KAJI EKSPERIMENTAL PENGARUH DIAMETER NOZZLE TERHADAP UNJUK KERJA STEAM EJECTOR PADA SISTEM REFRIGERASI - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)
LAMPIRAN 1
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-1 Atomic or Molecular Weights and Critical Properties of Selected
Elements and Compounds
Substance
Chemical
Formula
Acetylene
Air (equivalent)
Ammonia
C2H2
—
NH3
Argon
Benzene
Butane
Tc
(K)
pc
(bar)
26.04
28.97
17.03
309
133
406
62.8
37.7
112.8
0.274
0.284
0.242
Ar
C6H6
C4H10
39.94
78.11
58.12
151
563
425
48.6
49.3
38.0
0.290
0.274
0.274
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
C
CO2
CO
12.01
44.01
28.01
—
304
133
—
73.9
35.0
—
0.276
0.294
Copper
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
Cu
C2H6
C2H5OH
63.54
30.07
46.07
—
305
516
—
48.8
63.8
—
0.285
0.249
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
C2H4
He
H2
28.05
4.003
2.016
283
5.2
33.2
51.2
2.3
13.0
0.270
0.300
0.304
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Nitrogen
CH4
CH3OH
N2
16.04
32.04
28.01
191
513
126
46.4
79.5
33.9
0.290
0.220
0.291
Octane
Oxygen
Propane
C8H18
O2
C3H8
114.22
32.00
44.09
569
154
370
24.9
50.5
42.7
0.258
0.290
0.276
Propylene
Refrigerant 12
Refrigerant 22
C3H6
CCl2F2
CHClF2
42.08
120.92
86.48
365
385
369
46.2
41.2
49.8
0.276
0.278
0.267
Refrigerant 134a
Sulfur dioxide
Water
CF3CH2F
SO2
H2O
102.03
64.06
18.02
374
431
647.3
40.7
78.7
220.9
0.260
0.268
0.233
M
(kg/kmol)
Zc
pcvc
RTc
Sources: Adapted from International Critical Tables and L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert, Generalized Compressibility
Charts, Chem. Eng., 61: 203 (1954).
719
720
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-2
Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
vg
vf 103
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
uf
ug
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
sf
sg
0.01
16.78
20.98
25.20
33.60
2501.3
2491.9
2489.6
2487.2
2482.5
2501.4
2508.7
2510.6
2512.4
2516.1
0.0000
0.0610
0.0761
0.0912
0.1212
9.1562
9.0514
9.0257
9.0003
8.9501
.01
4
5
6
8
2389.2
2390.5
2391.9
2393.3
2394.7
42.01
46.20
50.41
54.60
58.80
2477.7
2475.4
2473.0
2470.7
2468.3
2519.8
2521.6
2523.4
2525.3
2527.1
0.1510
0.1658
0.1806
0.1953
0.2099
8.9008
8.8765
8.8524
8.8285
8.8048
10
11
12
13
14
62.99
67.18
71.38
75.57
79.76
2396.1
2397.4
2398.8
2400.2
2401.6
62.99
67.19
71.38
75.58
79.77
2465.9
2463.6
2461.2
2458.8
2456.5
2528.9
2530.8
2532.6
2534.4
2536.2
0.2245
0.2390
0.2535
0.2679
0.2823
8.7814
8.7582
8.7351
8.7123
8.6897
15
16
17
18
19
57.791
54.514
51.447
48.574
45.883
83.95
88.14
92.32
96.51
100.70
2402.9
2404.3
2405.7
2407.0
2408.4
83.96
88.14
92.33
96.52
100.70
2454.1
2451.8
2449.4
2447.0
2444.7
2538.1
2539.9
2541.7
2543.5
2545.4
0.2966
0.3109
0.3251
0.3393
0.3534
8.6672
8.6450
8.6229
8.6011
8.5794
20
21
22
23
24
1.0029
1.0032
1.0035
1.0037
1.0040
43.360
40.994
38.774
36.690
34.733
104.88
109.06
113.25
117.42
121.60
2409.8
2411.1
2412.5
2413.9
2415.2
104.89
109.07
113.25
117.43
121.61
2442.3
2439.9
2437.6
2435.2
2432.8
2547.2
2549.0
2550.8
2552.6
2554.5
0.3674
0.3814
0.3954
0.4093
0.4231
8.5580
8.5367
8.5156
8.4946
8.4739
25
26
27
28
29
0.04246
0.04496
0.04759
0.05034
0.05324
1.0043
1.0046
1.0050
1.0053
1.0056
32.894
31.165
29.540
28.011
26.571
125.78
129.96
134.14
138.32
142.50
2416.6
2418.0
2419.3
2420.7
2422.0
125.79
129.97
134.15
138.33
142.50
2430.5
2428.1
2425.7
2423.4
2421.0
2556.3
2558.1
2559.9
2561.7
2563.5
0.4369
0.4507
0.4644
0.4781
0.4917
8.4533
8.4329
8.4127
8.3927
8.3728
30
31
32
33
34
0.05628
0.05947
0.06632
0.07384
0.09593
1.0060
1.0063
1.0071
1.0078
1.0099
25.216
23.940
21.602
19.523
15.258
146.67
150.85
159.20
167.56
188.44
2423.4
2424.7
2427.4
2430.1
2436.8
146.68
150.86
159.21
167.57
188.45
2418.6
2416.2
2411.5
2406.7
2394.8
2565.3
2567.1
2570.7
2574.3
2583.2
0.5053
0.5188
0.5458
0.5725
0.6387
8.3531
8.3336
8.2950
8.2570
8.1648
35
36
38
40
45
Temp.
