consisting of the
Synopsis of Novel and the Biography of Author.
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
Based on the previous analyses of Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New
World, I have come to a number of conclusions. As I have mentioned in the
beginning, the purpose of this thesis is to analyse both novels using theories of
social control. The protagonists as members of their respective society will be
greatly influenced by methods of social control employed by their respective
government to achieve social stability; therefore, their characteristics will also
reflect such methods as used in that particular society.
The protagonist in Nineteen Eighty-Four is portrayed as a dynamic
character who suffers a life of constant fear and constraint as a result of extreme
applications of legal social control. At the beginning of the novel, he is shown as
fatalistic, paranoid, true, and rebellious. Then, when fear proves insufficient to
secure his conformity, pain comes into play, dispensed by the arm of legal
authority in the novel. Through these methods, the protagonist changes from
paranoid to numb, true to false, and is finally forced into obedience—all at the
cost of his freedom as an individual and a human being. Therefore, it is my
conclusion that the theme of social control in Nineteen Eighty-Four is: A continual
and excessive use of legal social control which causes extreme fear and pain can
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be so effective that in the end it will severely limit the freedom of the people as a
way for the state to maintain its strict hold over them.
The protagonist in Brave New World, on the other hand, is a static
character who leads a life of easy pleasure within a rigid caste system in which
everyone is more or less happy regardless of her or his position in society. The
protagonist is shown as boastful, self-oriented, cowardly, and childish, as the
result of extreme applications of medical social control in the society in which he
lives. Therefore, it is my conclusion that the theme of social control in Brave New
World is: A continual and excessive use of medical social control which makes
people completely dependent on pleasure and happiness can be so effective that
it will become a way for the state to maintain its absolute hold over them.
It is clear that these two novels share some similarities. First, they are
both dystopian novels which portray rigid and relatively stable totalitarian states.
A totalitarian state, by its very definition, controls the lives of its people
completely. This is shown to be the case with Oceania in Nineteen Eighty-Four
and the World State in Brave New World. Both have absolute control over their
people despite their different means to achieve this control.
The second similarity is, to achieve the stability in their particular society,
the ruling government in each novel use certain methods of social control which
are described clearly throughout the course of the story. These methods are
shown to be effective in both novels, and this success also comes with the same
grand sacrifice, which is the freedom of the people. Such conclusion can be seen
through the portrayals of the protagonists. In both novels, the protagonists are
shown as having no choice but to display such characteristics as have been
analysed in the previous chapters due to their exposure to methods of social
control present in their respective society.
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These two novels, however, are not completely similar. They also have
several major differences, among others the setting of time. Nineteen Eighty-Four
is set in 1984, which is only thirty-six years after the novel was published. The
events in Brave New World, on the other hand, take place about six hundred
years in the future, most likely to allow for such technological advances in the
medical field as described in the novel.
The types of social control used in the novels are also different. Nineteen
Eighty-Four chiefly uses various forms of legal social control, from constant
surveillance to torture, all of which are legally sanctioned and carried out by the
arm of legal control, which is the Thought Police. Meanwhile, Brave New World
uses forms of medical social control, from embryonic manipulation and social
conditioning to the administering of medication which allows those who consume
it to be happy all the time.
The third difference lies in the devices of social control used in these
novels. The legal control in Nineteen Eighty-Four is shown as focused on
physical and psychological punishment, resulting in pain and fear. In other words,
the government of Oceania threatens its people with the use of pain to bring
order to its society. The medical control in Brave New World, on the other hand,
emphasises on pleasure and drug addiction to ensure social order. This aspect of
Brave New World also lends a slightly utopian look to its society—yet another
difference with Nineteen Eighty-Four, in which everything is bleak and clearly
dystopian.
To conclude, both legal control and medical control, when used to such
an extreme, is an effective means of social control. The same thing can also be
said about pain and pleasure. Despite their significant difference, both of them is
an effective means to control society and therefore achieve social order.
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However, in return for that stability, the societies in both novels are shown
to be dystopian ones with very little room for freedom. This is proven by the
portrayal of the protagonist, who is shown to be completely subject to the will of
the state. The reason is because the state must have absolute control over its
people in order to achieve social stability, and it gains this control through
whatever means. This, I believe, is in accordance with the principle of
totalitarianism, in which an absolute control over every aspect of the nation,
including the people, is a must in order to establish social order.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Texts:
Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. New York:
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1965. Print.
Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2000. Print.
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“Character.” Literary Terms and Definitions. Dr. L. Kip Wheeler, 2013. Web. 20
Apr. 2013.
“Childish.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 21 Oct.
2013.
Chriss, James J. Social Control: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press,
2013. Print.
“Conformity.” Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. 22 Sep.
2013.
Conrad, Peter. “Types of medical social control.” Sociology of Health & Illness 1
(1979): 1-11. Wiley Online Library. Web. 4 Oct. 2013.
“Cowardly.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 21 Oct.
2013.
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“Definitions of Society.” Sociology Guide. Sociology Guide.com, 2011. Web. 21
Apr. 2013.
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“Dysgenics.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 20 Oct.
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Felluga, Dino Franco. “Pleasure Principle and Reality Principle.” Guide to Literary
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Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World Revisited. New York: Harper & Row,
Publishers, Inc., 1965. Print.
Kagan, Jerome. “Human Behaviour.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
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Klein, Naomi. “Torture’s Dirty Secret: It Works.” Naomi Klein. Naomi Klein, n.d.
Web. 22 Sept. 2013.
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Kumar, Bharat. “Complete information on the meaning and characteristics of
Social Control.” Preserve Articles. PreserveArticles.com, n.d. Web. 20 Apr.
2013.
Lightcap, Tracy. “BRAVE NEW WORLD.” Law and Politics Book Review Vol. 18
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Lombardi, Esther. “Aldous Huxley Biography.” About.com Classic Literature. N.p.,
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McMillan, Eric. “An old-school ideas man heralds a new age.” The Greatest
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McMillan, Eric. “More than a catchphrase.” The Greatest Authors of All Time –
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All Time – George Orwell. Eric McMillan, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013.
Mead, George Herbert. “The Genesis of the Self and Social Control.”
International Journal of Ethics 35 (1925): 251-277. The Mead Project. Web.
20 Apr. 2013.
Mical, Jason N. “Existential Reading – Brave New World.” Drury University. Drury
University, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2013.
“Numb.” Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC., 2014. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.
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2013.
“Paranoid.” The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc., 2014. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.
Pynchon, Thomas. Introduction. Nineteen Eighty-Four. By George Orwell.
London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2000. x.
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2013.
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Ritter, Christopher D. “George Orwell.” A Theory of Civilization. Philip Atkinson,
n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013.
“Self-oriented.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 21
Oct. 2013.
Strub, H. “The theory of Panoptical control: Bentham's Panopticon and Orwell's
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Zola, Irving Kenneth. “Medicine as an Institution of Social Control.” The
Sociological Review 20 (1972): 487-504. Wiley Online Library. Web. 20
Oct. 2013.
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