TOLERANCE REFLECTED IN KAZUO ISHIGURO’S NEVER LET ME GO (2005): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH Tolerance Reflected In Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go (2005): A Sociological Approach.

TOLERANCE REFLECTED IN KAZUO ISHIGURO’S NEVER LET ME GO (2005): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

PUBLICATION ARTICLE

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting the Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department

by:

ANDRE RIDWAN SEPLAWAN A320120139

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

TOLERANCE REFLECTED IN KAZUO ISHIGURO’S NEVER LET ME GO (2005): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Andre Ridwan Seplawan Dr. Phil Dewi Candraningrum Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

mr.andreridwans@gmail.com

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini tentang toleransi dalam novel Never Let Me Go oleh Kazuo Ishiguro (2005) yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kondisi toleransi untuk manusia kloning yang mana telah memiliki perasaan untuk hidup. Dalam menganalisis Never Let Me Go, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pendekatan sosiologi. Data utama penelitian ini adalah novel Never Let Me Go oleh Kazuo Ishiguro. Data sekunder penelitian ini bahan-bahan dan referensi-referensi terpilih yang berhubungan dengan pembelajaran. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Peneliti menarik kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini. Tidak ada toleransi atau penangguhan untuk kehidupan manusia kloning. Manusia kloning diciptakan untuk mendonorkan organ tubuhnya untuk manusia asli.

Kata kunci: Toleransi, Never let Me Go, Sosiologi ABSTRACT

This research paper is about tolerance in Kazuo Ishiguro‟s Never Let Me Go novel (2005) which is analyzed using Sociological Approach. The objective of this study are to find out how the condition of tolerance to the human clones which have a feeling for life. In analyzing Never Let Me Go, the researcher uses qualitative method and sociological approach. The primary data of this research is Never Let Me Go novel by Kazuo Ishiguro. The secondary data are some selected references and material related to the study. The method of the data collection is library research. The technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis. The researcher draws the conclusion in this research. That there is no tolerance or deferral for life of human clones. Human clones were created to donate the organ of the body to the real human.

1. INTRODUCTION

Never let me go (2005) is a science fiction novel. The novel was authored by Kazuo Ishiguro. The book is published by Faber and Faber. This novel was selected in the booker prize in 2005. in 2005, this novel received an award from the National Book Critics Circle Award. Then in 2006, the novel was awarded the Arthur C. Clarke Award. Never Let Me Go novel begin the story of a school called Hailsham in about 1970. Hailsham is a boarding school that educates students in a variety of ways. They taught a variety of subjects with a fun learning system. However Hailsham generally about the same as other boarding schools, but only one thing: all students are clones product.

There are four reasons why the researcher choose this novel to be analyzed. First, the researcher choose this novel because the researcher was curious about the material presented by the author. The author makes the story of human clone. This is something new in the literature for the researcher. The researcher very interested in the author's courage in making novel about human clone, although not told about the process of creating human clones, the scientific basis, the process of its use, who users, and similar technical issues as it should be in a science fiction story. But the author tells the love life of a human clone.

Second, this novel tells of life that must follow a predetermined path. No protest and no rebellion because they are clones. They are created to die. After leaving adolescence and witnessing the death of the other clones, they have to make a donation. That's when one after the other vital organs in their bodies were taken and transferred to another person's body. While their organs are used for the original human who fought against death. Donations are mostly done through three or four times, because after that, the clones will certainly die.

Third, the researcher loved this novel because the characters and conflicts that occur between the love of two characters who are friends with each other. Kathy and Ruth are the characters in this novel. They were friends with each other despite their many differences. Their relationship began to move away

when the presence of Tommy. That raises a love triangle between the three of them. Ruth liked Tommy and want to be able to have Tommy. Kathy and Tommy actually like each other but are too shy to express her feelings. Finally make room for Ruth to come in and finally managed to win the love Tommy. But as an adult Ruth apologized to Kathy on past mistakes. Ruth was very sorry to have to separate the love Kathy and Tommy. This is the first step for Kathy to improve relations that had stretched between him and Ruth and Tommy, although she also was able to dodge her love to Tommy who come back to grow.

Fourth, the researcher interested in the moral message conveyed in this novel. Message of the novel is about the use of time in life as good as possible. Take advantage of that time to the loved ones. You do not need to think of a time when it will end. You only need to provide the best for the person you love. So that you will not regret it after you will lose important people in your life.

