FINAL PROJECT ANALYSIS OF Analysis Of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake And Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T.
FINAL PROJECT
ANALYSIS OF
MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE DISC BRAKE AND
DRUM BRAKE ON TOYOTA AVANZA G 1.3 M/T
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting
the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
by:
AMAR MAKRUF
D 700 070 009
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY
I assert verily that the research entitles:
ANALYSIS OF MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE DISC BRAKE AND
DRUM BRAKE
ON TOYOTA AVANZA G 1.3 M/T
That made to fulfill some of requirements to get Bachelor Degree of Engineering in
Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, as far as I know
is not a plagiarism of a research that has been published, except the information
source that to solve the problems.
Surakarta, November 2011
Researcher,
Amar Makruf
ii
APPROVAL
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake and
Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T” has been approved by supervisors for
getting the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Amar Makruf
NIM
: D700 070 009
Has approved and legalized on:
Day
: Thursday
Date
: 17 November 2011
iii
VALIDATION
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake and
Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T” has been defended in front of
examiners team and approved as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting
the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Amar Makruf
NIM
: D700 070 009
Has been approved and legalized on:
Day
: Thursday
Date
: 17 November 2011
iv
DEDICATION
This Research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the best everything that You have given for me and thanks for Your love
that always make me to never give up to do the best. I believe that You will always
give me the best for everything.
My beloved Mom (Siti Fatimah),
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and affection.
You always give me happiness but often I made you disappointed.
I am sorry and I promise to give you the best in the future.
My Siblings (Siti Nurul Hidayah, and Tri Puji Susanti),
Thanks for your supports.
It is make me strong to get something more and more.
My Soulmate (Nadya Ayu Luh WN),
Thanks for your love, support, spirit, attention, care and advice.
My all family,
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and everything.
All my friends,
Thanks for your supports and love me.
v
MOTTO
“ Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change what is
in themselves “
(Q.S. Ar-Ra’d : 11)
“ People are always learning will be very respected and strength not
based on knowledge wills collapse “
(AL-Ghozali)
“ Anyone who pursue the path to knowledge therein, Allah
paves the way for him to heaven “
(Narrated by Muslim)
“ Confidence is the only known antidote to failure! “
(Napoleon Hill, Think & Grow Rich)
“ Do not always say what you know, but always know what you're saying
”
(Claudius)
“ If you keep doing what you've always done, then you'll keep getting
what you always get ”
(Petter Fransisco)
“ Success is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration
“
(Thomas Alfa Edison)
vi
“ Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a dream. Life is now. this second “
(Master Oogway)
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin. Praise and gratitude be to Allah SWT, The Lord
of universe, because of His blessing and guidance The Research Paper can be
done.
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Hydrocarbon Treating System to The
Emission of Spark-Ignition Four-Stroke Engine” can be done because of helping and
supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks
and appreciation to:
1. Ir. Agus Riyanto, MT., as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
2. Ir. Sartono Putro, MT., as the Head of Mechanical Engineering of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Dr. Supriyono, as Director of International Program of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
4. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng., Sc., as Secretary of International Program of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
5. Ir. Pramuko IP, MT., as the first supervisor who has given the researcher
inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper
completion.
6. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng., Sc., as the second supervisor who has given the
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
viii
7. All lectures of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance during the
study in the university.
8. Beloved My Mother “ Siti Fatimah” who always give enormous pray, biggest
support, care, affection and great attention.
9. Beloved My Sisters and My Uncle and My Aunt for suggestions and advices.
10. His My Soulmate “Nadya Ayu Luh WN” thanks for your support and advices.
11. His My Family Ir. Widodo and Winarsih, S.Pd., tanks for your support and
advices.
12. His My Brother “Soni, Binyamin, Jonas, Iqbal, David, Aldi, Rifqi, Tunggul,
Abduh” thanks for your laugh, funnies experiences and supports, I will never
forget you.
13. All students of International program of Automotive Department 2007, 2008
,2009,2010, thanks a lot for the best suggestion and advice, hope we can the
best engineer.
14. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one, writer wants to say his thank
and appreciation to all of them.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, so
the writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestion
from anyone.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, November 2011
The Writer
Amar Makruf
ix
ABSTRACT
Amar Makruf. D700 070 009. Analysis of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake
and Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T. Research Paper.
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2011.
Brakes are a vital part of the vehicle, which serves to slow or stop
the vehicle. There are various types of brakes that have the characteristics
of each. Author of this final goal is to assess vehicle brake problems
Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M / T. the use of disc brakes (ventilated disc) on the
front wheel and brake drum (leading-tailing) on the rear wheels. The
objective to determine the maximum braking capacity of the front axle and
rear axle with the vehicle speed difference.
