CARLA’S QUEST FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE AS SEEN IN CARLA VAN RAAY’S GOD’S CALLGIRL A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
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CARLA ’S QUEST FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE AS SEEN IN CARLA
VAN RAAY’S GOD’S CALLGIRL A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Dwi Aryani
Student Number: 041214078
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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CARLA’S QUEST FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE AS SEEN IN CARLA
VAN RAAY’S GOD’S CALLGIRL A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Dwi Aryani
Student Number: 041214078
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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“You are tempted in the same way that everyone else is tempted.
But God can be trusted not to let you be tempted too much,
And He will show you to escape from your temptations.”
(1 Corinthians 10:13)
“Don’t worry about anything, but pray about everything.
With thankful hearts offer up your prayers
and requests to God.”
(Philippians 4:6)
“Christ gives me the strength to face anything.”
(Philippians 4:13)
I dedicated this thesis to those who love me: The Almighty God,
My lovely parents and family, My dearly loved partner,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Lord Jesus Christ for His great blessing, love and mercy. I thank Him for guiding and giving me those people around me who always love me and support me so that I am able to finish this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes to Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum., as my major sponsor for his compassion, willingness, guidance, patience, support, suggestions, and giving me the time to consultation on this thesis until it is done. My sincere gratitude also goes to Sanata Dharma University for giving me a nice place to study. I also express my gratitude to all PBI lecturers and staffs who have devoted their work, valuable knowledge, lessons and experiences during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
My next thankfulness goes to Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd., Theresia Eriska Oktaviani, S.Pd., Drs. Tri Suko Bambang W., M.Hum, and Sasmoyo, S.Pd., who kindly offered me to proofread this thesis. I thank them for their corrections and suggestions for each single page of my thesis. My great thank also goes to V. Ismoyo Jati, S.S. who shared time with me when I found difficulties. I thank Patricia Angelina L., S.Pd. for giving me the syllabus of Short Essay 1. I also thank to Mega Wulandari, S.Pd. for helping me in arranging the teaching material.
My deep gratitude goes to my lovely parents, Giyanto and Budi Lestari, for their endless loving care, prayer, and support they have given me every single day of my life. I thank them for the remarkable efforts they make in order to
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educate me. My gratitude also goes to my beloved siblings, Ari Yanto, and Budi Tri Utami for all supports, love, and prayers which have given to me.
My special gratitude is dedicated to my dearly loved partner, Priya Begawan Yoga S., who always loves, supports, and grants me a space in his heart.
I also thank him for being by my side in my ups and downs and for being there when I needed at the most.
I would like to express my special thanks to all my PBI friends, specifically Rita, Silvia, Nina, Tutik, Yuni, Yanu, and Dhion who have been very supportive to me. It was great to spend the years with them. My great thankfulness also goes to my lovely cousin Siswanto, S.S whose morning and midnight short messages had burnt my spirit to complete this thesis. I also thank him for the remarkable ideas shared to me.
Further, I would like to express my gratitude to Reta, Rina, Indri, Sari, Aline, Nana, Jati, and Rini for being my friends who had shared in the same struggle to finish this thesis. It was great to keep asking our thesis progress to each other. I would also like to thank a parking guard of Sanata Dharma University in Kota Baru, for telling me whether the lecturer was present or not every time I would like to have consultation on my thesis. I also thank him for drawing smiles on my face with his greeting.
There are many other people whom I cannot mention here one by one, but surely, I cannot complete this thesis without their helps and supports. God bless them all.
Dwi Aryani
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES ................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .......................................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASIKARYA ILMIAH ........................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... vi
PAGE OF DEDICATION ........................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. ix
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. xiii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................1 A.
1 Background of the Study .........................................................................
B.
4 Problem Formulation ..............................................................................
C.
4 Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................
D.
4 Benefit of the Study ................................................................................
E.
5 Definition of Terms .................................................................................
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................
8 A.
8 Review of Related Studies ......................................................................
1.
