Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g)

7. APPENDIX

  W2 Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g)

  X

  X X

  14.35939

  PT.KON dried Average =

  1 20.17492 2.03370 21.95452 21.95423 21.95500 21.95458 1.77966 0.25404 12.49135 2 22.26414 2.08507 24.04184 24.04191 24.04138 24.04171 1.77757 0.30750 14.74771 3 19.42982 2.03874 21.15199 21.15276 21.15034 21.15170 1.72188 0.31686 15.54212 4 24.49717 2.07175 26.26387 26.26586 26.26610 26.26528 1.76811 0.30364 14.65637

  3

  2

  1

  W1 Initial Sample Weight (g)

  Appendix 1. Thermogravimetri Moisture Analysis

  Samples Without Pretreatment (PT. KON) Initial moisture content : W3

  85.16400 Final moisture content :

  PT.KON fresh Average =

  1 22.24282 2.02750 22.54300 22.54397 22.54319 22.54339 0.30057 1.72693 85.17550 2 17.19716 2.03230 17.48381 17.48408 17.48484 17.48424 0.28708 1.74522 85.87397 3 19.32816 2.09724 19.64686 19.64800 19.64883 19.64790 0.31974 1.77750 84.75441 4 16.11043 2.09402 16.42655 16.42724 16.42910 16.42763 0.31720 1.77682 84.85210

  3

  2

  1

  Initial Sample Weight (g)

  Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g) W1

  Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g) W2

  W3 Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g) Samples With Sodium Bisulfite Pretreatment (PT. SB) Initial moisture content : W3

  Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g) W2

  W1 Initial Sample Weight (g)

  X X

  14.83875

  PT.SB dried Average =

  1 20.16638 2.06468 21.94313 21.94694 21.94628 21.94545 1.77907 0.28561 13.83314 2 22.25503 2.06218 24.00266 24.00210 24.00058 24.00178 1.74675 0.31543 15.29595 3 19.41730 2.02186 21.14311 21.14323 21.14490 21.14375 1.72645 0.29541 14.61097 4 24.48961 2.05564 26.22090 26.22598 26.22591 26.22426 1.73465 0.32099 15.61493

  3

  

2

  1

  W2 Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g)

  Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g) W1

  W3 Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g)

  82.35969 Final moisture content :

  PT.SB fresh Average =

  1 22.22973 2.03107 22.58625 22.58746 22.58439 22.58603 0.35630 1.67477 82.45736 2 17.19475 2.07196 17.57839 17.57602 17.57638 17.57693 0.38218 1.68978 81.55466 3 19.32199 2.01674 19.66082 19.65775 19.65834 19.65897 0.33698 1.67976 83.29086 4 16.10449 2.07007 16.47400 16.47269 16.47618 16.47429 0.36980 1.70027 82.13587

  3

  

2

  1

  Initial Sample Weight (g)

  X X Samples With Ascorbic Acid Pretreatment (PT. AA) Initial moisture content : W3

  Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g) W2

  W1 Initial Sample Weight (g)

  X X

  17.13345

  PT.AA dried Average =

  1 20.16642 2.01190 21.87842 21.87947 21.87969 21.87919 1.71277 0.29913 14.86787 2 22.25373 2.03335 23.89099 23.89011 23.88680 23.88930 1.63557 0.39778 19.56279 3 19.41951 2.04665 21.13363 21.13477 21.13635 21.13492 1.71541 0.33124 16.18466 4 24.48683 2.00670 26.13342 26.13342 26.13504 26.13396 1.64713 0.35957 17.91847

  3

  

2

  1

  W2 Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g)

  Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g) W1

  W3 Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g)

  80.57712 Final moisture content :

  PT.AA fresh Average =

  1 22.23160 2.01781 22.59892 22.60193 22.60280 22.60122 0.36962 1.64819 81.68229 2 17.18964 2.04735 17.59642 17.59750 17.59895 17.59762 0.40798 1.63937 80.07261 3 19.31859 2.01479 19.76511 19.76544 19.76600 19.76552 0.44693 1.56786 77.81770 4 16.10512 2.07264 16.46235 16.46251 16.46397 16.46294 0.35782 1.71482 82.73587

  3

  

2

  1

  Initial Sample Weight (g)

  X X Samples With Citric Acid Pretreatment (PT. AS) Initial moisture content : W3

  Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g) W2

  W1 Initial Sample Weight (g)

  X X

  X X

  14.51064

  PT.AS dried Average =

  1 20.16630 2.07600 21.97392 21.97197 21.97067 21.97219 1.80589 0.27011 13.01124 2 22.25434 2.02185 23.96166 23.96423 23.96603 23.96397 1.70963 0.31222 15.44213 3 19.42121 2.04836 21.19371 21.18430 21.18640 21.18814 1.76693 0.28143 13.73945 4 24.48868 2.07177 26.25240 26.22157 26.22227 26.23208 1.74340 0.32837 15.84973

  3

  

2

  1

  W2 Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g)

  Dried Sample weight (g) (W1-W2) Moisture Content (wet basis) % Sample Rep Empty Cup Weight (g) W1

  W3 Weight Loss (g) Cup + Sample Weight After in The Oven (g)