Analysis done by changing the speed of the vehicle speed but with
the same stopping distance which one the variation of speed 50 km/h, 55
km/h, 60 km/h, 80 km/h, 100 km/h and the stopping distance is 50 meter.
From the calculation of the dynamics of vehicle braking, it was
found that Toyota Avanza vehicles at speeds 100 km/h the deceleration is
7.743 m/s2 provide braking force is 10,457.379N on the front axle and the
braking force is 5,211.024N on the rear axle, at speeds 80 km/h the
deceleration is 4.928 m/s2 provide braking force is 9,636.898N on the front
axle and the braking force is 4,505.004N on the rear axle. at speeds 60
km/h the deceleration is 2.751 m/s2 provide braking force is 9,002.444N
on the front axle and the braking force is 3,866.09N on the rear axle. at
speeds 55 km/h the deceleration is 2.310 m/s2 provide braking force is
8,873.968N on the front axle and the braking force is 3,682.31N on the
rear axle, at speeds 50 km/h the deceleration is 1.904 m/s2 provide
braking force is 8,755.632N on the front axle and the braking force is
3,553.834N on the rear axle. Braking force is a vehicle braking force
needs to be met by the brake unit contained in vehicle.
Keywords: Braking system, Speed, Maximum Braking Force.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE .....................................................................................................
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ................................
ii
APPROVAL ...........................................................................................
iii
VALIDATION ......................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION ........................................................................................
v
MOTTO .................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................ ix
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................. xii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................... xii
LIST OF GRAPH .................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF EQUESTION............................................................................ xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background ........................................................................
1
1.2. Problem Statement ............................................................
3
1.3. Objective ............................................................................
3
1.4. Problem Limitation .............................................................
3
CHAPTER II: RIVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1.
Study of Literature ........................................................
xi
4
2.2.
Fundamental of Theory ................................................
6
2.2.1 Toyota Avanza Braking System .........................
6
a.Hydraulic System ............................................
6
b.Brake Unit ........................................................
13
CHAPTER III: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY
3.1.
Flow Chart of Research ....................................................
20
3.2.
Center of Gravity (cg) ....................................................
21
3.2.1
Braking Force Distribution .................................
22
Vehicle Resistance Forces ...........................................
23
3.1.1.
Rolling Resistance ...........................................
23
3.1.2.
Aerodynamic Resistance ..................................
26
3.1.3.
Inertia Resistance .............................................
29
3.1.4.
Grade Resistance .............................................
30
3.1.5
Pull of Load Resistance ....................................
31
3.1.6.
Vehicle Dynamic ..............................................
31
3.1.7.
Acceleration Effort Vehicle ..............................
31
3.1.8.
Braking Effort Vehicle .......................................
35
3.3.
CHAPTER IV: CALCULATION ANALYSIS
4.1. Vehicle Dimension .......................................................
4.1.1
39
Center of Gravity Vehicle (cg) .........................
39
4.1.2. Vehicle Resistance Force ..................................
40
4.1.3. Force Acting During Braking .............................
45
xii
4.1.3.1. Longitudinal Direction Force Balance ..
45
4.1.3.2. Normal Load on Front Wheel and Rear Wheel
...............................................................
46
4.1.3.3. Maximum Braking Force on Front Wheel and
Rear Wheel ............................................
4.1.4.
47
Discussion of Braking Force on Toyota Avanza
47
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion .........................................................................
51
B. Suggestion .........................................................................
51
REVERENCES ...................................................................................
53
APPENDIX
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Brake Constructions ...........................................................
7
Figure 2.2 Hydraulic Brake Mechanism ...............................................
8
Figure 2.3 Toyota Avanza Master Cylinder ........................................
9
Figure 2.4 Proportioning Valve ...........................................................
10
Figure 2.5 Brake Houses ....................................................................
11
Figure 2.6 Brake Fluid .........................................................................
13
Figure 2.7 Disc Brake and Drum Brake ..............................................
14
Figure 2.8 Brake Caliper ....................................................................
15
Figure 2.9 Toyota Disc Brake .............................................................
16
Figure 2.10 Toyota Drum Brake .........................................................
17
Figure 2.11 Toyota Drum Brake Part....................................................
19
Figure 3.1 Flow Chard of Research......................................................
20
Figure 3.2 Center of Gravity Vehicle Longitudinal Direction ...............
22
Figure 3.3 Free Body Diagram on Brake Pad ......................................
22
Figure 3.4 Brake Lever on Right ..........................................................
23
Figure 3.5 Brake Lever on Left .............................................................
23
Figure 3.6 Tire Pressure Pumping of the Coefficient fs and fo ............
25
Figure 3.7 Vehicle Head Area ............................................................
28
Figure 3.8 Resistance Force Against the Ramp .................................