8 Character ............................................................................................
a.
9 Definition of Character ..................................................................
b.
Kinds of Character .........................................................................
9 2. Characterization .................................................................................. 10 a.
Definition of Characterization ....................................................... 10 b.
Methods of Characterization ......................................................... 11 3. Critical Approach ............................................................................... 13 4. Logotherapy ....................................................................................... 14 a.
Base of Logotherapy ...................................................................... 15 b.
Processes of Finding the Meaning of Life ..................................... 17 c. Failures of Finding the Meaning of Life ....................................... 18 5. Success in Finding the Meaning of Life ............................................ 20 B. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................
22 A. Object of the Study ................................................................................. 22 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................ 24 C.
Method of the Study ................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION ...................................................................
27 A. The Description of Carla ......................................................................... 26 1.
Self-reproachful .................................................................................. 28 2. Naive .................................................................................................. 30 3. Introverted .......................................................................................... 32 4. Vengeful ............................................................................................. 33
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5. Open-minded ....................................................................................... 34 B. Carla’s Quest for the Meaning of Life .................................................... 35 1.
Carla’s Struggle to Find the Meaning of Life .................................... 36 a.
Being a Good Child for her Parents ............................................... 37 b.
Being a Good Nun for God ........................................................... 39 c. Being God’s Callgirl ...................................................................... 41 2. Carla’s Failure to Find the Meaning of Life ...................................... 43 a.
The Failure of Being a Good Child for her Parents ....................... 44 b.
The Failure of Being a Good Nun for God .................................... 45 c. The Failure of Being God’s Callgirl .............................................. 46 3. Carla’s Finding the Meaning of Life .................................................. 48 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .........................
53 A. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 53 B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 56 1.
Suggestion for Future Researchers ..................................................... 56 2. Suggestion for Teaching Learning Activities Using Literary Works 57 REFERENCES .............................................................................................
59 APPENDICES ..............................................................................................
61 A. Summary of the Novel ............................................................................ 61 B. Biography of the Author ......................................................................... 64
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C.
Lesson Plan for Teaching Short Essay I ................................................. 66 D.
Materials ................................................................................................. 70
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ABSTRACT Aryani, Dwi. 2011.
Carla’s Quest for the Meaning of Life as Seen in Carla Van
Raay’s God’s Callgirl. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyses God’s Callgirl, a novel written by Carla Van Raay. The novel pictures the author’s memoir. This novel is worth analyzing since it tells about a human being’s life journey as reflected through a viewpoint of a girl struggling to find the meaning of life.
The analysis focuses on how Carla, the main character of the novel, quest for the meaning of life. In order to achieve the goal, two problems are discussed in this study. Firstly, it deals with Carla’s portrayal as revealed in the novel. Secondly, it deals with her quest for the meaning of life, which is divided into three sections namely her struggle, her failure, and her finding the meaning of her life.
This study employed library research. The primary source was the novel itself. The secondary sources were books on psychology and literary theories, and internet sources which provided supporting data for this analysis. This study used theory of character and characterization to analyze the first problem and employs theory of logotherapy to discuss the second problem. It also applied the psychological approach since it concerns with the study of the mind and it influences one’s behaviour pattern.
Based on the analysis, Carla is portrayed as self-reproachful, naive, introverted, vengeful, and open minded. Those characteristics are revealed through character as seen by others, her speeches, her reactions, and her thoughts. Furthermore, the analysis shows that there are three ways how Carla shows her will to find the meaning of life. Firstly, it deals with her struggle to be a good child for her parents. Secondly, it deals with her struggle to be a good nun for God. Thirdly, it deals with her struggle to be God’s Callgirl. Unfortunately, Carla fails to find the meaning of life through those ways. Therefore, Carla carries out other ways to find the meaning of life. Carla leaves her work as prostitute to be a writer. Moreover, Carla attends to therapy programs for healing herself. In her struggle, Carla finally finds the meaning of life.