  87.23624 Final moisture content :

  PT.AS fresh Average =

  1 22.23261 2.03681 22.48359 22.48453 22.48357 22.48390 0.25129 1.78552 87.66273 2 17.19212 2.02522 17.48509 17.48425 17.48562 17.48499 0.29287 1.73235 85.53902 3 19.31940 2.01620 19.56060 19.56264 19.56102 19.56142 0.24202 1.77418 87.99623 4 16.10362 2.04820 16.35431 16.35295 16.35650 16.35459 0.25097 1.79723 87.74696

  3

  

2

  1

   Initial Sample Weight (g)

  X X Appendix 2. Drying Kinetics Observation Based on Mass Balance Equation

a. Drying Kinetics of Samples Without Pretreatment (PT. KON) a.1) Replicate 1

  Sample : PT. KON 1 Initial Weight : 250.09 gr Initial Moisture : 85.164 %

  Moisture Ratio Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture(%) M. Ratio _1.2

  1 9:30 250.09 85.16399557

  

1

2 10:00 205.56 81.95010533 0.962262336 ₁

  3 10:35 176.51 78.97945528 0.927380811

  4 11:10 152.17 75.61716272 0.8879006 5 11:45 128 71.01299728 0.833838253 _0.8 6 12:20 110.81 66.51623185 0.781037003 7 12:55 97.46 61.92964961 0.727181119 _{0.6 M. Ratio} 8 13:30 83.76 55.70276565 0.654064729 _{M. Ratio} 9 14:05 72.41 48.75933782 0.572534643 _0.4 10 14:40 63.15 41.24566352 0.484308695

  11 15:15 56.73 34.59657414 0.406234746

  12 15:50 53.02 30.02006132 0.352497098 _0.2

  13 16:25 50.62 26.70216616 0.313538203

  14 17:00 49.11 24.44845553 0.287075018

  15 17:35 48.03 22.74960756 0.267127058 9:30 10:00 10:35 11:10 11:45 12:20 12:55 13:30 14:05 14:40 15:15 15:50 16:25 17:00 17:35 18:10

  16 18:10 47.2 21.39117905 0.251176321 _Time

  a.2) Replicate 2 Sample : PT. KON 2 Initial Weight : 250.05 gr

  Initial Moisture : 85.163996 % Moisture Ratio Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture(%) M. Ratio ^1.2 1 9:35 250.05 85.16399557

  

1

2 10:05 205.73 81.96790498 0.962471341 ₁ 3 10:40 178.13 79.17395774 0.929664669

  4 11:15 151.95 75.58576566 0.887531934 _0.8 5 11:50 131.35 71.75681075 0.842572149 6 12:25 114.06 67.47551369 0.792300939 7 13:00 99.08 62.55810548 0.73456048 _{M. Ratio 0.6 M. Ratio} 8 13:35

  85.67 56.697293 0.66574252 9 14:10 76.51 51.51296682 0.604867896 _0.4 10 14:45 67.72 45.21939001 0.530968395

  11 15:20 61.37 39.55119914 0.464412207 _0.2 12 15:55 57.36 35.3252631 0.414791049 13 16:30 54.8 32.30396152 0.379314772 14 17:05 53.17 30.22864569 0.354946307 15 17:40 51.99 28.64506812 0.336351858

  9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15 16 18:15 51.11 27.41649563 0.321925897 _Time

  a.3) Replicate 3 Sample : PT. KON 3 Initial Weight : 250.09 gr

  Initial Moisture : 85.163996 % Moisture Ratio Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio _1.2 1 9:40 250.09 85.16399557

  1 2 10:10 206.94 82.07047285 0.963675698 3 10:45 183.04 79.72936872 0.936186333 ₁ 4 11:20 156.58 76.30389354 0.895964228

  5 11:55 134.42 72.39743826 0.85009443 _0.8 6 12:30 117.09 68.31209882 0.802124165 7 13:05 101.91 63.59202876 0.74670086 _{0.6 M. Ratio} 8 13:40 87.18 57.44050988 0.67446941 _{M. Ratio} 9 14:15 76.69 51.61903314 0.606113332

  10 14:50 68.27 45.6520236 0.5360484 _0.4

  11 15:25 62.08 40.23298407 0.472417761 12 16:00 58.21 36.25946833 0.425760535 _0.2 13 16:35 55.82 33.5303413 0.393714986

  14 17:10 54.27 31.63190807 0.371423486 15 17:45 53.17 30.21748451 0.354815252 16 18:20 52.2 28.9207596 0.339589041

  9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20 _Time

  a.4) Replicate 4 Sample : PT. KON 4 Initial Weight : 201.24 gr

  Initial Moisture : 85.163996 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:45 201.24 85.16399557

  1 2 10:15 168.55 82.28657649 0.966213198 3 10:50 144.81 79.38265636 0.932115219 4 11:25 125.01 76.11713037 0.893771245 5 12:00 104.64 71.46791349 0.839179902 6 12:35 90.73 67.09360154 0.787816507 7 13:10