C
Press.
bar
.01
4
5
6
8
0.00611
0.00813
0.00872
0.00935
0.01072
1.0002
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0002
206.136
157.232
147.120
137.734
120.917
0.00
16.77
20.97
25.19
33.59
2375.3
2380.9
2382.3
2383.6
2386.4
10
11
12
13
14
0.01228
0.01312
0.01402
0.01497
0.01598
1.0004
1.0004
1.0005
1.0007
1.0008
106.379
99.857
93.784
88.124
82.848
42.00
46.20
50.41
54.60
58.79
15
16
17
18
19
0.01705
0.01818
0.01938
0.02064
0.02198
1.0009
1.0011
1.0012
1.0014
1.0016
77.926
73.333
69.044
65.038
61.293
20
21
22
23
24
0.02339
0.02487
0.02645
0.02810
0.02985
1.0018
1.0020
1.0022
1.0024
1.0027
25
26
27
28
29
0.03169
0.03363
0.03567
0.03782
0.04008
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
40
45
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Temp.
C
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-2
721
(Continued )
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Press.
bar
Sat.
Liquid
vf 103
Sat.
Vapor
vg
Sat.
Liquid
uf
Sat.
Vapor
ug
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Sat.
Liquid
sf
Sat.
Vapor
sg
50
55
60
65
70
.1235
.1576
.1994
.2503
.3119
1.0121
1.0146
1.0172
1.0199
1.0228
12.032
9.568
7.671
6.197
5.042
209.32
230.21
251.11
272.02
292.95
2443.5
2450.1
2456.6
2463.1
2469.6
209.33
230.23
251.13
272.06
292.98
2382.7
2370.7
2358.5
2346.2
2333.8
2592.1
2600.9
2609.6
2618.3
2626.8
.7038
.7679
.8312
.8935
.9549
8.0763
7.9913
7.9096
7.8310
7.7553
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
.3858
.4739
.5783
.7014
.8455
1.0259
1.0291
1.0325
1.0360
1.0397
4.131
3.407
2.828
2.361
1.982
313.90
334.86
355.84
376.85
397.88
2475.9
2482.2
2488.4
2494.5
2500.6
313.93
334.91
355.90
376.92
397.96
2321.4
2308.8
2296.0
2283.2
2270.2
2635.3
2643.7
2651.9
2660.1
2668.1
1.0155
1.0753
1.1343
1.1925
1.2500
7.6824
7.6122
7.5445
7.4791
7.4159
75
80
85
90
95
Temp.
C
Temp.
C
100
110
120
130
140
1.014
1.433
1.985
2.701
3.613
1.0435
1.0516
1.0603
1.0697
1.0797
1.673
1.210
0.8919
0.6685
0.5089
418.94
461.14
503.50
546.02
588.74
2506.5
2518.1
2529.3
2539.9
2550.0
419.04
461.30
503.71
546.31
589.13
2257.0
2230.2
2202.6
2174.2
2144.7
2676.1
2691.5
2706.3
2720.5
2733.9
1.3069
1.4185
1.5276
1.6344
1.7391
7.3549
7.2387
7.1296
7.0269
6.9299
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
4.758
6.178
7.917
10.02
12.54
1.0905
1.1020
1.1143
1.1274
1.1414
0.3928
0.3071
0.2428
0.1941
0.1565
631.68
674.86
718.33
762.09
806.19
2559.5
2568.4
2576.5
2583.7
2590.0
632.20
675.55
719.21
763.22
807.62
2114.3
2082.6
2049.5
2015.0
1978.8
2746.5
2758.1
2768.7
2778.2
2786.4
1.8418
1.9427
2.0419
2.1396
2.2359
6.8379
6.7502
6.6663
6.5857
6.5079
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
15.54
19.06
23.18
27.95
33.44
1.1565
1.1726
1.1900
1.2088
1.2291
0.1274
0.1044
0.08619
0.07158
0.05976
850.65
895.53
940.87
986.74
1033.2
2595.3
2599.5
2602.4
2603.9
2604.0
852.45
897.76
943.62
990.12
1037.3
1940.7
1900.7
1858.5
1813.8
1766.5
2793.2
2798.5
2802.1
2804.0
2803.8
2.3309
2.4248
2.5178
2.6099
2.7015
6.4323
6.3585
6.2861
6.2146
6.1437
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
39.73
46.88
54.99
64.12
74.36
1.2512
1.2755
1.3023
1.3321
1.3656
0.05013
0.04221
0.03564
0.03017
0.02557
1080.4
1128.4
1177.4
1227.5
1278.9
2602.4
2599.0
2593.7
2586.1
2576.0
1085.4
1134.4
1184.5
1236.0
1289.1
1716.2
1662.5
1605.2
1543.6
1477.1
2801.5
2796.6
2789.7
2779.6
2766.2
2.7927
2.8838
2.9751
3.0668
3.1594
6.0730
6.0019
5.9301
5.8571
5.7821
250
260
270
280
290
85.81
112.7
145.9
186.5
220.9
1.4036
1.4988
1.6379
1.8925
3.155
0.02167
0.01549
0.01080
0.006945
0.003155
1332.0
1444.6
1570.3
1725.2
2029.6
2563.0
2525.5
2464.6
2351.5
2029.6
1344.0
1461.5
1594.2
1760.5
2099.3
1404.9
1238.6
1027.9
720.5
0
2749.0
2700.1
2622.0
2481.0
2099.3
3.2534
3.4480
3.6594
3.9147
4.4298
5.7045
5.5362
5.3357
5.0526
4.4298
300
320
340
360
374.14
300
320
340
360
374.14
Source: Tables A-2 through A-5 are extracted from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables, Wiley, New York, 1969.