Before analyzing the novel, the researcher has read other papers that is relevant with the analysis, especially about the approach and the object. The first research was conducted by Taufik Wahyu Skripka (UMS, 2014) entitled Kathy H's Struggle For Getting True Love In Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go Novel (2005) : An Individual Psychological Approach”. On that research, the researcher found that Kazuo Ishiguro deliver message that struggle for getting true love because it is important in everyone's life because it is absolutely and the result shows that the most influential aspect in the struggle for getting true love. The second research was conducted by Ririn Tri Jantini (UMS, 2014) entitled “Lost Of The Emotional Side Of Kathy In Romanek’s Never Let Me Go Movie (2010): A Psychoanalytic Approach”. the researcher found that the main character has a psychological condition that is not good. The third is Medista Ayu Ningsih (UMS, 2015) entitled“Protest Against Human Trafficking In Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes Novel (2003) : A Sociological Approach”. The author illustrates a sociological phenomenon which should make every effort to cope with the problem of life. The fourth

research was conducted by Anindya Nurul Kusuma Dewi (UMS, 2014) entitled “The Need For Etiquette Reflected In Suzanne Enoch’s England’s Perfect Hero Novel (2004): A Sociological Approach”. The researcher found a close relationship between the story of the novel and the reality of English society in the twenty first century, in which some people ignore the importance of etiquette in social interaction.The last is Siti Nur Rohmah (UMS, 2014) entitled“The Importance Of Equal Social Status In Choosing Spouse Reflected In William S. Maugham’s Up At The Villa (1941): A Sociological Approach.”Based on analysis it is quite obvious that there is a close relation between this novel and the social reality in England in early middle twentieth century.

Literature is about presentation of human life. Literare is reflection of the social realities in their life. “Literature and sociology are not wholly distinct disciplines but, on the contrary, complement each other in our understanding of society (Laurenson and Swingewood, 1972: 13).It means literary and sociology have a close relationship.

Sociology is essentially the scientific and objective study about people in society; it is also astudy about some social institutions and social processes (Swingewood and Laurenson 1972: 11). Sociology is related to the description of the ways people adapt by themselves with the certain societies, the description of socialization mechanism, the cultural study proces where the individuals are allocated to receive some roles in that social structure. Sociology is also related to the social changing process that happen gradually or revolutionary with the some effects of that changing.

Tolerance: It is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, forms of expression and ways of being human. Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is being yourself without imposing your views on others. Tolerance is not giving in or giving up. Tolerance is, above all, an active attitude prompted by recognition of the universal human rights and fundamental freedoms of others.

The practice of tolerance doesn't mean toleration of social injustice or the abandonment or weakening of one's conviction. Tolerance is not always a positive concept. More traditional meanings of the word tolerance do not include respect or acceptance. The tolerant person occupies neutral ground, a place of complete impartiality where each person is permitted to decide for himself. No judgments allowed. No "forcing" personal views. Each takes a neutral posture towards another's convictions (Koukl, 2013).

2. RESEARCH METHOD

There are five elements in this research that should be taken into account in analyzing Never Let Me Go (2005) as follows:

a. Type of the Study

In this study, the researcher uses the descriptive qualitative research. It is library research while data source are using literary data. It purposes to analyze the novel applying sociological approach.

b. Object of the Study

The object of the study is Never Let Me Go Novel by Kazuo Ishiguro and published by Faber and Faber.

c. Type of the Data and the Data Source

The researcher defines the source of data into „primary data‟ and „secondary data‟. The primary data is the text of Never Let Me Go itself, while the secondary data are taken from the books, internet and other materials that are relevant to support the analysis.

d. Technique of the Data Collection

In this study, technique of data collection is the library research. The steps in this library research are as follows:

1. Reading the novel repeatedly

2. Taking notes of important information

3. Arranging the data into several parts based on its clarification 4. Analyzing the data

e. Technique of the Data Analysis

The technique used in analyzing data is descriptive qualitative analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the structural elements of the novel and then sociological analysis.

3. FINDING a. Social Aspect

There are several social aspects in the English society. The English society is divided into three social classes that are upper class, middle class, and lower class. Never Let Me Go novel shows some social aspect or social structure in the story.