  78.38 61.90868165 0.726934912 8 13:45 67.68 55.88656129 0.656222866 9 14:20

  58.67 49.11202434 0.576675906 10 14:55 52.08 42.67285844 0.501066891 11 15:30

  47.88 37.64416182 0.442019677 12 16:05 45.13 33.84450405 0.397403901 13 16:40

  43.41 31.2232773 0.366625322 14 17:15 42.2 29.25124331 0.343469598 15 17:50

  41.33 27.76197599 0.325982545 16 18:25 40.63 26.51741245 0.311368816

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  a.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.KON Based on The Average Moisture Ratio Minute

  Rep 1 M. Ratio Rep 2 M. Ratio

  Rep 3 M. Ratio Rep 4 M. Ratio

  

Av. M .R atio

0'

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1 30' 0.96226234 0.962471341 0.963675698 0.9662132 0.963655643 60' 0.92738081 0.929664669 0.936186333 0.93211522

  0.931336758 90' 0.8879006 0.887531934 0.895964228 0.89377125 0.891292002 120' 0.83383825 0.842572149 0.85009443 0.8391799 0.841421184 150' 0.781037 0.792300939 0.802124165 0.78781651 0.790819654 180' 0.72718112 0.73456048 0.74670086 0.72693491 0.733844343 210' 0.65406473 0.66574252 0.67446941 0.65622287 0.662624881 240' 0.57253464 0.604867896 0.606113332 0.57667591 0.590047944 270' 0.48430869 0.530968395 0.5360484 0.50106689 0.513098095 300' 0.40623475 0.464412207 0.472417761 0.44201968 0.446271098 330' 0.3524971 0.414791049 0.425760535 0.3974039 0.397613146 360' 0.3135382 0.379314772 0.393714986 0.36662532 0.363298321 390' 0.28707502 0.354946307 0.371423486 0.3434696

  0.339228602 420' 0.26712706 0.336351858 0.354815252 0.32598254 0.321069178 450' 0.25117632 0.321925897 0.339589041 0.31136882

  0.306015019 Average Moisture Ratio KON

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} _{0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450' Time (minutes)} ^{M. Ratio Av. M .Ratio}

b. Drying Kinetics of Samples With Sodium Bisulfite Pretreatment (PT. SB) b.1) Replicate 1

  Sample : PT. SB 1 Initial Weight : 250.15 gr Initial Moisture : 82.35969 %

  Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio 1 9:30 250.15 82.35969

  1

  2 10:00 202.98 78.2603 0.95022582

  3 10:35 178.63 75.29685 0.91424398

  4 11:10 155.76 71.66973 0.87020393

  5 11:45 131.48 66.43806 0.80668179 6 12:20 111.96 60.58661 0.73563422 7 12:55 93.74 52.92593 0.64261932 8 13:30

  82.1 46.25184 0.56158352 9 14:05 71.45 38.2404 0.46430964 10 14:40

  63.7 30.72647 0.37307662 11 15:15 57.67 23.48321 0.28512984 12 15:50

  54.19 18.56941 0.22546724

  13 16:25 51.95 15.05826 0.18283528

  14 17:00 50.44 12.51539 0.15196018

  15 17:35 49.39 10.65553 0.12937793

  16 18:10 48.58 9.165839 0.11129035 Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:30 10:00 10:35 11:10 11:45 12:20 12:55 13:30 14:05 14:40 15:15 15:50 16:25 17:00 17:35 18:10 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  b.2) Replicate 2 Sample : PT. SB 2 Initial Weight : 250.2 gr

  Initial Moisture : 82.35969 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:35 250.2 82.35969

  

1

2 10:05 207.72 78.75214 0.95619762 3 10:40 181.23 75.64639 0.918487982 4 11:15 159.01 72.24322 0.877167218 5 11:50 136.95 67.77214 0.822879967 6 12:25 115.94 61.93199 0.751969633 7 13:00

  99.93 55.83303 0.677916921 8 13:35 84.88 48.00182 0.582831474 9 14:10

  74.52 40.77287 0.495058593 10 14:45 66.27 33.39964 0.405533878 11 15:20

  60.28 26.78159 0.325178412 12 15:55 56.55 21.95216 0.266540055 13 16:30

  54.03 18.31195 0.222341122 14 17:05 52.38 15.73873 0.191097434 15 17:40

  51.27 13.91446 0.168947472 16 18:15 50.35 12.3415 0.14984877

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  b.3) Replicate 3 Sample : PT. SB 3 Initial Weight : 250.08 gr

  Initial Moisture : 82.35969 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:40 250.08 82.35969

  1 2 10:10 211.03 79.09544 0.960365959 3 10:45 182.51 75.82878 0.920702634 4 11:20 156.08 71.73572 0.871005229 5 11:55 132.81 66.78346 0.810875559 6 12:30 112.61 60.82507 0.738529629 7 13:05

  95.5 53.8064 0.653309899 8 13:40 81.58 45.92438 0.557607543 9 14:15

  75.74 41.75484 0.506981461 10 14:50 63.63 30.66967 0.372386937 11 15:25

  58.54 24.64146 0.299193253 12 16:00 54.91 19.65965 0.238704736 13 16:35

  52.52 16.00364 0.194314014 14 17:10 51 13.50022 0.163917823 15 17:45

  50 11.77023 0.142912455 16 18:20 49.17 10.28089 0.124829128

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  b.4) Replicate 4 Sample : PT. SB 4 Initial Weight : 250.16 gr