30
Figure 3.9 Force that Works When Accelerating ................................
32
Figure 3.10 The Forces Acting During Braking ..................................
35
xiv
Figure 4.1 Center Of Gravity vehicle Longitudinal Direction ...............
39
Figure 4.2 Tire Pressure Pumping Effect ............................................
41
Figure 4.3 Force Acting During Braking ..............................................
45
Figure 4.4 Maximum Braking force on Front Axle ...............................
49
Figure 4.5 Maximum Braking Force on Rear Axle ...............................
50
xv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Rolling Resistance Coefficient .............................................
26
Table 2. Coefficient of Aerodynamic Resistance ................................
27
Table 3. Maximum Braking Force on Front Axle and Rear Axle ........
48
xvi
LIST OF EQUESTION
1. Center of Gravity on distance (l1) : l1 =
2. Center of Gravity on distance (l2) : l2 =
3. Rolling Resistance (Rr) : Rr = �r (W� + Wr) = �r . W
4. Aerodynamic Resistance (R�) : R� = ρ/2 . CD . A . v2
5. Inertia Resistance (Ri) : Ri = γm . m . �
6. Grade Resistance (Rg) : Rg = W . sinθs ≈ I . W
�
7. Normal load front axle (Wf) : W� =
�
8. Normal load front axle (Wr ) : Wr =
)]
)]
9. Longitudinal direction on force balance : Fb + �r . W = Fb� + Fbr + �r . W
10. Maximum braking force on front axle : Fb� max =
11. Maximum braking force on rear axle : Fbr max =
xvii
ANALYSIS OF
MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE DISC BRAKE AND
DRUM BRAKE ON TOYOTA AVANZA G 1.3 M/T
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting
the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
by:
AMAR MAKRUF
D 700 070 009
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY
I assert verily that the research entitles:
ANALYSIS OF MAXIMUM BRAKING FORCE DISC BRAKE AND
DRUM BRAKE
ON TOYOTA AVANZA G 1.3 M/T
That made to fulfill some of requirements to get Bachelor Degree of Engineering in
Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, as far as I know
is not a plagiarism of a research that has been published, except the information
source that to solve the problems.
Surakarta, November 2011
Researcher,
Amar Makruf
ii
APPROVAL
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake and
Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T” has been approved by supervisors for
getting the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Amar Makruf
NIM
: D700 070 009
Has approved and legalized on:
Day
: Thursday
Date
: 17 November 2011
iii
VALIDATION
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake and
Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T” has been defended in front of
examiners team and approved as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting
the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Amar Makruf
NIM
: D700 070 009
Has been approved and legalized on:
Day
: Thursday
Date
: 17 November 2011
iv
DEDICATION
This Research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the best everything that You have given for me and thanks for Your love
that always make me to never give up to do the best. I believe that You will always
give me the best for everything.
My beloved Mom (Siti Fatimah),
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and affection.
You always give me happiness but often I made you disappointed.
I am sorry and I promise to give you the best in the future.
My Siblings (Siti Nurul Hidayah, and Tri Puji Susanti),
Thanks for your supports.
It is make me strong to get something more and more.
My Soulmate (Nadya Ayu Luh WN),
Thanks for your love, support, spirit, attention, care and advice.
My all family,
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and everything.
All my friends,
Thanks for your supports and love me.
v
MOTTO
“ Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change what is
in themselves “
(Q.S. Ar-Ra’d : 11)
“ People are always learning will be very respected and strength not
based on knowledge wills collapse “
(AL-Ghozali)
“ Anyone who pursue the path to knowledge therein, Allah
paves the way for him to heaven “
(Narrated by Muslim)
“ Confidence is the only known antidote to failure! “
(Napoleon Hill, Think & Grow Rich)
“ Do not always say what you know, but always know what you're saying
”
(Claudius)
“ If you keep doing what you've always done, then you'll keep getting
what you always get ”
(Petter Fransisco)
“ Success is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration
“
(Thomas Alfa Edison)
vi
“ Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a dream. Life is now. this second “
(Master Oogway)
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin. Praise and gratitude be to Allah SWT, The Lord
of universe, because of His blessing and guidance The Research Paper can be
done.
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Hydrocarbon Treating System to The
Emission of Spark-Ignition Four-Stroke Engine” can be done because of helping and
supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks
and appreciation to:
1. Ir. Agus Riyanto, MT., as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
2. Ir. Sartono Putro, MT., as the Head of Mechanical Engineering of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Dr. Supriyono, as Director of International Program of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
4. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng., Sc., as Secretary of International Program of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
5. Ir. Pramuko IP, MT., as the first supervisor who has given the researcher
inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper
completion.
6. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng., Sc., as the second supervisor who has given the
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
viii
7. All lectures of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance during the
study in the university.