722
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-3
Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table
Press.
bar
Temp.
C
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
vg
vf 103
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
uf
ug
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
sf
sg
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.20
28.96
36.16
41.51
45.81
60.06
1.0040
1.0064
1.0084
1.0102
1.0172
34.800
23.739
18.103
14.674
7.649
121.45
151.53
173.87
191.82
251.38
2415.2
2425.0
2432.2
2437.9
2456.7
121.46
151.53
173.88
191.83
251.40
2432.9
2415.9
2403.1
2392.8
2358.3
2554.4
2567.4
2577.0
2584.7
2609.7
0.4226
0.5210
0.5926
0.6493
0.8320
8.4746
8.3304
8.2287
8.1502
7.9085
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
69.10
75.87
81.33
85.94
89.95
1.0223
1.0265
1.0300
1.0331
1.0360
5.229
3.993
3.240
2.732
2.365
289.20
317.53
340.44
359.79
376.63
2468.4
2477.0
2483.9
2489.6
2494.5
289.23
317.58
340.49
359.86
376.70
2336.1
2319.2
2305.4
2293.6
2283.3
2625.3
2636.8
2645.9
2653.5
2660.0
0.9439
1.0259
1.0910
1.1453
1.1919
7.7686
7.6700
7.5939
7.5320
7.4797
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00
93.50
96.71
99.63
111.4
120.2
1.0380
1.0410
1.0432
1.0528
1.0605
2.087
1.869
1.694
1.159
0.8857
391.58
405.06
417.36
466.94
504.49
2498.8
2502.6
2506.1
2519.7
2529.5
391.66
405.15
417.46
467.11
504.70
2274.1
2265.7
2258.0
2226.5
2201.9
2665.8
2670.9
2675.5
2693.6
2706.7
1.2329
1.2695
1.3026
1.4336
1.5301
7.4346
7.3949
7.3594
7.2233
7.1271
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
127.4
133.6
138.9
143.6
147.9
1.0672
1.0732
1.0786
1.0836
1.0882
0.7187
0.6058
0.5243
0.4625
0.4140
535.10
561.15
583.95
604.31
622.25
2537.2
2543.6
2546.9
2553.6
2557.6
535.37
561.47
584.33
604.74
623.25
2181.5
2163.8
2148.1
2133.8
2120.7
2716.9
2725.3
2732.4
2738.6
2743.9
1.6072
1.6718
1.7275
1.7766
1.8207
7.0527
6.9919
6.9405
6.8959
6.8565
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
151.9
158.9
165.0
170.4
175.4
1.0926
1.1006
1.1080
1.1148
1.1212
0.3749
0.3157
0.2729
0.2404
0.2150
639.68
669.90
696.44
720.22
741.83
2561.2
2567.4
2572.5
2576.8
2580.5
640.23
670.56
697.22
721.11
742.83
2108.5
2086.3
2066.3
2048.0
2031.1
2748.7
2756.8
2763.5
2769.1
2773.9
1.8607
1.9312
1.9922
2.0462
2.0946
6.8212
6.7600
6.7080
6.6628
6.6226
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
179.9
198.3
212.4
224.0
233.9
1.1273
1.1539
1.1767
1.1973
1.2165
0.1944
0.1318
0.09963
0.07998
0.06668
761.68
843.16
906.44
959.11
1004.8
2583.6
2594.5
2600.3
2603.1
2604.1
762.81
844.84
908.79
962.11
1008.4
2015.3
1947.3
1890.7
1841.0
1795.7
2778.1
2792.2
2799.5
2803.1
2804.2
2.1387
2.3150
2.4474
2.5547
2.6457
6.5863
6.4448
6.3409
6.2575
6.1869
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
242.6
250.4
257.5
264.0
275.6
1.2347
1.2522
1.2692
1.2859
1.3187
0.05707
0.04978
0.04406
0.03944
0.03244
1045.4
1082.3
1116.2
1147.8
1205.4
2603.7
2602.3
2600.1
2597.1
2589.7
1049.8
1087.3
1121.9
1154.2
1213.4
1753.7
1714.1
1676.4
1640.1
1571.0
2803.4
2801.4
2798.3
2794.3
2784.3
2.7253
2.7964
2.8610
2.9202
3.0267
6.1253
6.0701
6.0199
5.9734
5.8892
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
110.