  Initial Moisture : 82.35969 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:45 250.16 82.35969

  1 2 10:15 216.12 79.58125 0.966264581 3 10:50 189.15 76.66984 0.930914614 4 11:25 163.27 72.97176 0.886013108 5 12:00 138.82 68.21135 0.828212845 6 12:35 116.55 62.13728 0.754462293 7 13:10

  99.56 55.67597 0.676010009 8 13:45 86.21 48.8122 0.592671043 9 14:20

  75.53 41.57421 0.50478832 10 14:55 66.73 33.86932 0.411236673 11 15:30

  59.54 25.88344 0.314273166 12 16:05 55.34 20.2584 0.245974742 13 16:40

  52.41 15.80042 0.19184653 14 17:15 50.27 12.21603 0.148325406 15 17:50

  49.09 10.10593 0.122704795 16 18:25 48.05 8.160251 0.09908064

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  b.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.SB Based on The Average Moisture Ratio Average Moisture Ratio SB Minute Av. M .R atio

  Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 _1.2 M. Ratio M. Ratio M. Ratio M. Ratio 0'

  1

  1

  1

  1

  

1

30' 0.950226 0.956198 0.960366 0.966265 0.958263495 ₁

  0.921087302 60' 0.914244 0.918488 0.920703 0.930915 90' 0.870204 0.877167 0.871005 0.886013 0.87609737 _0.8 120' 0.806682 0.82288 0.810876 0.828213 0.817162541

  150' 0.735634 0.75197 0.73853 0.754462 0.745148944 180' 0.642619 0.677917 0.65331 0.67601 0.662464036 _{0.6 Av. M .Ratio} 210' 0.561584 0.582831 0.557608 0.592671 0.573673395 M. Ratio 240' 0.46431 0.495059 0.506981 0.504788 0.492784504 _0.4 270' 0.373077 0.405534 0.372387 0.411237 0.390558528

  300' 0.28513 0.325178 0.299193 0.314273 0.305943668 0.244171694

  330' 0.225467 0.26654 0.238705 0.245975 _0.2 360' 0.182835 0.222341 0.194314 0.191847 0.197834237 390' 0.15196 0.191097 0.163918 0.148325 0.163825212 420' 0.129378 0.168947 0.142912 0.122705 0.140985664 _{0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450'} 450' 0.11129 0.149849 0.124829 0.099081 0.121262222 _{Time (minutes)}

c. Drying Kinetics of Samples With Ascorbic Acid Pretreatment (PT. AA) c.1) Replicate 1

  Sample : PT.AA 1 Initial Weight : 250.14 gr Initial Moisture : 80.57712 %

  Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio 1 9:30 250.14 80.57712

  1

  2 10:00 214.1 77.30761 0.95942392

  3 10:35 187.13 74.03709 0.91883515

  4 11:10 164.49 70.46362 0.87448668

  5 11:45 144.7 66.42405 0.82435378 6 12:20 125.96 61.42871 0.76235923 7 12:55 111.23 56.32078 0.69896741 8 13:30

  97.33 50.08281 0.62155132 9 14:05 86.58 43.88496 0.54463309 10 14:40

  78.84 38.37595 0.47626368 11 15:15 73.61 33.99756 0.42192572 12 15:50

  70.1 30.69273 0.38091122 13 16:25 67.73 28.26754 0.35081345 14 17:00

  65.94 26.3203 0.32664727

  15 17:35 64.63 24.82686 0.30811309

  16 18:10 63.6 23.60944 0.29300425 Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:30 10:00 10:35 11:10 11:45 12:20 12:55 13:30 14:05 14:40 15:15 15:50 16:25 17:00 17:35 18:10 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  c.2) Replicate 2 Sample : PT.AA 2 Initial Weight : 250.18 gr

  Initial Moisture : 80.57712 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:35 250.18 80.57712

  1 2 10:05 214.14 77.30823 0.959431502 3 10:40 188.03 74.15723 0.920326126 4 11:15 166.74 70.85752 0.879375245 5 11:50 148.15 67.2007 0.833992322 6 12:25 130.38 62.73035 0.778513232 7 13:00 114.79 57.66864 0.715695013 8 13:35 101.19 51.97928 0.645087358 9 14:10

  90.17 46.1105 0.572252972 10 14:45 81.63 40.47266 0.502284798 11 15:20

  75.28 35.45143 0.439968901 12 15:55 71.08 31.63736 0.39263451 13 16:30

  68.16 28.70868 0.356288195 14 17:05 65.81 26.16294 0.324694464 15 17:40

  64.4 24.54633 0.304631463 16 18:15 63.27 23.19873 0.287907112

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  c.3) Replicate 3 Sample : PT.AA 3 Initial Weight : 250.17 gr

  Initial Moisture : 80.57712 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:40 250.17 80.57712

  1 2 10:10 216.67 77.57409 0.96273098 3 10:45 192.43 74.74914 0.927672085 4 11:20 168.66 71.19043 0.883506755 5 11:55 146.84 66.90941 0.830377289 6 12:30 129.42 62.4554 0.775100915 7 13:05 112.04 56.63136 0.702821862 8 13:40 97.43 50.12807 0.622112933 9 14:15