In Never Let Me Go novel, Madame is identified as upper class in social structure of Never Let Me Go novel. The fact shows when madame visit Hailsham, the student of Hailsham amazed with the luxury style of Madame. Madame visit Hailsham by personal car.

“She always wore a sharp grey suit, and unlike the gardeners,” (NLMG, 2005: 24)

“The afternoon Madame's car was spotted coming across the fields,” (NLMG, 2005: 25)

Middle class is a one of social structures in England during the beginning of the twenty first century. Middle class is the class that relative growth. They can be higher or lower depends on their economic value (Liveset, 2006: 466-467). School teacher, sales employer and lower middle level supervisior ran among those in this social class. In Never Let Me Go novel, there are several teacher in Hailsham such as Miss Geraldine, Miss Lucy, Miss Emily, and Mr. Roger.

“Miss Geraldine was everyone's favourite guardian when we were that age.” (NLMG, 2005: 14)

Lower class is identified as the lowest class in social structure. Being lower class does not need a formal education to enchancing a job. Lower class repeated cycles of unemployement, working multiple low level part time jobs are common among this group (Thompson and Hickey, 2005). In Never

let Me Go, Keffers is identified as lower class because he is a gardener in Cottage. He comes to Cottage just two or three times a week.

“He was this grumpy old guy who turned up two or three times a week in his muddy van to look the place over.” (NLMG, 2005: 86)

b. Race and Ethnicity

In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro does not decribe clearly about the race and ethnicity of the characters in the story. According to Cook (2003: 27) “Ethnic group in England society had some ethnic group such as White people (British, Irish, Schottish), Mixed (White and Black Carribean, White and Black African, White and Asian), Black (Carribean, African, other Black) and other ethnicity. Madame is described as French or Belgian. French or Belgian people as upper class in social aspect of English society.

“We called her “Madame” because she was French or Belgian– there was a dispute as to which–and that was what the guardians always called her.” (NLMG, 2005: 24)

c. Economic Aspect

In Never Let Me Go novel, several characters have self-economic sector. Kazuo Ishiguro shows the economic condition of the character he creates. Miss Geraldine, Miss Lucy, Miss Emily, and Mr. Roger are the guardians in the Hailsham. Guardian is the same as teacher in real life. Teacher is one of the economic aspect in the United Kingdom.

“Miss Emily, our head guardian, was older than the others.” (NLMG, 2005: 29)

Education and economic performance is likely to each other linked. Having a more educated labor allows a company to take advantage of new economic performance, it can improve the performance. The economic growth can lead to greater national and personal wealth, it can improve the available resources and opportunities for education. In Never Let Me Go novel, there are several students in Hailsham. The students of Hailsham such as Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy.

“My name is Kathy H. I'm thirty-one years old, and I've been a carer now for over eleven years.” (NLMG, 2005: 1)

Healthcare in the United Kingdom is one of the economic improvement. The hospital is a measure of a country‟s economic. In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro makes Kathy worked in the hospital after she dropped out from Hailsham. Become a nurse is a very good job when at the time in United Kingdom. Become a nurse must have the intelligence and ability more than the other students of Hailsham.

“For the most part being a carer's suited me fine. You could even say it's brought the best out of me.” (NLMG, 2005: 154) d. Political Aspect

In Never Let Me Go novel, politic aspect from the government doesn‟t show the act. Kazuo Ishiguro doesn‟t show the act of government political because this story is a fiction novel or fiction literarure. In this story, there are enermous control power of the guardians or teachers from Hailsham. The students of Hailsham saw the control power from the guardians. They always obedient to the commands of Haislaham guardians. Especially, Miss Emily is the head guardian in the Hailsham. She is older than the others of guardian in the Hailsham.

“Miss Emily, our head guardian, was older than the others. She wasn't especially tall, but something about the way she carried herself, always very straight with her head right up, made you think she was.” (NLMG, 2005: 29)

A lot of aspiration from Hailsham students must be approved by Miss Emily. She is someone who has full responsibility for all available regulations in Hailsham. It can be seen when Roy J. will complain about compensation of sale exchange ticket.

“Arguments went on between us for some time, and then one day Roy J.–who was a year above us, and had had a number of things taken by Madame–decided to go and see Miss Emily about it.” (NLMG, 2005: 29)

There are other people who have great power in controlling the system of Hailsham. She is Madame. Madame is the one comes from outside the Hailsham. She has the rightful authority to take the best works from Hailsham students. She included the best works of the Hailsham students in the gallery.