285.9
295.1
303.4
311.1
318.2
1.3513
1.3842
1.4178
1.4524
1.4886
0.02737
0.02352
0.02048
0.01803
0.01599
1257.6
1305.6
1350.5
1393.0
1433.7
2580.5
2569.8
2557.8
2544.4
2529.8
1267.0
1316.6
1363.3
1407.6
1450.1
1505.1
1441.3
1378.9
1317.1
1255.5
2772.1
2758.0
2742.1
2724.7
2705.6
3.1211
3.2068
3.2858
3.3596
3.4295
5.8133
5.7432
5.6772
5.6141
5.5527
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
110.
Press.
bar
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-3
(Continued)
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Press.
bar
Temp.
C
Sat.
Liquid
vf 103
Sat.
Vapor
vg
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
324.8
330.9
336.8
342.2
347.4
1.5267
1.5671
1.6107
1.6581
1.7107
0.01426
0.01278
0.01149
0.01034
0.009306
170.
180.
190.
200.
220.9
352.4
357.1
361.5
365.8
374.1
1.7702
1.8397
1.9243
2.036
3.155
0.008364
0.007489
0.006657
0.005834
0.003155
Sat.
Liquid
uf
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Sat.
Vapor
ug
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Sat.
Liquid
sf
Sat.
Vapor
sg
Press.
bar
1473.0
1511.1
1548.6
1585.6
1622.7
2513.7
2496.1
2476.8
2455.5
2431.7
1491.3
1531.5
1571.1
1610.5
1650.1
1193.6
1130.7
1066.5
1000.0
930.6
2684.9
2662.2
2637.6
2610.5
2580.6
3.4962
3.5606
3.6232
3.6848
3.7461
5.4924
5.4323
5.3717
5.3098
5.2455
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
1660.2
1698.9
1739.9
1785.6
2029.6
2405.0
2374.3
2338.1
2293.0
2029.6
1690.3
1732.0
1776.5
1826.3
2099.3
856.9
777.1
688.0
583.4
0
2547.2
2509.1
2464.5
2409.7
2099.3
3.8079
3.8715
3.9388
4.0139
4.4298
5.1777
5.1044
5.0228
4.9269
4.4298
170.
180.
190.
200.
220.9
723
LAMPIRAN 2
LAMPIRAN 3
PERHITUNGAN TEKANAN OPERASI MAKSIMUM BOILER
Galvanized steel pipe dengan diameter luar (D) 6 inch dan tebal (t) 0,17 inch
difungsikan sebagai boiler dalam penelitian ini. Material yang digunakan adalah carbon
steel ASTM A 36.
Berdasarkan ASME section 2 Part A, allowable tensile stress (S) adalah ¼ dari
ultimate strength, pada tabel 5 dibawah ini ditunjukkan Su (ultimate strength) adalah 60
ksi (60000 psi). Maka allowable tensile stress (S) adalah 15 ksi (15000 psi).
Berdasarkan ASME Process Piping code B31.3-1999, persamaan untuk
menentukan Maximum Piping Operating Pressure yang memberikan hubungan antara
pressure (p), diameter luar pipa (D), allowable tensile strength (S) dan tebal pipa adalah
[14]:
(1)
Dimana : E= Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor yang ditentukan ASME Process
Piping code B31.3-1999, tabel 302.3.4
Y= wall thickness coefficient yang ditentukan ASME Process Piping code
B31.3-1999, tabel 304.1.1
Untuk material ASTM A 36 nilai E dari tabel 302.3.4 adalah 0,8 dan Y dari tabel
304.1.1 adalah 0,4 dengan temperatur operasi boiler < 482 oC.
Persamaan (1) dapat dituliskan kembali,
(2)
Sehingga tekanan operasi maksimum dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan (2).
Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan tekanan operasi maksimum boiler adalah 695 psi (48,8
kg/cm2), sedangkan kebutuhan tekanan boiler pada penelitian hanya 71 psi (5 kg/cm2).
LAMPIRAN 4
SERTIFIKAT KALIBRASI THERMOCOUPLE
LAMPIRAN 5
FORM PENGAMBILAN DATA
1. Form Pengambilan Data Primary Flow
Tekanan Boiler (Pb), Suhu Boiler (Tb)
Variasi
diameter
Uji
nozzle
5 kg/
P1
(490332 Pa ), 142
C
P1
T1
(cmH2O)
(oC)
P2
(mm)
(cmH2 O)
o
4 kg/
P1
(392266 Pa ), 131
P2
(cmH2 O)
o
C
P1
T1
(cmH2O)
(oC )
3 kg/
P1
(294199 Pa ), 123
T1
(cmH2O)
(oC)
1.
2.
3,5
3.
Ratarata
1
2
3
3
Ratarata
1
2
2,5
3
Ratarata
2. Form Pengambilan Data Secondary Flow
Variasi
Pengujian
5 kg/
P1 P2
diameter
nozzle.
(cmH2 O)
3,5
3
2,5
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Pe
(P a)
Tekanan Boiler (Pb)
4 kg/
P1 P2
Pe
(cmH2 O)
(P a)
C
P1
P2
(cmH2 O)
o
3 kg/
P1 P2
(cmH2 O)
Pe
(P a)
3. Form Pengambilan Data Distribusi Tekanan
Variasi
Tekanan
diameter
Boiler
nozzle (mm).