  86.16 43.60466 0.541154387 10 14:50 77.8 37.5447 0.465947405 11 15:25

  72.07 32.57913 0.404322299 12 16:00 68.07 28.61727 0.355153807 13 16:35

  65.54 25.86173 0.320956216 14 17:10 63.67 23.68427 0.293932972 15 17:45

  62.28 21.98101 0.272794746 16 18:20 61.27 20.69492 0.256833674

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2

  0.4

  0.6

  0.8

  1

  1.2 9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20

  Time M. Ratio M. Ratio

  c.4) Replicate 4 Sample : PT.AA 4 Initial Weight : 250.12 gr

  Initial Moisture : 80.57712 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:45 250.12 80.57712

  1 2 10:15 211.23 77.00113 0.955620307 3 10:50 183.64 73.54579 0.912737898 4 11:25 159.56 69.55345 0.863191106 5 12:00 137.97 64.78908 0.804062953 6 12:35 118.08 58.85797 0.730455102 7 13:10 103.47 53.0487 0.658359331 8 13:45 91.53 46.92395 0.582348273 9 14:20

  81.79 40.60336 0.503906816 10 14:55 73.48 33.88607 0.420542146 11 15:30

  68.56 29.14161 0.361661101 12 16:05 65.03 25.29523 0.313925707 13 16:40

  62.73 22.55617 0.279932733 14 17:15 60.93 20.26832 0.251539398 15 17:50

  59.68 18.59834 0.230814119 16 18:25 58.73 17.28161 0.214472874

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  c.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.AA Based on The Average Moisture Ratio Minute

  Rep 1 M. Ratio Rep 2 M. Ratio

  Rep 3 M. Ratio Rep 4 M. Ratio

  Av. M .R atio 0'

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1 30' 0.9594239 0.959432 0.962731 0.95562 0.959301678 60' 0.9188351 0.920326 0.927672 0.912738

  0.919892814 90' 0.8744867 0.879375 0.883507 0.863191 0.875139947 120' 0.8243538 0.833992 0.830377 0.804063 0.823196586 150' 0.7623592 0.778513 0.775101 0.730455 0.76160712 180' 0.6989674 0.715695 0.702822 0.658359 0.693960903 210' 0.6215513 0.645087 0.622113 0.582348 0.61777497 240' 0.5446331 0.572253 0.541154 0.503907 0.540486817 270' 0.4762637 0.502285 0.465947 0.420542 0.466259507 300' 0.4219257 0.439969 0.404322 0.361661 0.406969505 330' 0.3809112 0.392635 0.355154 0.313926

  0.360656312 360' 0.3508135 0.356288 0.320956 0.279933 0.326997649 390' 0.3266473 0.324694 0.293933 0.251539

  0.299203525 420' 0.3081131 0.304631 0.272795 0.230814 0.279088354 450' 0.2930043 0.287907 0.256834 0.214473 0.263054478

  Average Moisture Ratio AA

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} _{0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450' Time (minutes)} ^{M. Ratio Av. M .Ratio}

d. Drying Kinetics of Samples With Citric Acid Pretreatment (PT. AS) d.1) Replicate 1

  0.4

  M. Ratio

  Time

M. Ratio

  1.2 9:30 10:35 11:45 12:55 14:05 15:15 16:25 17:35

  1

  0.8

  0.6

  Sample : PT. AS 1 Initial Weight : 250.12 gr Initial Moisture : 87.23624 %

  Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio 1 9:30 250.12 87.23624

  16 18:10 43.85 27.19563 0.311747 Moisture Ratio

  15 17:35 44.61 28.43596 0.325965

  46.7 31.63872 0.362679 14 17:00 45.45 29.7586 0.341127

  51.4 37.88966 0.434334 12 15:50 48.66 34.39228 0.394243 13 16:25

  64.6 50.58093 0.579816 10 14:40 56.77 43.76481 0.501682 11 15:15

  90.55 64.74355 0.742163 8 13:30 75.92 57.94953 0.664283 9 14:05

  1 2 10:00 200.86 84.10599 0.964118 3 10:35 169.73 81.19088 0.930701 4 11:10 145.76 78.09775 0.895244 5 11:45 125.4 74.54169 0.854481 6 12:20 104.72 69.51421 0.79685 7 12:55

  0.2

  d.2) Replicate 2 Sample : PT. AS 2 Initial Weight : 250.11 gr

  0.2

  Time

M. Ratio

  1.2 9:35 10:05 10:40 11:15 11:50 12:25 13:00 13:35 14:10 14:45 15:20 15:55 16:30 17:05 17:40 18:15

  1

  0.8

  0.6

  0.4

  Moisture Ratio

  Initial Moisture : 87.23624 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  43.95 27.36419 0.313679112 16 18:15 43.11 25.94887 0.297455216

  46.54 31.40645 0.360016041 14 17:05 44.87 28.85349 0.33075116 15 17:40

  53.1 39.88053 0.457155502 12 15:55 49.08 34.95632 0.40070865 13 16:30

  69.67 54.17907 0.621061529 10 14:45 59.98 46.77653 0.536205197 11 15:20

  97.42 67.23112 0.770678824 8 13:35 81.85 60.99763 0.699223507 9 14:10

  1 2 10:05 207.89 84.64407 0.970285644 3 10:40 178.9 82.15571 0.941761211 4 11:15 156.52 79.60424 0.912513448 5 11:50 131.76 75.77152 0.868578516 6 12:25 114.26 72.0607 0.826040915 7 13:00