“If for us the Gallery remained in a hazy realm, what was solid enough fact was Madame's turning up usually twice–sometimes three or four times–each year to select from our best work.” (NLMG, 2005: 24)

e. Cultural Aspect

There are several important aspects of United Kingdom culture such as literature, music, cinema, art, comedy, television, theatre, philosophy, architecture, and education.In Never Let Me Go novel, Kathy is very interesting to the music. Music is one of the important aspects in United Kingdom culture. Kathy has a favorite song, the title is Song After Dark by Judy Bridgewater.

“But I wanted to talk about my tape, Songs After Dark by Judy Bridgewater.” (NLMG, 2005: 50)

Fashion is a practice of style, especially in clothing, accessories, makeup, and everything that is used. Fashion is a habitual or characteristic of a person in favorite style to wear something. Madame is one of the characters who wear fancy style. She uses sharp grey suit when she come to Hailsham. The upper class person represented by Madame.

“She always wore a sharp grey suit, and unlike the gardeners, unlike the drivers who brought in our supplies–unlike virtually anyone else who came in from outside.” (NLMG, 2005: 24) In addition to the upper class person, the lower class is one of the kinds of style. Usually, the lower class person is gardener, truck driver, bus driver, van driver, farmer, and the others job in lower class. Keffers is a van driver in Cottage. He uses dirty van when he come to Cottage, two or three times a week.

“He was this grumpy old guy who turned up two or three times a week in his muddy van to look the place over.” (NLMG, 2005: 86)

Football is one of the favorite sports in United Kingdom. In Never Let Me Go novel, the Hailsham student love the game of football. They usually play football in the south playing field.

“Then once, towards the end of an afternoon break, a group of us were sitting on the grass quite close to the South Playing Field where the boys, as usual, were playing their football.” (NLMG, 2005: 15)

f. Religious Aspect

In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro doesn‟t show clearly about religion aspect in this novel, but several characters say god in the dialogue. They say that word to describe about the feeling. It can be seen in the following dialogue.

“They think it's God-given. Until they came here, they knew nothing of it. All they feel now is disappointment, because we haven't given them everything possible.” (NLMG, 2005: 200) The other part of this novel shown about religion aspect. Keffers is a religious person. Keffers upset when Kathy, Ruth, Tommy, etc. read pornographic magazines. He is a religious and very dislike not just porn, but sex in general.

“These magazines, incidentally, used to drive old Keffers mad. There was a rumour that he was religious and dead against not just porn, but sex in general.” (NLMG, 2005: 98)

G. Science and Technology

United Kingdom is the leader of biotechnology in Europe. It comprises a series of strategies and methods for the study and use of the genetic make-up of organisms and the relevant biological functions (OCED, 1998: 77). Biotechnology progress is marked by the presence of several technologies such as genetical manipulation, recombinant DNA, stem cell development, clone, etc.

In Never Let Me Go novel, Kathy, Ruth, Tommy, and the other students are human clone. Human clone is one of the example of biotechnology. Initially, all the students do not know that they are human cloning, but along the time, they know that they are human clone. In Hailsham, the guardians prefer to called the human clone as a „existed only to supply medical science‟.

“Before that, all clones–or students, as we preferred to call you– existed only to supply medical science.” (NLMG, 2005: 198) Kathy gets something from Tommy in sale exchange. The cassette of song After Dark by Judy Bridgewater is a gift from Tommy to Kathy, bacause Kathy doesn‟t interesting to buy something in sale exchange. She

plays the cassette by tape in the bedroom when she still stay in Hailsham. The tape and cassette are the technology.

“But I wanted to talk about my tape, Songs After Dark by Judy Bridgewater.” (NLMG, 2005: 50)

4. DISCUSSION

Literature is a presentation to describe about something written and spoken. Literature is reflection of the social realities in our life. Literature and sociology are not wholly distinct disciplines but, on the contrary, complement each other in our understanding of society (Laurenson and Swingewood, 1972: 13).

Sociology is essentially the scientific and objective study about people in society; it is also study about some social institutions and social processes (Swingewood and Laurenson, 1972: 11). The main purpose of any viable sociology has function as an instrument to grasp the meaning of the authors and to improve understanding of the society based on the phenomena as social life (Swingewood and Laurenson, 1972: 16). It means literature and sociology have a close relationship.