)
(kg/
5
3,5
4
3
5
3
4
3
5
2,5
4
3
1
2
3
4
5
P1
P2 (cmH2 O)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-1 Atomic or Molecular Weights and Critical Properties of Selected
Elements and Compounds
Substance
Chemical
Formula
Acetylene
Air (equivalent)
Ammonia
C2H2
—
NH3
Argon
Benzene
Butane
Tc
(K)
pc
(bar)
26.04
28.97
17.03
309
133
406
62.8
37.7
112.8
0.274
0.284
0.242
Ar
C6H6
C4H10
39.94
78.11
58.12
151
563
425
48.6
49.3
38.0
0.290
0.274
0.274
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
C
CO2
CO
12.01
44.01
28.01
—
304
133
—
73.9
35.0
—
0.276
0.294
Copper
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
Cu
C2H6
C2H5OH
63.54
30.07
46.07
—
305
516
—
48.8
63.8
—
0.285
0.249
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
C2H4
He
H2
28.05
4.003
2.016
283
5.2
33.2
51.2
2.3
13.0
0.270
0.300
0.304
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Nitrogen
CH4
CH3OH
N2
16.04
32.04
28.01
191
513
126
46.4
79.5
33.9
0.290
0.220
0.291
Octane
Oxygen
Propane
C8H18
O2
C3H8
114.22
32.00
44.09
569
154
370
24.9
50.5
42.7
0.258
0.290
0.276
Propylene
Refrigerant 12
Refrigerant 22
C3H6
CCl2F2
CHClF2
42.08
120.92
86.48
365
385
369
46.2
41.2
49.8
0.276
0.278
0.267
Refrigerant 134a
Sulfur dioxide
Water
CF3CH2F
SO2
H2O
102.03
64.06
18.02
374
431
647.3
40.7
78.7
220.9
0.260
0.268
0.233
M
(kg/kmol)
Zc
pcvc
RTc
Sources: Adapted from International Critical Tables and L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert, Generalized Compressibility
Charts, Chem. Eng., 61: 203 (1954).
719
720
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-2
Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
vg
vf 103
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
uf
ug
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
sf
sg
0.01
16.78
20.98
25.20
33.60
2501.3
2491.9
2489.6
2487.2
2482.5
2501.4
2508.7
2510.6
2512.4
2516.1
0.0000
0.0610
0.0761
0.0912
0.1212
9.1562
9.0514
9.0257
9.0003
8.9501
.01
4
5
6
8
2389.2
2390.5
2391.9
2393.3
2394.7
42.01
46.20
50.41
54.60
58.80
2477.7
2475.4
2473.0
2470.7
2468.3
2519.8
2521.6
2523.4
2525.3
2527.1
0.1510
0.1658
0.1806
0.1953
0.2099
8.9008
8.8765
8.8524
8.8285
8.8048
10
11
12
13
14
62.99
67.18
71.38
75.57
79.76
2396.1
2397.4
2398.8
2400.2
2401.6
62.99
67.19
71.38
75.58
79.77
2465.9
2463.6
2461.2
2458.8
2456.5
2528.9
2530.8
2532.6
2534.4
2536.2
0.2245
0.2390
0.2535
0.2679
0.2823
8.7814
8.7582
8.7351
8.7123
8.6897
15
16
17
18
19
57.791
54.514
51.447
48.574
45.883
83.95
88.14
92.32
96.51
100.70
2402.9
2404.3
2405.7
2407.0
2408.4
83.96
88.14
92.33
96.52
100.70
2454.1
2451.8
2449.4
2447.0
2444.7
2538.1
2539.9
2541.7
2543.5
2545.4
0.2966
0.3109
0.3251
0.3393
0.3534
8.6672
8.6450
8.6229
8.6011
8.5794
20
21
22
23
24
1.0029
1.0032
1.0035
1.0037
1.0040
43.360
40.994
38.774
36.690
34.733
104.88
109.06
113.25
117.42
121.60
2409.8
2411.1
2412.5
2413.9
2415.2
104.89
109.07
113.25
117.43
121.61
2442.3
2439.9
2437.6
2435.2
2432.8
2547.2
2549.0
2550.8
2552.6
2554.5
0.3674
0.3814
0.3954
0.4093
0.4231
8.5580
8.5367
8.5156
8.4946
8.4739
25
26
27
28
29
0.04246
0.04496
0.04759
0.05034
0.05324
1.0043
1.0046
1.0050
1.0053
1.0056
32.894
31.165
29.540
28.011
26.571
125.78
129.96
134.14
138.32
142.50
2416.6
2418.0
2419.3
2420.7
2422.0
125.79
129.97
134.15
138.33
142.50
2430.5
2428.1
2425.7
2423.4
2421.0
2556.3
2558.1
2559.9
2561.7
2563.5
0.4369
0.4507
0.4644
0.4781
0.4917
8.4533
8.4329
8.4127
8.3927
8.3728
30
31
32
33
34
0.05628
0.05947
0.06632
0.07384
0.09593
1.0060
1.0063
1.0071
1.0078
1.0099
25.216
23.940
21.602
19.523
15.258
146.67
150.85
159.20
167.56
188.44
2423.4
2424.7
2427.4
2430.1
2436.8
146.68
150.86
159.21
167.57
188.45
2418.6
2416.2
2411.5
2406.7
2394.8
2565.3
2567.1
2570.7
2574.3
2583.2
0.5053
0.5188
0.5458
0.5725
0.6387
8.3531
8.3336
8.2950
8.2570
8.1648
35
36
38
40
45
Temp.
