The Description Of Dictatorship In George Orwell’s Novel “Nineteen Eighty Four (1984)
2. REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Party
According to literary convention a discussion should be introduced by a
definition of its subjects.Pat definition may simplify discussion but they do not
necessarily promote understanding.A search for the fundamental nature of party is
complicated by the fact that “party” is a word of many meanings.Indeed,the genus
party comprehends many species.To define sharply one party may be to exclude
another,for the role of party may differ from country to country.Moreover,even
within the same political order the term “party” may be applied to different
elements of the governing system.An approach more indirect than the proposal of
a two-sentence definition may lead toward a comprehension of the basic nature of
party in the American system: the nature of parties must be sought through an
appreciation of their role in the process of governance. (Thomas Y.Crowell
1967:200)
(Alan Ware,1996) says that Entering government can provide a variety of
oppurtunities for individual politicians to pursue their own goals,whether those
goals be advancing their particular policy priorities,enjoying the rewards of
office,or increasing their influence within the party.Obviously,government is also
a resource for the party,controlling it provides the means of enacting public policy
but also ways of strengthening the party itself.This is achieved,for example,by
placing party supporters in administrative or quasi administrative positions over
which the governing party has influence.How important a resource government is
6
varies.That a party has entered government does not necessarily mean that it,or
indeed its coalition partners,moves public policies in the direction it wants.Nor is
it the case that,for those in office,it is always to the victors,the spoils,in some
regimes being in government provides relatively few means of rewarding either
the party’s movers and shakers’ or its faithful members.
Furthermore,the relative importance of public policy,on the one hand,and
office and its rewards,on the other,varies enormously between regimes and also
over time.A comparison will help to illustrate this point.During the Jacksonian era
(1829-37) and for decades afterwards American parties used control of
government to reward their supporters,at the city level,for example,employess
served ‘at the pleasure of the mayor’,which meant that they could lose their jobs if
they ceased to help their party or subsequently the other party won the mayoral
election.It was a system driven primarily by office goals and not policy
goals,there were policy differences between the parties,but party competition did
not involve conflict over radically different political agendas.This use of
government looks very different from that made by,say,the 1945-51 Labour
government in Britain.
Tim Bale(2010:1)says: “Parties,if they are in opposition,will do whatever
it takes to get into power and,if they are in government,whatever it takes to stay
there.”
7
2.2 Dictatorship
The word of Dictator comes from the Latin language is Dictare, which
states as a command, a holder of absolute power in running the state government
(Encyclopedia of Indonesia, 1989: 822). According to Franz L. Neuman in the
Journal of Political Science (1993: 39) dictator is "government by a person or
group of people who brag and monopolize power in the country and implement
the rule without restriction". Understanding the dictator was also put forward by
Jules Archer (1985: 19), the dictator is a ruler who seek and gain absolute power
without regard to the real desires of the people.
According to Carl J. Frederick and Z. Bigriewle Brezinksky the
characteristics of the country’s Dictator in the Journal of Political Science (1993:
40), are as follows: 1) A comprehensive ideology that consists of teachings
(doctrine) the official body that covers all aspects vital and on human life in
society which must be carried out and adhered to by every member of the
community. This ideology aimed at forming a new human plenary different with
humans that now exists in society, 2) A mass party led by a man dictator with
members consisting of a relatively small percentage of the population, which
consisted of men and women in which devotes himself thoroughly to the ideology
and willing to do any way in order to be accepted by the public or the party higher
or fully organized along bureaucratic government, 3) A system of both
psychological and physical terror carried out by the party and the special police
surveillance directed against the enemy -musuh regime demonstrative and also to
the segment of the population that does not menyetujuinya.Teror was either done
8
by secret police or by the party intended to oppress society systematically using
modern science.
In the Encyclophedia of Social Sciences (1968: 152) dictatorship refers to
limited State domination by individual, group, or a small group. An example of
the dictatorial period found in all times and all civilizations. "Dictatorship"
signifies not only the principles that govern the political system but also the
ideologies that underpin our way of life and the normative expression of political
behavior. Some expressions have been used to characterize historical
phenomenon: dictatorial tyranny, despotism, autocracy, Caesarisme, Fiihrerstaat,
authoritarianism and totalitarianism. In spite of a constitutional dictatorship set to
deal with an emergency Government, all forms of dictatorship in terms of sharing
the following: a. the Exclusivity and arbitrariness in the exercise of power.
Dictatorship is characterized by the absence of power-sharing, the Suppression of
competing political groups, and social and legal institutions, the concentration of
political power in the hands of a dictator or an autocratic governing group leaders
(elite), and exploiting a tool of autocratic ruler manipulation and guided to
develop a monopoly of power. b. the removal or loosening of bonds juridical
power politics. The constitutional State is removed, or a new or revolutionary
cons law made, just as an instrument of power. Related to this aspect is the
difficulty or impossibility to organize a succession of dictators lawfully. c.
Removal or substantial restrictions on civil liberties. Instead of the voluntary
cooperation of social and political autonomous groups and associations in the
establishment of the Commonwealth, the emphasis is placed on the obligation of
9
citizens to do compulsory work or collective services. d. shape, especially
aggressive impulsive decision making. Domestic and foreign policy followed by
the dictator or the leading political elite often made impulsively and inspired by
the dynamic political activism, often based on an ideological Messianism and
aims to revamp or discipline of the society. e. work of the wrong political methods
and social control. These methods range from intimidation to propaganda, from
the imposition of the obligation of obedience to methods of terror.
Franz Neumann(1957)says: "By dictatorship, we understand the rule of a
person or a group of persons who arrogate to themselves and monopolize power
in the state, exercising it without restraint."