The researcher analyze some sociological aspects of the Never Let Me Go novel. the sociological analysis is divided into social aspect, race and ethnicity, economic aspect, political aspect, cultural aspect, religion aspect, science and technology aspect. In Never Let Me Go novel, there is no the most dominant aspect, each aspect has contribution in the story and each character.

There are several social aspect in the story. The social aspect in this story is the same as the social aspect in English society. The social aspect is divided into three classes, such as the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. The upper class is also called elite class. The upper class is statistically very small and involves a group of peerage, gentry, and heredity landowners. The middle class is the dominant class in this story because the story tells about teachers and students in Hailsham. Middle class is the class that relative growth. They can be higher or lower depends on their economic value (Liveset, 2006: 466-467). School teacher, sales employer and lower

middle level supervisior ran among those in this social class. The third social classes in Never Let Me Go novel is lower class. This class also called the working class. Lower class isidentified as the lowest class in social structure.

According to Cook (2003: 27) “Ethnic group in England society had some ethnic group such as White people (British, Irish, Schottish), Mixed (White and Black Carribean, White and Black African, White and Asian), Black (Carribean, African, other Black) and other ethnicity. Madame is described as French or Belgian. French or Belgian people as upper class in social aspect of English society.

The economic aspect in the Never Let Me Go novel shows the economic of England in the beginning of the twenty first century. It can be seen by describe of the economic condition from each character. Kazuo Ishiguro shows the economic condition of the character he creates. Miss Geraldine, Miss Lucy, Miss Emily, and Mr. Roger are the guardians in the Hailsham. Guardian same as teacher in real life. Teacher is one of the economic aspect in the United Kingdom.

The economic growth can lead to greater national and personal wealth, it can improve the available resources and opportunities for education. Education and economic performance is likely to each other linked. In Never Let Me Go novel, there are several students of Hailsham. The students of Hailsham such as Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy.

Healthcare in the United Kingdom is one of the economic improvement. The hospital is a measure of a country‟s economic. In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro makes Kathy worked in the hospital after she dropped out from Hailsham.

The capital city of United Kingdom is London.The Queen is the head of the state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The government system of United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The government is a parliamentary democracy in a multiparty system (Burns, 2010: 259). In Never Let Me Go novel, politic aspect from the government doesn‟t show the act.

Kazuo Ishiguro doesn‟t show the act of government political because this story is a fiction novel or fiction literarure.

In this story, there are enermous control power of the guardians or teachers from Hailsham. The students of Hailsham saw the control power from the guardians. They always obedient to the commands of Haislaham guardians. Especially, Miss Emily is the head guardian in the Hailsham. She is older than the others of guardian in the Hailsham. A lot of aspiration from Hailsham students must be approved by Miss Emily. She is someone who has full responsibility for all available regulations in Hailsham. It can be seen when Roy J. will complain about compensation of sale exchange ticket.

There are other people who have great power in controlling the system of Hailsham. She is Madame. Madame is the one comes from outside the Hailsham. She has the rightful authority to take the best works from Hailsham students. She included the best works of the Hailsham students in the gallery.

There are several important aspects of United Kingdom culture such as literature, music, cinema, art, comedy, television, theatre, philosophy, architecture, and education. The United Kingdom is a multicultural society and open mind. According to Higgins (2010: 1) “In Britain, the national culture has changed along with the population and the world at large. Even though they have a dynamic relationship with this present, their cultural activities are shaped by their histories and traditions.” In Never Let Me Go novel, Kathy is very interesting to the music. Music is one of the important aspects in United Kingdom culture. Kathy has a favorite song, the title is Song After Dark by Judy Bridgewater.

Fashion is a practice of style, especially in clothing, accessories, makeup, and everything that is used. Fashion is a habitual or characteristic of a person in favorite style to wear something. Madame is one of the characters who wear fancy style. She uses sharp grey suit when she come to Hailsham. The upper class person represented by Madame.

In addition to the upper class person, the lower class is one of the kinds of style. Usually, the lower class person is gardener, truck driver, bus driver, van

driver, farmer, and the others job in lower class. Keffers is a van driver in Cottage. He uses dirty van when he come to Cottage, two or three times a week.

Football is one of the favorite sports in United Kingdom. In Never Let Me Go novel, the Hailsham student love the game of football. They usually play football in the south playing field.