It is suggested that for the future researcher(s) to conduct analysis on the influence of sexual abuse on Carla’s life. It is also possible to analyze the meaning of becoming God’s Callgirl for Carla. The use of this novel as the source for teaching writing is also proposed in this study.
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ABSTRAK
Aryani, Dwi. 2011.Carla’s Quest for the Meaning of Life as Seen in Carla Van
Raay’s God’s Callgirl. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa novel
God’s Callgirl yang ditulis oleh Carla Van
Raay. Novel ini menggambarkan riwayat hidup sang pengarang. Novel ini bermanfaat untuk dianalisa karena ini bercerita tentang perjalanan hidup seorang manusia, yang tercermin melalui sudut pandang seorang gadis yang berjuang untuk menemukan makna hidupnya.
Analisa berfokus pada bagaimana Carla, tokoh utama dalam novel, mencari makna hidup. Untuk mencapai tujuannya, dua permasalahan dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Pertama, dalam hubungannya dengan gambaran Carla seperti dipaparkan dalam novel. Kedua, dalam hubungannya dengan pencarian Carla untuk menemukan makna hidup, yang dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu perjuangannya, kegagalannya, dan penemuan makna hidup.
Skripsi ini menerapkan penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utamanya adalah novel itu sendiri. Sumber tambahan berasal dari buku-buku tentang teori psikologi dan literature, serta sumber dari internet yang menyediakan data yang mendukung untuk analisis ini. Skripsi ini menggunakan teori tokoh dan penokohan untuk menganalisa permasalahan pertama dan menggunakan teori logotherapy untuk membahas permasalahan kedua. Skripsi ini juga menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena ini menyangkut tentang pikiran dan bagaimana hal tersebut mempengaruhi pola tingkah laku seseorang.
Berdasarkan analisa, Carla digambarkan sebagai menyalahkan diri sendiri, naif, tertutup, pendendam, dan berpandangan terbuka. Karakteristik tersebut ditunjukkan melalui karakteristik sebagaimana dilihat oleh orang lain, ucapannya, reaksinya, dan pemikirannya. Selanjutnya, analisa ini juga menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga cara bagaimana Carla memperlihatkan keinginannya untuk menemukan makna hidup. Pertama, usahanya untuk menjadi seorang anak yang baik bagi kedua orangtuanya. Kedua, perjuangannya untuk menjadi seorang biarawati yang baik bagi Tuhan. Ketiga, usahanya menjadi Sang Pelacur Tuhan. Sayangnya, Carla gagal menemukan makna hidup melalui cara-cara tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, Carla melakukan cara-cara lain untuk menemukan makna hidup. Carla meninggalkan pekerjaanya sebagai pelacur menjadi seorang penulis. Selain itu, Carla menghadiri program-program terapi untuk penyembuhan dirinya. Dalam perjuangannya, Carla akhirnya menemukan makna hidup.
Disarankan kepada peneliti yang akan datang untuk mengadakan analisa mengenai pengaruh kekerasan sexual terhadap kehidupan Carla. Ini juga memungkinkan untuk menganalisa makna menjadi Sang Pelacur Tuhan bagi Carla. Penggunaan novel ini sebagai materi untuk mengajar keahlian menulis juga diusulkan dalam skripsi ini.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the study, problem formulation,
objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study explains the information of the topic and the reasons for investigating this topic. The problem formulation presents the research questions of this study. The objectives of the study explain the answer of questions stated in the problem formulation. The benefits of the study describe the advantages of this study. The definition of terms clarifies the important terms used in the study.
A. Background of the Study
Life is a gift from God for a person and it must be filled up with meaningful things as his gratitude. The meaning of life can be found by the person in all conditions and actions, for example in doing works, having conviction of the values of the truth, loving affection, and having good attitude. By filling his life with meaning, his life becomes meaningful for him.