  1 9:35 250.11 87.23624

  M. Ratio

  d.3) Replicate 3 Sample : PT. AS 3 Initial Weight : 250.12 gr

  Initial Moisture : 87.23624 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:40 250.12 87.23624

  

1

2 10:10 212.33 84.96458 0.973959626 3 10:45 184.47 82.69382 0.947929629 4 11:20 159.73 80.01332 0.917202812 5 11:55 137.96 76.85944 0.881049436 6 12:30 116.66 72.63439 0.832617196 7 13:05

  97.11 67.1252 0.769464638 8 13:40 81.18 60.67416 0.695515539 9 14:15

  68 53.05189 0.608140464 10 14:50 58.89 45.78924 0.524887823 11 15:25

  51.95 38.54723 0.441871695 12 16:00 47.89 33.33741 0.382150875 13 16:35

  45.33 29.57265 0.338995041 14 17:10 43.78 27.07922 0.310412533 15 17:45

  42.72 25.26986 0.289671567 16 18:20 41.99 23.97067 0.274778784

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:40 10:10 10:45 11:20 11:55 12:30 13:05 13:40 14:15 14:50 15:25 16:00 16:35 17:10 17:45 18:20 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  d.4) Replicate 4 Sample : PT. AS 4 Initial Weight : 250.11 gr

  Initial Moisture : 87.23624 % Points Time Weight (gr) Moisture (%) M. Ratio

  1 9:45 250.11 87.23624

  1 2 10:15 212.08 84.94745 0.973763355 3 10:50 187.19 82.94597 0.950820087 4 11:25 162.58 80.36447 0.921228068 5 12:00 138.51 76.95225 0.882113315 6 12:35 116.6 72.62141 0.832468323 7 13:10

  97.7 67.32504 0.771755359 8 13:45 82.54 61.32367 0.702960985 9 14:20

  69.56 54.10661 0.620230913 10 14:55 60.56 47.28626 0.542048366 11 15:30

  53.88 40.75085 0.467132163 12 16:05 49.15 35.04895 0.401770548 13 16:40

  46.33 31.09553 0.356451995 14 17:15 44.6 28.42278 0.325813904 15 17:50

  43.62 26.81467 0.307379959 16 18:25 42.55 24.97429 0.286283416

  Moisture Ratio

  0.2 ^{0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2} 9:45 10:15 10:50 11:25 12:00 12:35 13:10 13:45 14:20 14:55 15:30 16:05 16:40 17:15 17:50 18:25 _Time ^{M. Ratio M. Ratio}

  d.5) Drying Kinetics of PT.AS Based on The Average Moisture Ratio Average Moisture Ratio AS Minute

  

Av. M .R atio

Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4

  1.2 M. Ratio M. Ratio M. Ratio M. Ratio 0'

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1

  1 30' 0.964117504 0.970285644 0.97395963 0.97376335 0.970531532 0.942803056

  60' 0.930701297 0.941761211 0.94792963 0.95082009

  0.8 90' 0.895244363 0.912513448 0.91720281 0.92122807 0.911547173 Av. M Ratio 120' 0.854480814 0.868578516 0.88104944 0.88211331 0.87155552

  0.6 150' 0.79685017 0.826040915 0.8326172 0.83246832 0.821994151 M. Ratio

  180' 0.74216345 0.770678824 0.76946464 0.77175536 0.763515568

  0.4 210' 0.664282762 0.699223507 0.69551554 0.70296099 0.690495698 0.2 240' 0.579815616 0.621061529 0.60814046 0.62023091 0.60731213

  270' 0.501681543 0.536205197 0.52488782 0.54204837 0.526205732 300' 0.434333903 0.457155502 0.44187169 0.46713216 0.450123316 0.394718277

  330' 0.394243036 0.40070865 0.38215088 0.40177055 0' 60'

  120' 180' 240' 300' 360' 420' 360' 0.362678661 0.360016041 0.33899504 0.35645199 0.354535434 Time (minutes)

  0.327026042 390' 0.341126572 0.33075116 0.31041253 0.3258139 420' 0.325965033 0.313679112 0.28967157 0.30737996 0.309173918 450' 0.311746923 0.297455216 0.27477878 0.28628342 0.292566085

e. The Comparison of Drying Kinetics Between Pretreatments

  1.2

  1

  0.8

0.6 M. Ratio

  0.4 ϒ = Average Moisture Ratio for PTKON.

  0.2 ♦ = Average Moisture Ratio for PTSB.

  ↓ = Average Moisture Ratio for PTAA. ρ = Average Moisture Ratio for PTAS.