C
Press.
bar
.01
4
5
6
8
0.00611
0.00813
0.00872
0.00935
0.01072
1.0002
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0002
206.136
157.232
147.120
137.734
120.917
0.00
16.77
20.97
25.19
33.59
2375.3
2380.9
2382.3
2383.6
2386.4
10
11
12
13
14
0.01228
0.01312
0.01402
0.01497
0.01598
1.0004
1.0004
1.0005
1.0007
1.0008
106.379
99.857
93.784
88.124
82.848
42.00
46.20
50.41
54.60
58.79
15
16
17
18
19
0.01705
0.01818
0.01938
0.02064
0.02198
1.0009
1.0011
1.0012
1.0014
1.0016
77.926
73.333
69.044
65.038
61.293
20
21
22
23
24
0.02339
0.02487
0.02645
0.02810
0.02985
1.0018
1.0020
1.0022
1.0024
1.0027
25
26
27
28
29
0.03169
0.03363
0.03567
0.03782
0.04008
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
40
45
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Temp.
C
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-2
721
(Continued )
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Press.
bar
Sat.
Liquid
vf 103
Sat.
Vapor
vg
Sat.
Liquid
uf
Sat.
Vapor
ug
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Sat.
Liquid
sf
Sat.
Vapor
sg
50
55
60
65
70
.1235
.1576
.1994
.2503
.3119
1.0121
1.0146
1.0172
1.0199
1.0228
12.032
9.568
7.671
6.197
5.042
209.32
230.21
251.11
272.02
292.95
2443.5
2450.1
2456.6
2463.1
2469.6
209.33
230.23
251.13
272.06
292.98
2382.7
2370.7
2358.5
2346.2
2333.8
2592.1
2600.9
2609.6
2618.3
2626.8
.7038
.7679
.8312
.8935
.9549
8.0763
7.9913
7.9096
7.8310
7.7553
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
.3858
.4739
.5783
.7014
.8455
1.0259
1.0291
1.0325
1.0360
1.0397
4.131
3.407
2.828
2.361
1.982
313.90
334.86
355.84
376.85
397.88
2475.9
2482.2
2488.4
2494.5
2500.6
313.93
334.91
355.90
376.92
397.96
2321.4
2308.8
2296.0
2283.2
2270.2
2635.3
2643.7
2651.9
2660.1
2668.1
1.0155
1.0753
1.1343
1.1925
1.2500
7.6824
7.6122
7.5445
7.4791
7.4159
75
80
85
90
95
Temp.
C
Temp.
C
100
110
120
130
140
1.014
1.433
1.985
2.701
3.613
1.0435
1.0516
1.0603
1.0697
1.0797
1.673
1.210
0.8919
0.6685
0.5089
418.94
461.14
503.50
546.02
588.74
2506.5
2518.1
2529.3
2539.9
2550.0
419.04
461.30
503.71
546.31
589.13
2257.0
2230.2
2202.6
2174.2
2144.7
2676.1
2691.5
2706.3
2720.5
2733.9
1.3069
1.4185
1.5276
1.6344
1.7391
7.3549
7.2387
7.1296
7.0269
6.9299
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
4.758
6.178
7.917
10.02
12.54
1.0905
1.1020
1.1143
1.1274
1.1414
0.3928
0.3071
0.2428
0.1941
0.1565
631.68
674.86
718.33
762.09
806.19
2559.5
2568.4
2576.5
2583.7
2590.0
632.20
675.55
719.21
763.22
807.62
2114.3
2082.6
2049.5
2015.0
1978.8
2746.5
2758.1
2768.7
2778.2
2786.4
1.8418
1.9427
2.0419
2.1396
2.2359
6.8379
6.7502
6.6663
6.5857
6.5079
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
15.54
19.06
23.18
27.95
33.44
1.1565
1.1726
1.1900
1.2088
1.2291
0.1274
0.1044
0.08619
0.07158
0.05976
850.65
895.53
940.87
986.74
1033.2
2595.3
2599.5
2602.4
2603.9
2604.0
852.45
897.76
943.62
990.12
1037.3
1940.7
1900.7
1858.5
1813.8
1766.5
2793.2
2798.5
2802.1
2804.0
2803.8
2.3309
2.4248
2.5178
2.6099
2.7015
6.4323
6.3585
6.2861
6.2146
6.1437
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
39.73
46.88
54.99
64.12
74.36
1.2512
1.2755
1.3023
1.3321
1.3656
0.05013
0.04221
0.03564
0.03017
0.02557
1080.4
1128.4
1177.4
1227.5
1278.9
2602.4
2599.0
2593.7
2586.1
2576.0
1085.4
1134.4
1184.5
1236.0
1289.1
1716.2
1662.5
1605.2
1543.6
1477.1
2801.5
2796.6
2789.7
2779.6
2766.2
2.7927
2.8838
2.9751
3.0668
3.1594
6.0730
6.0019
5.9301
5.8571
5.7821
250
260
270
280
290
85.81
112.7
145.9
186.5
220.9
1.4036
1.4988
1.6379
1.8925
3.155
0.02167
0.01549
0.01080
0.006945
0.003155
1332.0
1444.6
1570.3
1725.2
2029.6
2563.0
2525.5
2464.6
2351.5
2029.6
1344.0
1461.5
1594.2
1760.5
2099.3
1404.9
1238.6
1027.9
720.5
0
2749.0
2700.1
2622.0
2481.0
2099.3
3.2534
3.4480
3.6594
3.9147
4.4298
5.7045
5.5362
5.3357
5.0526
4.4298
300
320
340
360
374.14
300
320
340
360
374.14
Source: Tables A-2 through A-5 are extracted from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables, Wiley, New York, 1969.