Searching a meaning of life directs and motivates a person to do some actions. According to Frankl (x-xi), people will contend with their difficulties and problems in their life if they have a will to meaning. He says that meaning is the most ideal thing that people search for in their life in which people have their own way to find their meaning of life. Frankl explains that the will to meaning is the
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main activator of one’s personality. This concept becomes one of bases in logotherapy as Frankl developed.
When one searches for meaning in his life, whether he likes or not, he will find problems. The experiences of solving the problems can give an important value to others. The important value also can be found by reading a literary work because literary works, such as a novel, give a true picture of human life. Novel can reflect and portray the real human life experiences that will give readers knowledge or ideas that provoke them to be more aware of the situation around them since it completely describes life experiences. Stanton (44) states in An
Introduction to Fiction
, ‘the peculiar strength of the novel is its ability to render a complex subject fully, to create a complete world’. This study specified in a novel since novel describes characters, relationship between characters, situations, and conflicts completely.
Carla Van Raay’s God’s Callgirl is one of novels that portrays human life experiences and values. It tells us a story of a person who looks for a meaning of life. Carla, as the main character of the novel, always searches for a meaning of her life. Her efforts to find the meaning of life are shown from her actions through her life.
When Carla is a child, she always wants to do the best for her parents but her parents often hurt her feeling. Once, she promises to her father to keep the secret of his sexual abuses to her because she is threatened by him not to tell others but she loves her father. Then, she lives her childhood under a pressure of her father.
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Searching for a meaning of life, Carla decides to become a nun at the age of eighteen as well as becomes a teacher. Unfortunately, she fails and then leaves the convent at the age of thirty. Next, as an ordinary woman, Carla needs to look for a job and get married. She breaks her marriage with James although they have already had a daughter named Caroline. After that, she meets a man named Hal and gets another daughter named Victoria but they never get married. The failure in her relations with men makes her feel more meaningless.
The willingness to be meaningful for her daughters forces Carla to earn money to finance one of her daughters. Then, she decides to be a prostitute. She is very excited about her job as she finds an inspiration and then she calls herself as God’s Callgirl, an extraordinary call for it is different from common prostitutes.
Besides getting money, at first, she also finds that being a callgirl can help her clients solve their problems. At last, she finds that her decision to be a prostitute is inappropriate to find a meaningful life that it makes her lost her inner peace.
As a person who has a freedom of will, Carla tries to survive in order to find the meaning of her life again. After leaving her job as a prostitute, she struggles to find what she really wants to be. By finding and solving the real problem throughout her life, she finally finds her meaning of life.
Carla’s experience in searching for a meaning of life is an amazing story to discuss. She shows her willingness to find the meaning in every situation and event of her life. When she feels that she loses her meaning of life, she does other actions to find what life means for her. This story provides a valuable lesson that people have their own way to find the meaning of life. It can be found in in all
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situations, even in a worst one, and it constantl y happens in one’s life. However, Carla’s quest for the meaning of life always teaches us how people can find the meaning of life in every condition, even in the bad situation in order to gain what life means for us. That is why this story is interesting to discuss.
B. Problem Formulation There are two main questions which the writer formulated to analyze.
Those are: 1.
How is Carla, the main character, described in the novel? 2. How does Carla search for the meaning of life? C.
Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study is to analyse and to find out Carla’s quest for the meaning of life as seen in Carla Van Raay’s God’s Callgirl. Therefore, there are two problems need to be answered in this study. The first is to find out the characteristics of Carla, the main character, as revealed in the novel. The second is to find out how Carla finds the meaning of life.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study deals with Carla’s quest for the meaning of life as seen in Carla Van Raay’s God’s Callgirl. Hopefully, this study can give some benefits for students of English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University, for the future researchers, and for the readers.
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1. For students of English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University
It is hoped that the study gives students additional knowledge how one struggles to search for the meaning of life and provides information to understand the novel better.
2. For the future researchers It is hoped that this study can support future researchers resources for them in completing their study for it provides important information on Carla Van
R aay’s God’s Callgirl and also offers some beneficial description about the main character and how she finds the meaning of life.