  0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 150' 180' 210' 240' 270' 300' 330' 360' 390' 420' 450' Time (minutes) Appendix 3. Model Fitting of Drying Kinetics

  

Note : The experiment for the drying of each pretreatment was repeated four times and

the average of the moisture ratio at each value was used for drawing the drying curves.

a. For Drying Kinetics of Samples Without Pretreatment (PT.KON)

  a.1) PT.KON-Single Exponential ◊◊ MR = exp(-kt)

  Time MRatio Predicted Values

  .000 1.000

  1.00 .500 .964 .93

  1.000 .931 .87 1.500 .891 .81 2.000 .841 .75 2.500 .791 .70 3.000 .734 .65 3.500 .663 .61 4.000 .590 .57 4.500 .513 .53 5.000 .446 .49 5.500 .398 .46 6.000 .363 .42 6.500 .339 .40 7.000 .321 .37 7.500 .306 .34

  Non-linear Regression All the derivatives will be calculated numerically.

  The following new variables are being created: Name Label PRED_ Predicted Values _ Iteration Residual SS K 1 2.263480942 .500000000 1.1 125.1359902 -.23785357 1.2 1.804984447 .426214643 2 1.804984447 .426214643 2.1 .9656147058 .308696322 3 .9656147058 .308696322 3.1 .0652115195 .155272318 4 .0652115195 .155272318 4.1 .0551426134 .141711084 5 .0551426134 .141711084

  5.1 .0550735787 .142756162 6 .0550735787 .142756162 6.1 .0550734589 .142712391 7 .0550734589 .142712391 7.1 .0550734587 .142714346 8 .0550734587 .142714346 8.1 .0550734587 .142714259 Run stopped after 17 model evaluations and 8 derivative evaluations.

  

Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive

residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10 Nonlinear Regression Summary Statistics Dependent Variable MRATIO Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square Regression 1 7.25881 7.25881 Residual 15 .05507 3.671564E-03 Uncorrected Total 16 7.31388 (Corrected Total) 15 .94881 R squared = 1 - Residual SS / Corrected SS = .94196 Asymptotic 95 % Asymptotic Confidence Interval Parameter Estimate Std. Error Lower Upper K .142714259 .007489294 .126751207 .158677311 Graph _{1.0 1.1 .9 .6 .7} .8 _.4 .5 _{.3 Model -2 2 4 6}

₈

_Observation

  y

  a.2) PT.KON-Page ) ◊ MR = exp(-kt

  Time MRatio Predicted Values

  .000 1.000

  1.00 .500 .964 .98

  1.000 .931 .94 1.500 .891 .89 2.000 .841 .83 2.500 .791 .77 3.000 .734 .71 3.500 .663 .65 4.000 .590 .59 4.500 .513 .54 5.000 .446 .48 5.500 .398 .43 6.000 .363 .38 6.500 .339 .34 7.000 .321 .30 7.500 .306 .26

  Non-linear Regression All the derivatives will be calculated numerically.

  The following new variables are being created: Name Label PRED_ Predicted Values _ Iteration Residual SS K Y 1 .8152826216 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 14.60533994 -.09142949 .983535073 1.2 .5200689877 .434785796 .456615367 2 .5200689877 .434785796 .456615367 2.1 .2775115785 .310171011 .499384005 3 .2775115785 .310171011 .499384005 3.1 .1331035423 .174305672 .790159668 4 .1331035423 .174305672 .790159668 4.1 .5345621666 .037846374 1.38364060 4.2 .0691577739 .157274145 .941989201 5 .0691577739 .157274145 .941989201 5.1 .0323442865 .099992797 1.18221173 6 .0323442865 .099992797 1.18221173 6.1 .0195602422 .061288156 1.47714782 7 .0195602422 .061288156 1.47714782

  8 .0070434062 .066714987 1.48645070 8.1 .0070196740 .065969644 1.49529884 9 .0070196740 .065969644 1.49529884 9.1 .0070196499 .065967134 1.49540639 10 .0070196499 .065967134 1.49540639 10.1 .0070196499 .065966545 1.49541278 11 .0070196499 .065966545 1.49541278 11.1 .0070196499 .065966546 1.49541280 Run stopped after 24 model evaluations and 11 derivative evaluations.

Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive

residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10 Nonlinear Regression Summary Statistics Dependent Variable MRATIO Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square Regression 2 7.30686 3.65343 Residual 14 7.019650E-03 5.014036E-04 Uncorrected Total 16 7.31388 (Corrected Total) 15 .94881 R squared = 1 - Residual SS / Corrected SS = .99260 Asymptotic 95 % Asymptotic Confidence Interval Parameter Estimate Std. Error Lower Upper K .065966546 .006300953 .052452346 .079480745 Y 1.495412802 .057855324 1.371325475 1.619500130 _ Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of the Parameter Estimates K Y K 1.0000 -.9769 Y -.9769 1.0000 Graph _{1.0 1.2 .6} .8 _{.2 Model} .4 _{-2 2 4 6}

₈

_Observation

  a.3) PT.KON-Henderson & Pabis ◊◊ MR = a exp(-kt)

  Time MRatio Predicted Values

  .000 1.000

  1.09 .500 .964

  1.00 1.000 .931 .92 1.500 .891 .85 2.000 .841 .78 2.500 .791 .72 3.000 .734 .67 3.500 .663 .62 4.000 .590 .57 4.500 .513 .52 5.000 .446 .48 5.500 .398 .44 6.000 .363 .41 6.500 .339 .38 7.000 .321 .35 7.500 .306 .32

  Non-linear Regression All the derivatives will be calculated numerically.