10
2.1 Party
According to literary convention a discussion should be introduced by a
definition of its subjects.Pat definition may simplify discussion but they do not
necessarily promote understanding.A search for the fundamental nature of party is
complicated by the fact that “party” is a word of many meanings.Indeed,the genus
party comprehends many species.To define sharply one party may be to exclude
another,for the role of party may differ from country to country.Moreover,even
within the same political order the term “party” may be applied to different
elements of the governing system.An approach more indirect than the proposal of
a two-sentence definition may lead toward a comprehension of the basic nature of
party in the American system: the nature of parties must be sought through an
appreciation of their role in the process of governance. (Thomas Y.Crowell
1967:200)
(Alan Ware,1996) says that Entering government can provide a variety of
oppurtunities for individual politicians to pursue their own goals,whether those
goals be advancing their particular policy priorities,enjoying the rewards of
office,or increasing their influence within the party.Obviously,government is also
a resource for the party,controlling it provides the means of enacting public policy
but also ways of strengthening the party itself.This is achieved,for example,by
placing party supporters in administrative or quasi administrative positions over
which the governing party has influence.How important a resource government is
6
varies.That a party has entered government does not necessarily mean that it,or
indeed its coalition partners,moves public policies in the direction it wants.Nor is
it the case that,for those in office,it is always to the victors,the spoils,in some
regimes being in government provides relatively few means of rewarding either
the party’s movers and shakers’ or its faithful members.
Furthermore,the relative importance of public policy,on the one hand,and
office and its rewards,on the other,varies enormously between regimes and also
over time.A comparison will help to illustrate this point.During the Jacksonian era
(1829-37) and for decades afterwards American parties used control of
government to reward their supporters,at the city level,for example,employess
served ‘at the pleasure of the mayor’,which meant that they could lose their jobs if
they ceased to help their party or subsequently the other party won the mayoral
election.It was a system driven primarily by office goals and not policy
goals,there were policy differences between the parties,but party competition did
not involve conflict over radically different political agendas.This use of
government looks very different from that made by,say,the 1945-51 Labour
government in Britain.
Tim Bale(2010:1)says: “Parties,if they are in opposition,will do whatever
it takes to get into power and,if they are in government,whatever it takes to stay
there.”
7
2.2 Dictatorship
The word of Dictator comes from the Latin language is Dictare, which
states as a command, a holder of absolute power in running the state government
(Encyclopedia of Indonesia, 1989: 822). According to Franz L. Neuman in the
Journal of Political Science (1993: 39) dictator is "government by a person or
group of people who brag and monopolize power in the country and implement
the rule without restriction". Understanding the dictator was also put forward by
Jules Archer (1985: 19), the dictator is a ruler who seek and gain absolute power
without regard to the real desires of the people.
According to Carl J. Frederick and Z. Bigriewle Brezinksky the
characteristics of the country’s Dictator in the Journal of Political Science (1993:
40), are as follows: 1) A comprehensive ideology that consists of teachings
(doctrine) the official body that covers all aspects vital and on human life in
society which must be carried out and adhered to by every member of the
community. This ideology aimed at forming a new human plenary different with
humans that now exists in society, 2) A mass party led by a man dictator with
members consisting of a relatively small percentage of the population, which
consisted of men and women in which devotes himself thoroughly to the ideology
and willing to do any way in order to be accepted by the public or the party higher
or fully organized along bureaucratic government, 3) A system of both
psychological and physical terror carried out by the party and the special police
surveillance directed against the enemy -musuh regime demonstrative and also to
the segment of the population that does not menyetujuinya.Teror was either done
8
by secret police or by the party intended to oppress society systematically using
modern science.
In the Encyclophedia of Social Sciences (1968: 152) dictatorship refers to
limited State domination by individual, group, or a small group. An example of
the dictatorial period found in all times and all civilizations. "Dictatorship"
signifies not only the principles that govern the political system but also the
ideologies that underpin our way of life and the normative expression of political
behavior. Some expressions have been used to characterize historical
phenomenon: dictatorial tyranny, despotism, autocracy, Caesarisme, Fiihrerstaat,
authoritarianism and totalitarianism. In spite of a constitutional dictatorship set to
deal with an emergency Government, all forms of dictatorship in terms of sharing
the following: a. the Exclusivity and arbitrariness in the exercise of power.
Dictatorship is characterized by the absence of power-sharing, the Suppression of
competing political groups, and social and legal institutions, the concentration of
political power in the hands of a dictator or an autocratic governing group leaders
(elite), and exploiting a tool of autocratic ruler manipulation and guided to
develop a monopoly of power. b. the removal or loosening of bonds juridical
power politics. The constitutional State is removed, or a new or revolutionary
cons law made, just as an instrument of power. Related to this aspect is the
difficulty or impossibility to organize a succession of dictators lawfully. c.
Removal or substantial restrictions on civil liberties. Instead of the voluntary
cooperation of social and political autonomous groups and associations in the
establishment of the Commonwealth, the emphasis is placed on the obligation of
9
citizens to do compulsory work or collective services. d. shape, especially
aggressive impulsive decision making. Domestic and foreign policy followed by
the dictator or the leading political elite often made impulsively and inspired by
the dynamic political activism, often based on an ideological Messianism and
aims to revamp or discipline of the society. e. work of the wrong political methods
and social control. These methods range from intimidation to propaganda, from
the imposition of the obligation of obedience to methods of terror.
Franz Neumann(1957)says: "By dictatorship, we understand the rule of a
person or a group of persons who arrogate to themselves and monopolize power
in the state, exercising it without restraint."
10