722
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-3
Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table
Press.
bar
Temp.
C
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
vg
vf 103
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
uf
ug
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Sat.
Sat.
Liquid
Vapor
sf
sg
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.20
28.96
36.16
41.51
45.81
60.06
1.0040
1.0064
1.0084
1.0102
1.0172
34.800
23.739
18.103
14.674
7.649
121.45
151.53
173.87
191.82
251.38
2415.2
2425.0
2432.2
2437.9
2456.7
121.46
151.53
173.88
191.83
251.40
2432.9
2415.9
2403.1
2392.8
2358.3
2554.4
2567.4
2577.0
2584.7
2609.7
0.4226
0.5210
0.5926
0.6493
0.8320
8.4746
8.3304
8.2287
8.1502
7.9085
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
69.10
75.87
81.33
85.94
89.95
1.0223
1.0265
1.0300
1.0331
1.0360
5.229
3.993
3.240
2.732
2.365
289.20
317.53
340.44
359.79
376.63
2468.4
2477.0
2483.9
2489.6
2494.5
289.23
317.58
340.49
359.86
376.70
2336.1
2319.2
2305.4
2293.6
2283.3
2625.3
2636.8
2645.9
2653.5
2660.0
0.9439
1.0259
1.0910
1.1453
1.1919
7.7686
7.6700
7.5939
7.5320
7.4797
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00
93.50
96.71
99.63
111.4
120.2
1.0380
1.0410
1.0432
1.0528
1.0605
2.087
1.869
1.694
1.159
0.8857
391.58
405.06
417.36
466.94
504.49
2498.8
2502.6
2506.1
2519.7
2529.5
391.66
405.15
417.46
467.11
504.70
2274.1
2265.7
2258.0
2226.5
2201.9
2665.8
2670.9
2675.5
2693.6
2706.7
1.2329
1.2695
1.3026
1.4336
1.5301
7.4346
7.3949
7.3594
7.2233
7.1271
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
127.4
133.6
138.9
143.6
147.9
1.0672
1.0732
1.0786
1.0836
1.0882
0.7187
0.6058
0.5243
0.4625
0.4140
535.10
561.15
583.95
604.31
622.25
2537.2
2543.6
2546.9
2553.6
2557.6
535.37
561.47
584.33
604.74
623.25
2181.5
2163.8
2148.1
2133.8
2120.7
2716.9
2725.3
2732.4
2738.6
2743.9
1.6072
1.6718
1.7275
1.7766
1.8207
7.0527
6.9919
6.9405
6.8959
6.8565
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
151.9
158.9
165.0
170.4
175.4
1.0926
1.1006
1.1080
1.1148
1.1212
0.3749
0.3157
0.2729
0.2404
0.2150
639.68
669.90
696.44
720.22
741.83
2561.2
2567.4
2572.5
2576.8
2580.5
640.23
670.56
697.22
721.11
742.83
2108.5
2086.3
2066.3
2048.0
2031.1
2748.7
2756.8
2763.5
2769.1
2773.9
1.8607
1.9312
1.9922
2.0462
2.0946
6.8212
6.7600
6.7080
6.6628
6.6226
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
179.9
198.3
212.4
224.0
233.9
1.1273
1.1539
1.1767
1.1973
1.2165
0.1944
0.1318
0.09963
0.07998
0.06668
761.68
843.16
906.44
959.11
1004.8
2583.6
2594.5
2600.3
2603.1
2604.1
762.81
844.84
908.79
962.11
1008.4
2015.3
1947.3
1890.7
1841.0
1795.7
2778.1
2792.2
2799.5
2803.1
2804.2
2.1387
2.3150
2.4474
2.5547
2.6457
6.5863
6.4448
6.3409
6.2575
6.1869
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
242.6
250.4
257.5
264.0
275.6
1.2347
1.2522
1.2692
1.2859
1.3187
0.05707
0.04978
0.04406
0.03944
0.03244
1045.4
1082.3
1116.2
1147.8
1205.4
2603.7
2602.3
2600.1
2597.1
2589.7
1049.8
1087.3
1121.9
1154.2
1213.4
1753.7
1714.1
1676.4
1640.1
1571.0
2803.4
2801.4
2798.3
2794.3
2784.3
2.7253
2.7964
2.8610
2.9202
3.0267
6.1253
6.0701
6.0199
5.9734
5.8892
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
110.
285.9
295.1
303.4
311.1
318.2
1.3513
1.3842
1.4178
1.4524
1.4886
0.02737
0.02352
0.02048
0.01803
0.01599
1257.6
1305.6
1350.5
1393.0
1433.7
2580.5
2569.8
2557.8
2544.4
2529.8
1267.0
1316.6
1363.3
1407.6
1450.1
1505.1
1441.3
1378.9
1317.1
1255.5
2772.1
2758.0
2742.1
2724.7
2705.6
3.1211
3.2068
3.2858
3.3596
3.4295
5.8133
5.7432
5.6772
5.6141
5.5527
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
110.