  The following new variables are being created: Name Label PRED_ Predicted Values _ Iteration Residual SS A K 1 4.153519612 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 15318303.74 .882375046 -1.0924403 1.2 3.162382782 .566073145 .366372233 2 3.162382782 .566073145 .366372233 2.1 1.448466307 .690268071 .219908493 3 1.448466307 .690268071 .219908493 3.1 .1160081206 .934674816 .113509869 4 .1160081206 .934674816 .113509869 4.1 .0340435038 1.08544276 .164701784 5 .0340435038 1.08544276 .164701784 5.1 .0336631007 1.08522340 .162136552 6 .0336631007 1.08522340 .162136552 6.1 .0336622939 1.08560524 .162309679 7 .0336622939 1.08560524 .162309679 7.1 .0336622910 1.08558064 .162299345 8 .0336622910 1.08558064 .162299345 8.1 .0336622910 1.08558211 .162299964 9 .0336622910 1.08558211 .162299964 9.1 .0336622910 1.08558202 .162299927

  Run stopped after 19 model evaluations and 9 derivative evaluations.

Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive

residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10 Nonlinear Regression Summary Statistics Dependent Variable MRATIO Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square Regression 2 7.28022 3.64011 Residual 14 .03366 2.404449E-03 Uncorrected Total 16 7.31388 (Corrected Total) 15 .94881 R squared = 1 - Residual SS / Corrected SS = .96452 Asymptotic 95 % Asymptotic Confidence Interval Parameter Estimate Std. Error Lower Upper A 1.085582024 .029479695 1.022354367 1.148809680 K .162299927 .009199531 .142568895 .182030959 Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of the Parameter Estimates A K A 1.0000 .7431 K .7431 1.0000 _ Graph _{1.0 1.2 .6} .8 _{.2 Model} .4 _{-2 2 4 6}

₈

_Observation

  2

  a.4) PT.KON-Wang & Singh ◊◊ MR = 1+ at + bt

  Time MRatio Predicted Values

  .000 1.000

  1.00 .500 .964 .95

  1.000 .931 .90 1.500 .891 .85 2.000 .841 .80 2.500 .791 .75 3.000 .734 .70 3.500 .663 .65 4.000 .590 .60 4.500 .513 .55 5.000 .446 .50 5.500 .398 .45 6.000 .363 .40 6.500 .339 .35 7.000 .321 .30 7.500 .306 .25

  Non-linear Regression All the derivatives will be calculated numerically.

  The following new variables are being created: Name Label PRED_ Predicted Values _ Iteration Residual SS A B 1 3978.229979 .500000000 .500000000 1.1 .0196719539 -.09931228 -.00014875 2 .0196719539 -.09931228 -.00014875 2.1 .0196719539 -.09931230 -.00014874 Run stopped after 4 model evaluations and 2 derivative evaluations. Iterations have been stopped because the relative reduction between successive residual sums of squares is at most SSCON = 1.000E-10 Nonlinear Regression Summary Statistics Dependent Variable MRATIO Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square Regression 2 7.29421 3.64710 Residual 14 .01967 1.405140E-03 Uncorrected Total 16 7.31388 (Corrected Total) 15 .94881

  R squared = 1 - Residual SS / Corrected SS = .97927 Asymptotic 95 % Asymptotic Confidence Interval Parameter Estimate Std. Error Lower Upper A -.099312275 .008538433 -.117625392 -.080999159 B -.000148748 .001424061 -.003203056 .002905560 Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of the Parameter Estimates A B A 1.0000 -.9684 B -.9684 1.0000 Graph _{1.0 1.2 .6} .8 _{.2 Model} .4 _{-2 2 4 6 8 Observation}

b. For Drying Kinetics of Samples With Sodium Bisulfite Pretreatment (PT.SB)

  b.1) PT.SB-Single Exponential ◊ MR = exp(-kt)

  Time MRatio Predicted Values

  .000 1.000

  1.00 .500 .958 .91 1.000 .921 .82 1.500 .876 .74 2.000 .817 .67 2.500 .745 .61 3.000 .662 .55 3.500 .574 .50 4.000 .493 .45 4.500 .391 .41 5.000 .306 .37 5.500 .244 .33 6.000 .198 .30 6.500 .164 .27 7.000 .141 .25 7.500 .121 .22

  Non-linear Regression All the derivatives will be calculated numerically.

  The following new variables are being created: Name Label PRED_ Predicted Values _ Iteration Residual SS K 1 1.410364963 .500000000 1.1 20.19674995 -.09592776 1.2 1.121665545 .440407224 2 1.121665545 .440407224 2.1 .6201430365 .341022614 3 .6201430365 .341022614 3.1 .1491858294 .200502691 4 .1491858294 .200502691 4.1 .1491317896 .199226625 5 .1491317896 .199226625 5.1 .1491311130 .199368464 6 .1491311130 .199368464 6.1 .1491311051 .199353165 7 .1491311051 .199353165 7.1 .1491311050 .199354820 8 .1491311050 .199354820 8.1 .1491311050 .199354641

Run stopped after 17 model evaluations and 8 derivative evaluations.