The official religion of United Kingdom is Christianity, as practised by the Church of United Kingdom. Christianity is the majority religion in United Kingdom society. United Kingdom has multi faith in society. In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro doesn‟t show clearly about religion aspect in this novel, but several characters say god in the dialogue. They say that word to describe about the feeling. It can be seen in the following dialogue.

In the other part of this novel shown about religion aspect. Keffers is a religious person. Keffers upset when Kathy, Ruth, Tommy, etc. read pornographic magazines. He is a religious and very dislike not just porn, but sex in general.

United Kingdom is the leader of biotechnology in Europe. It is comprises a series of strategies and methods for the study and use of the genetic make-up of organisms and the relevant biological functions (OCED, 1998: 77). Biotechnology progress is marked by the presence of several technologies such as genetical manipulation, recombinant DNA, stem cell development, clone, etc.

In Never Let Me Go novel, Kathy, Ruth, Tommy, and the other students are human clone. Human clone is one of the example of biotechnology. Initially, all the students do not know that they are human cloning, but along the time, they know that they are human clone. In Hailsham, the guardians prefer to called the human clone as a „existed only to supply medical science‟.

Kathy gets something from Tommy in sale exchange. The cassette of song After Dark by Judy Bridgewater is a gift from Tommy to Kathy, bacause Kathy doesn‟t interesting to buy something in sale exchange. She plays the cassette

by tape in the bedroom when she still stay in Hailsham. The tape and cassette are the technology.

Finally, based on all aspects that are reflected in Never Let Me Go novel, there is a correlation among the story of novel and the underlying theory. The result from the rumours about Hailsham students and deferrals or tolerance about donor time is not true because Miss Emily and Madame do not have the power to determine the deferrals. There is a correlation among this novel and the social background of English society in the beginning of the twenty first century. It can be seen from the expositions of several aspects such as social aspect, race and ethnicity, economic aspect, political aspect, cultural aspect, religion aspect, science and technology aspect.

5. CONCLUSION

After analyzing Never Let Me Go novel, the researcher draws the following conclusion. First, based on the structural analysis, Kazuo Ishiguro delivers the moral message from this novel that everyone must do their best to someone special before they lose it all. The author displays about love, pain, and loss in this story. He makes three major character, there are Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy to make the conflicts. That conflicts can help the readers to get a moral message from this novel. Kathy, Tommy, and Ruth must donate their body when they have grown but actully they have to love each other. The rumour of deferral is not true, they have to keep doing that donation. There are any triangle love in this novel between Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy but before they do donate, Ruth has apologized to Kathy and Tommy. The author makes character and characterization, setting, plot, point of view, theme, and style. It makes easier the readers to imagine the situation and the feeling of each other.

Second, based on sociological analysis, it is evident that in Never Let Me Go Novel, Kazuo Ishiguro reflects the social realities of English society at the beginning of the twenty first century in which people concerns in the issue of tolerance. Never Let Me Go novel shows the social structure in England is still

in three classes, there are upper class, middle class, and lower class. The economic aspect in the Never Let Me Go novel shows the economic of England in the beginning of the twenty first century. The capital city of United Kingdom is London. The Queen is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. There are several important aspects of United Kingdom culture such as literature, music, cinema, art, comedy, television, theatre, philosophy, architecture, and education.

REFERENCES

Burns, William E. 2010. A Brief History of Great Britain. New York: Facts on File inc.

Cook, Len. 2003. Ethnic Group Statistic: A Guide for the Collection and Classification of Ethnicity Data. Norwich: A National Statistic Publication.

Koukl, Greg. 2013. “The Intolerance of Tolerance.” Accessed on February 27, 2016 (http://www.str.org/articles/the-intolerance-of-tolerance#.VtEWIfl97IU).

Laurenson, Diana and Alan Swingewood. 1972. The Sociology of Literature. London: Polodin.

Liveset, Chris and Tony Lawson. 2006. A Sociology for AQA. Oxon: Hodder Education.

OCED. 1998. 21st Century Technologies: Promises and of a Dynamic Future. France.

Thompson, William and Joseph Hickey. 2005. Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson, Allyn, and Bacon.

plays the cassette by tape in the bedroom when she still stay in Hailsham. The tape and cassette are the technology.