3. For the readers
It is hoped that the study gives the readers some important values since it tells about a human life experience. It teaches the readers to find the meaning of life in all conditions and situations. It encourages them to find their meaning of life in both good and bad situations.
E. Definition of Terms
This part will provide several terms which are going to be used in this undergraduate thesis. To avoid confusion and misunderstanding, those terms are needed to be defined and presented as follows: 1.
Quest for
According to Hornby, quest for means “a long search for something, especially for some quality such as happiness: the quest for happiness or
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knowledge or truth.” (1235). In this study, quest for refers to a person’s effort to look for and gain her meaningful life.
2. Meaning of life
According to Frankl (171), meaning of life is the purpose in life. The meaning of life is found in every moment of living and life itself never ceases to have meanings, even in suffering and death.
3. Motivation
According to Petri (3) in Motivation Theory and Research, motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting or on within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. Then, Frankl (154) in
Man’s Search for Meaning:
an Introduction to Logotherapy states the will to meaning really becomes the
highest motivation of the people’s life.
4. Character
Abrams (20) in A Glossary of Literary Terms defines the term of character as a person in a dramatic or narrative work. He is interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities which stated in dialogues they say and the actions they do. In this study, character is a person who presented by the author to build a story through his action and expression.
5. Logotherapy
Logotherapy is developed by neurologist and psychiatrist Viktor Emil Frankl. The word logotherapy comes from the Greek word logos, which literally means “meaning.” Logotherapy focuses on the future, on the meanings to be fulfilled in the future. It is founded upon the belief that the will to meaning is the
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striving to find a meaning in one's life that is the primary. The meaning of life is the most powerful motivating and driving force in human.
(http://www.nursingplanet.com/pn/logo_therapy.html).
6. God’s Callgirl
God’s Callgirl is a term Carla uses to call herself when she becomes a prostitute. The term unexpectedly comes from Carla’s inspiration when she is at an exhibition of ancient Chinese vases. Becoming
God’s Callgirl, Carla visualises herself as someone who serves her customers out of a pure desire to balance their energy by offering them her services. God’s Callgirl has a vision that Carla and her customers use the sexual act as an ecstatic meditation on God, and at the same time provide themselves with a pleasurable living (Van Raay 320-321).
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of a review related to literature which is divided into
two parts. The first part is review of related theories. It presents theory of character and characterization, theory of critical approach to literature, and theory of logotherapy. The second part is theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of some important theories to support the analysis in this study, namely the theory of character and characterization, critical approach to literature, and logotherapy. The theory of character and characterization help to find out the description of the main character. The theory of critical approach to literature is important to understand the work of literature. The theory of logotherapy helps to find out the actions of finding the meaningful life dealing with the main character’s searching for a meaning of her life.
1. Character
Characters are very important in a work of literature since they are necessary to make the story of the work of literature interesting. Characters are very significant because in order to understand the novel, the readers need to understand the characters.
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a. Definition of Character
Definition of character is proposed by Stanton (17) in An Introduction to
Fiction
. According to Stanton, the term ‘character’ is used in two ways: firstly, it gives a particular description about individuals appearing in a story. Secondly, it refers to the mixture of interests, desires, moral principles which form the individual. Stanton also states that stories usually have a main character which is significant to all events in the stories and the main character usually causes conv ersion either in him or readers’ attitude toward him.
Another definition of character is proposed by Abrams (20) in A Glossary
of Literature Terms. Abrams explains characters as persons in a dramatic or
narrative work that are interpreted by readers. They are endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities which stated in dialogues they say and actions they do. He also adds that the grounds in the characters’ temperament, desire, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation.
b. Kinds of Character
In Reading the Novel: An introduction to the Techniques of Interpreting
fiction , Henkle (88-97) points out characters can be categorized as major and
secondary ones. Major characters or the main characters are the most important and complex in a literary work or novel. They can be identified from their characterizations, the attention of the author and the readers, the attitudes of other characters to them, and the transmitting process of their character intensity. The major characters also build opinion that can establish the readers’ virtues. While, the secondary characters are the characters in which their performances are
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limited. They may be less sophisticated. Therefore, their responses to the experiences in the story are also less complex.