Press.
bar
Tables in SI Units
TABLE A-3
(Continued)
Specific Volume
m3/kg
Press.
bar
Temp.
C
Sat.
Liquid
vf 103
Sat.
Vapor
vg
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
324.8
330.9
336.8
342.2
347.4
1.5267
1.5671
1.6107
1.6581
1.7107
0.01426
0.01278
0.01149
0.01034
0.009306
170.
180.
190.
200.
220.9
352.4
357.1
361.5
365.8
374.1
1.7702
1.8397
1.9243
2.036
3.155
0.008364
0.007489
0.006657
0.005834
0.003155
Sat.
Liquid
uf
Internal Energy
kJ/kg
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Entropy
kJ/kg # K
Sat.
Vapor
ug
Sat.
Liquid
hf
Evap.
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Sat.
Liquid
sf
Sat.
Vapor
sg
Press.
bar
1473.0
1511.1
1548.6
1585.6
1622.7
2513.7
2496.1
2476.8
2455.5
2431.7
1491.3
1531.5
1571.1
1610.5
1650.1
1193.6
1130.7
1066.5
1000.0
930.6
2684.9
2662.2
2637.6
2610.5
2580.6
3.4962
3.5606
3.6232
3.6848
3.7461
5.4924
5.4323
5.3717
5.3098
5.2455
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
1660.2
1698.9
1739.9
1785.6
2029.6
2405.0
2374.3
2338.1
2293.0
2029.6
1690.3
1732.0
1776.5
1826.3
2099.3
856.9
777.1
688.0
583.4
0
2547.2
2509.1
2464.5
2409.7
2099.3
3.8079
3.8715
3.9388
4.0139
4.4298
5.1777
5.1044
5.0228
4.9269
4.4298
170.
180.
190.
200.
220.9
723
LAMPIRAN 2
LAMPIRAN 3
PERHITUNGAN TEKANAN OPERASI MAKSIMUM BOILER
Galvanized steel pipe dengan diameter luar (D) 6 inch dan tebal (t) 0,17 inch
difungsikan sebagai boiler dalam penelitian ini. Material yang digunakan adalah carbon
steel ASTM A 36.
Berdasarkan ASME section 2 Part A, allowable tensile stress (S) adalah ¼ dari
ultimate strength, pada tabel 5 dibawah ini ditunjukkan Su (ultimate strength) adalah 60
ksi (60000 psi). Maka allowable tensile stress (S) adalah 15 ksi (15000 psi).
Berdasarkan ASME Process Piping code B31.3-1999, persamaan untuk
menentukan Maximum Piping Operating Pressure yang memberikan hubungan antara
pressure (p), diameter luar pipa (D), allowable tensile strength (S) dan tebal pipa adalah
[14]:
(1)
Dimana : E= Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor yang ditentukan ASME Process
Piping code B31.3-1999, tabel 302.3.4
Y= wall thickness coefficient yang ditentukan ASME Process Piping code
B31.3-1999, tabel 304.1.1
Untuk material ASTM A 36 nilai E dari tabel 302.3.4 adalah 0,8 dan Y dari tabel
304.1.1 adalah 0,4 dengan temperatur operasi boiler < 482 oC.
Persamaan (1) dapat dituliskan kembali,
(2)
Sehingga tekanan operasi maksimum dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan (2).
Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan tekanan operasi maksimum boiler adalah 695 psi (48,8
kg/cm2), sedangkan kebutuhan tekanan boiler pada penelitian hanya 71 psi (5 kg/cm2).
LAMPIRAN 4
SERTIFIKAT KALIBRASI THERMOCOUPLE
LAMPIRAN 5
FORM PENGAMBILAN DATA
1. Form Pengambilan Data Primary Flow
Tekanan Boiler (Pb), Suhu Boiler (Tb)
Variasi
diameter
Uji
nozzle
5 kg/
P1
(490332 Pa ), 142
C
P1
T1
(cmH2O)
(oC)
P2
(mm)
(cmH2 O)
o
4 kg/
P1
(392266 Pa ), 131
P2
(cmH2 O)
o
C
P1
T1
(cmH2O)
(oC )
3 kg/
P1
(294199 Pa ), 123
T1
(cmH2O)
(oC)
1.
2.
3,5
3.
Ratarata
1
2
3
3
Ratarata
1
2
2,5
3
Ratarata
2. Form Pengambilan Data Secondary Flow
Variasi
Pengujian
5 kg/
P1 P2
diameter
nozzle.
(cmH2 O)
3,5
3
2,5
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Pe
(P a)
Tekanan Boiler (Pb)
4 kg/
P1 P2
Pe
(cmH2 O)
(P a)
C
P1
P2
(cmH2 O)
o
3 kg/
P1 P2
(cmH2 O)
Pe
(P a)
3. Form Pengambilan Data Distribusi Tekanan
Variasi
Tekanan
diameter
Boiler
nozzle (mm).
)
(kg/
5
3,5
4
3
5
3
4
3
5
2,5
4
3
1
2
3
4
5
P1
P2 (cmH2 O)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14