“But I wanted to talk about my tape, Songs After Dark by Judy Bridgewater.” (NLMG, 2005: 50)

4. DISCUSSION

Literature is a presentation to describe about something written and spoken. Literature is reflection of the social realities in our life. Literature and sociology are not wholly distinct disciplines but, on the contrary, complement each other in our understanding of society (Laurenson and Swingewood, 1972: 13).

Sociology is essentially the scientific and objective study about people in society; it is also study about some social institutions and social processes (Swingewood and Laurenson, 1972: 11). The main purpose of any viable sociology has function as an instrument to grasp the meaning of the authors and to improve understanding of the society based on the phenomena as social life (Swingewood and Laurenson, 1972: 16). It means literature and sociology have a close relationship.

The researcher analyze some sociological aspects of the Never Let Me Go novel. the sociological analysis is divided into social aspect, race and ethnicity, economic aspect, political aspect, cultural aspect, religion aspect, science and technology aspect. In Never Let Me Go novel, there is no the most dominant aspect, each aspect has contribution in the story and each character.

There are several social aspect in the story. The social aspect in this story is the same as the social aspect in English society. The social aspect is divided into three classes, such as the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. The upper class is also called elite class. The upper class is statistically very small and involves a group of peerage, gentry, and heredity landowners. The middle class is the dominant class in this story because the story tells about teachers and students in Hailsham. Middle class is the class that relative growth. They can be higher or lower depends on their economic

middle level supervisior ran among those in this social class. The third social classes in Never Let Me Go novel is lower class. This class also called the working class. Lower class isidentified as the lowest class in social structure.

According to Cook (2003: 27) “Ethnic group in England society had some ethnic group such as White people (British, Irish, Schottish), Mixed (White and Black Carribean, White and Black African, White and Asian), Black (Carribean, African, other Black) and other ethnicity. Madame is described as French or Belgian. French or Belgian people as upper class in social aspect of English society.

The economic aspect in the Never Let Me Go novel shows the economic of England in the beginning of the twenty first century. It can be seen by describe of the economic condition from each character. Kazuo Ishiguro shows the economic condition of the character he creates. Miss Geraldine, Miss Lucy, Miss Emily, and Mr. Roger are the guardians in the Hailsham. Guardian same as teacher in real life. Teacher is one of the economic aspect in the United Kingdom.

The economic growth can lead to greater national and personal wealth, it can improve the available resources and opportunities for education. Education and economic performance is likely to each other linked. In Never Let Me Go novel, there are several students of Hailsham. The students of Hailsham such as Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy.

Healthcare in the United Kingdom is one of the economic improvement. The hospital is a measure of a country‟s economic. In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro makes Kathy worked in the hospital after she dropped out from Hailsham.

The capital city of United Kingdom is London.The Queen is the head of the state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The government system of United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The government is a parliamentary democracy in a multiparty system (Burns, 2010: 259). In Never Let Me Go novel, politic aspect from the government doesn‟t show the act.

Kazuo Ishiguro doesn‟t show the act of government political because this story is a fiction novel or fiction literarure.

In this story, there are enermous control power of the guardians or teachers from Hailsham. The students of Hailsham saw the control power from the guardians. They always obedient to the commands of Haislaham guardians. Especially, Miss Emily is the head guardian in the Hailsham. She is older than the others of guardian in the Hailsham. A lot of aspiration from Hailsham students must be approved by Miss Emily. She is someone who has full responsibility for all available regulations in Hailsham. It can be seen when Roy J. will complain about compensation of sale exchange ticket.

There are other people who have great power in controlling the system of Hailsham. She is Madame. Madame is the one comes from outside the Hailsham. She has the rightful authority to take the best works from Hailsham students. She included the best works of the Hailsham students in the gallery.

There are several important aspects of United Kingdom culture such as literature, music, cinema, art, comedy, television, theatre, philosophy, architecture, and education. The United Kingdom is a multicultural society and open mind. According to Higgins (2010: 1) “In Britain, the national culture has changed along with the population and the world at large. Even though they have a dynamic relationship with this present, their cultural activities are shaped by their histories and traditions.” In Never Let Me Go novel, Kathy is very interesting to the music. Music is one of the important aspects in United Kingdom culture. Kathy has a favorite song, the title is Song After Dark by Judy Bridgewater.