Besides, Forster (46-54) in Aspects of the Novel and Related Writings states there are two types of characters in literature. They are flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are built around a single idea or quality. These kinds of characters are presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase of sentence. One great advantage of flat character is that they are easily recognized whenever they come in a story. A second advantage is that they are easily remembered by the readers. They are static and remain stable in a story.
Different from flat characters, round characters are complex in temperament and motivation. These kinds of characters are represented subtle particularity so that they are difficult to be described with any adequacy as a person in real life. They are capable of surprising the readers. They are dynamic and posses many individual and unpredictable human traits.
2. Characterization
Understanding the theory of characterization is needed in analyzing the characters that appear in the novel. The analyzing characters are implied by understanding the definition of characterization and then knowing the methods of characterization.
a. Definition of Characterization
According to Barnet and Berman (77), characterization is defined by what the characters do or what they say, what others say about them, and by what the
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setting in which they move. Moreover, Rohberger and Woods, Jr. (20) define characterization as the processes employed by an author to create character. The creation of character includes particular personalities and physical attributes.
b. Methods of characterization
Murphy (161-173) in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English
Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students proposes a theory referring
to the presentation of characters in front of the readers, in order to make readers comprehend and capable to reveal the c haracter’s personality and traits.
According to him, there are nine ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable and alive to his readers as follows: 1)
Personal description In this way, the author can describe who a character is based on physical appearance and clothing. The physical appearance such as face, eyes, hair, skin, body, and the clothing such as how character wears clothes, what kind of clothes the character wears can make the readers have a better imagination about the character. 2)
Character as seen by other characters Here, the author also can introduce the character to the reader through the eyes and opinions of other characters. The author represents the character’s performance and personality by letting other characters in his story tell what they see of the character they encounter.
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3) Speech The author can give the readers inside into the character’s speech.
Whenever the character speaks, whenever the character is involved in a conversation with other characters, whenever the character puts forward an opinion are the readers’ hints of the character. 4)
Past Life The author can give the past life of character in the story in order to make the readers understand the character well. The past life of the character can build a clue for the readers about events which catalyze in shaping the character’s disposition. The narration is through descendant of direct comment from the author, the character’s thoughts, the character’s conversation, and also through the medium of another character.
5) Conversation of Others
Through conversations with other characters, the author can give clues to the readers in order to s how the character’s personality. People often talk about other people and the thing they say may give us reference to the character of the person spoken about.
6) Reactions
The author may give clues to the character’s personality by letting the readers to know how the character reacts to various situations and events. The character often reacts to various situations and events which may reveal the character’s personality. By doing so, the author can present a clue to the readers
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who might expect to find the quality of the character in dealing with various situations and events.
7) Direct Comment
The author can bring comments over the character’s disposition which facilitates the readers to understand the character. By giving comments explicitly about the character’s disposition and opinion about the character in the story, the author has possibility to describe or comments on the c haracter’s disposition directly.
8) Thought
The writer is able to give the readers direct knowledge of what the character is thinking about. When the character is in deep thoughts, the readers can get into the character’s mind. In real life, one cannot see into other’s mind but in literary works, the character’s mind is readable.
9) Mannerism
The author can des cribe the character’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies. Moreover, by knowing how the person behaves and acts in the novel, the reader will be able to understand the person’s character that the author reveals the habits of the character both the positive and negative ones.
3. Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (3) in Reading and Writing about
Literature , we need to employ a mean which is called critical approach to have a
reasonable judgment of a work of literature. It will help readers to have better understanding of the nature, function, and positive values. Rohrberger and Woods,
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Jr. (6-15) propose five kinds of critical approaches. Those approaches are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the socio cultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
Every approach has its own characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. That is why we should always consider in choosing the approach applied to a certain literary work because there is no single approach will suit to all kinds of literary work. We must consider and be able to choose the most appropriate approach that will suit to our analysis.