Fashion is a practice of style, especially in clothing, accessories, makeup, and everything that is used. Fashion is a habitual or characteristic of a person in favorite style to wear something. Madame is one of the characters who wear fancy style. She uses sharp grey suit when she come to Hailsham. The upper class person represented by Madame.

driver, farmer, and the others job in lower class. Keffers is a van driver in Cottage. He uses dirty van when he come to Cottage, two or three times a week.

Football is one of the favorite sports in United Kingdom. In Never Let Me Go novel, the Hailsham student love the game of football. They usually play football in the south playing field.

The official religion of United Kingdom is Christianity, as practised by the Church of United Kingdom. Christianity is the majority religion in United Kingdom society. United Kingdom has multi faith in society. In Never Let Me Go novel, Kazuo Ishiguro doesn‟t show clearly about religion aspect in this novel, but several characters say god in the dialogue. They say that word to describe about the feeling. It can be seen in the following dialogue.

In the other part of this novel shown about religion aspect. Keffers is a religious person. Keffers upset when Kathy, Ruth, Tommy, etc. read pornographic magazines. He is a religious and very dislike not just porn, but sex in general.

United Kingdom is the leader of biotechnology in Europe. It is comprises a series of strategies and methods for the study and use of the genetic make-up of organisms and the relevant biological functions (OCED, 1998: 77). Biotechnology progress is marked by the presence of several technologies such as genetical manipulation, recombinant DNA, stem cell development, clone, etc.

In Never Let Me Go novel, Kathy, Ruth, Tommy, and the other students are human clone. Human clone is one of the example of biotechnology. Initially, all the students do not know that they are human cloning, but along the time, they know that they are human clone. In Hailsham, the guardians prefer to called the human clone as a „existed only to supply medical science‟.

Kathy gets something from Tommy in sale exchange. The cassette of song After Dark by Judy Bridgewater is a gift from Tommy to Kathy, bacause Kathy doesn‟t interesting to buy something in sale exchange. She plays the cassette

by tape in the bedroom when she still stay in Hailsham. The tape and cassette are the technology.

Finally, based on all aspects that are reflected in Never Let Me Go novel, there is a correlation among the story of novel and the underlying theory. The result from the rumours about Hailsham students and deferrals or tolerance about donor time is not true because Miss Emily and Madame do not have the power to determine the deferrals. There is a correlation among this novel and the social background of English society in the beginning of the twenty first century. It can be seen from the expositions of several aspects such as social aspect, race and ethnicity, economic aspect, political aspect, cultural aspect, religion aspect, science and technology aspect.

5. CONCLUSION

After analyzing Never Let Me Go novel, the researcher draws the following conclusion. First, based on the structural analysis, Kazuo Ishiguro delivers the moral message from this novel that everyone must do their best to someone special before they lose it all. The author displays about love, pain, and loss in this story. He makes three major character, there are Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy to make the conflicts. That conflicts can help the readers to get a moral message from this novel. Kathy, Tommy, and Ruth must donate their body when they have grown but actully they have to love each other. The rumour of deferral is not true, they have to keep doing that donation. There are any triangle love in this novel between Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy but before they do donate, Ruth has apologized to Kathy and Tommy. The author makes character and characterization, setting, plot, point of view, theme, and style. It makes easier the readers to imagine the situation and the feeling of each other.

Second, based on sociological analysis, it is evident that in Never Let Me Go Novel, Kazuo Ishiguro reflects the social realities of English society at the beginning of the twenty first century in which people concerns in the issue of tolerance. Never Let Me Go novel shows the social structure in England is still

in three classes, there are upper class, middle class, and lower class. The economic aspect in the Never Let Me Go novel shows the economic of England in the beginning of the twenty first century. The capital city of United Kingdom is London. The Queen is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. There are several important aspects of United Kingdom culture such as literature, music, cinema, art, comedy, television, theatre, philosophy, architecture, and education.

REFERENCES

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Koukl, Greg. 2013. “The Intolerance of Tolerance.” Accessed on February 27, 2016 (http://www.str.org/articles/the-intolerance-of-tolerance#.VtEWIfl97IU).

Laurenson, Diana and Alan Swingewood. 1972. The Sociology of Literature. London: Polodin.

Liveset, Chris and Tony Lawson. 2006. A Sociology for AQA. Oxon: Hodder Education.

OCED. 1998. 21st Century Technologies: Promises and of a Dynamic Future. France.

Thompson, William and Joseph Hickey. 2005. Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson, Allyn, and Bacon.