In this study, I use the psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods (13) state that the psychological approach helps us to analyze the novel from psychological points of view of human beings. That is from the organization of thought and feelings of the character. Moreover, it also explains and understanding the human motivation.
4. Logotherapy
According to Frankl, who is a professor of psychiatry and neurology, the highest motivation of people is the will to meaning. It motivates people to do all actions, such as doing works, so that life becomes useful and worthy. The will to meaning is not an invention but it is a real spiritual phenomenon that is very important in the people’s life. As the basic motivation of people, the will to meaning motivates them to be worthy and useful people who live with the meaningful actions. Furthermore, Frankl discusses the will to meaning in his theory, called logotherapy.
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Frankl (154) starts his concept of the will to meaning from his criticism to the concepts of the pleasure principle by Freud and the will to power by Adler. He considers that those concepts simplify the existence and the behaviour of human being. Moreover, pleasure and power are not the main purpose of life but they are rewards from the actions of self-fulfilment that are based and directed on the will to meaning.
According to Frankl, meaning is unique and personal because of fact that people have their own way to find the meaning of life. Besides, it is also changeable along with the times and conditions in people’s life. It can be found by them in his works, art works and the worldview, even in the truth and love that they struggle and undergo personally. It shows that a person cannot give or entrust another person to create a meaning of life for him. In other words, only the person himself can feel and experience whether his life is meaningful or not and what the meaning of life for him is.
a. Base of logotherapy
Frankl (154-173) in
Man’s Search for meaning and Introduction to Logotherapy
explains that the will to meaning is the main activator of one’s personality. Furthermore, the freedom of will, the will to meaning, and the meaning of life become the base of logotherapy. 1)
The freedom of will Logotherapy explains that every person has a freedom and has to be responsible for his or her freedom. Freedom for people is the freedom to take a stand on every condition they face, either the condition of the environment or their
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self-condition but not the freedom from biological, psychological, and sociological aspects.
Taking a stand on the conditions, people can go out of biological and psychological dimension and then enter their spiritual dimension, where people can be as a noble creature different from other creatures. It is appropriate to an honourable term for a human as a self determining being. It means that, on the limitations, people have the ability and freedom to change their life condition in order to gain the more qualified life. The most important thing is that the freedom must be followed by the responsibility so that it does not become despotism. 2)
The will to meaning Logotherapy explains that people always want to be valuable and useful persons for themselves, their family, friends, work environment, society, and being worthy for God. People also want to love and be loved by others because they will feel worthy and glorious by feeling of love and being loved. For example, parents always want to love and be loved by their children, and also want to be able to do their functions in the family as good as possible. On the other hand, children also want to be loved and to be pride of their parents.
The will to meaning is really the main motivator to people. It can direct them to do some activities like doing their job and abilities. As the basic motivator for human being, the will to meaning directs people to be worthy and meaningful individual that they can find in their activities. If people can gain the will to meaning, they will feel useful, worthy, and meaningful for themselves and people around. On the other hand, they will feel meaningless if they cannot gain the will.
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3) The meaning of life
The meaning of life is deemed as something important, worthy and giving a particular value to someone, in which it properly becomes the purpose in life.
People will find their life worthy if they can fulfil the meaning of life. Then, the meaning of life is apparently in the life itself and able to be found in every condition either enjoyable or suffering condition, even death. Meaning in suffering or blessing in disguise shows that people can still find the meaning of life although they are in suffer. If the will can be fulfilled, the people’s life will be useful, worthy, and meaningful. On the contrary, if the will cannot be fulfilled, the people’s life will be meaningless.
b. Processes of Finding the Meaning of Life
Frankl (69-79) in The Will to Meaning Foundation and Applications of
Logotherapy explains that there are valuing processes that will enable someone to
find a meaningful life. They are creative values, experiential values, and attitudinal values.
1) Creative values