8. Beloved My Mother “ Siti Fatimah” who always give enormous pray, biggest
support, care, affection and great attention.
9. Beloved My Sisters and My Uncle and My Aunt for suggestions and advices.
10. His My Soulmate “Nadya Ayu Luh WN” thanks for your support and advices.
11. His My Family Ir. Widodo and Winarsih, S.Pd., tanks for your support and
advices.
12. His My Brother “Soni, Binyamin, Jonas, Iqbal, David, Aldi, Rifqi, Tunggul,
Abduh” thanks for your laugh, funnies experiences and supports, I will never
forget you.
13. All students of International program of Automotive Department 2007, 2008
,2009,2010, thanks a lot for the best suggestion and advice, hope we can the
best engineer.
14. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one, writer wants to say his thank
and appreciation to all of them.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, so
the writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestion
from anyone.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, November 2011
The Writer
Amar Makruf
ix
ABSTRACT
Amar Makruf. D700 070 009. Analysis of Maximum Braking Force Disc Brake
and Drum Brake On Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M/T. Research Paper.
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2011.
Brakes are a vital part of the vehicle, which serves to slow or stop
the vehicle. There are various types of brakes that have the characteristics
of each. Author of this final goal is to assess vehicle brake problems
Toyota Avanza G 1.3 M / T. the use of disc brakes (ventilated disc) on the
front wheel and brake drum (leading-tailing) on the rear wheels. The
objective to determine the maximum braking capacity of the front axle and
rear axle with the vehicle speed difference.
Analysis done by changing the speed of the vehicle speed but with
the same stopping distance which one the variation of speed 50 km/h, 55
km/h, 60 km/h, 80 km/h, 100 km/h and the stopping distance is 50 meter.
From the calculation of the dynamics of vehicle braking, it was
found that Toyota Avanza vehicles at speeds 100 km/h the deceleration is
7.743 m/s2 provide braking force is 10,457.379N on the front axle and the
braking force is 5,211.024N on the rear axle, at speeds 80 km/h the
deceleration is 4.928 m/s2 provide braking force is 9,636.898N on the front
axle and the braking force is 4,505.004N on the rear axle. at speeds 60
km/h the deceleration is 2.751 m/s2 provide braking force is 9,002.444N
on the front axle and the braking force is 3,866.09N on the rear axle. at
speeds 55 km/h the deceleration is 2.310 m/s2 provide braking force is
8,873.968N on the front axle and the braking force is 3,682.31N on the
rear axle, at speeds 50 km/h the deceleration is 1.904 m/s2 provide
braking force is 8,755.632N on the front axle and the braking force is
3,553.834N on the rear axle. Braking force is a vehicle braking force
needs to be met by the brake unit contained in vehicle.
Keywords: Braking system, Speed, Maximum Braking Force.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE .....................................................................................................
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ................................
ii
APPROVAL ...........................................................................................
iii
VALIDATION ......................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION ........................................................................................
v
MOTTO .................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................ ix
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................. xii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................... xii
LIST OF GRAPH .................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF EQUESTION............................................................................ xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background ........................................................................
1
1.2. Problem Statement ............................................................
3
1.3. Objective ............................................................................
3
1.4. Problem Limitation .............................................................
3
CHAPTER II: RIVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1.
Study of Literature ........................................................
xi
4
2.2.
Fundamental of Theory ................................................
6
2.2.1 Toyota Avanza Braking System .........................
6
a.Hydraulic System ............................................
6
b.Brake Unit ........................................................
13
CHAPTER III: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY
3.1.
Flow Chart of Research ....................................................
20
3.2.
Center of Gravity (cg) ....................................................
21
3.2.1
Braking Force Distribution .................................
22
Vehicle Resistance Forces ...........................................
23
3.1.1.
Rolling Resistance ...........................................
23
3.1.2.
Aerodynamic Resistance ..................................
26
3.1.3.
Inertia Resistance .............................................
29
3.1.4.
Grade Resistance .............................................
30
3.1.5
Pull of Load Resistance ....................................
31
3.1.6.
Vehicle Dynamic ..............................................
31
3.1.7.
Acceleration Effort Vehicle ..............................
31
3.1.8.
Braking Effort Vehicle .......................................
35
3.3.
CHAPTER IV: CALCULATION ANALYSIS
4.1. Vehicle Dimension .......................................................
4.1.1
39
Center of Gravity Vehicle (cg) .........................
39
4.1.2. Vehicle Resistance Force ..................................
40
4.1.3. Force Acting During Braking .............................
45
xii
4.1.3.1. Longitudinal Direction Force Balance ..
45
4.1.3.2. Normal Load on Front Wheel and Rear Wheel
...............................................................
46
4.1.3.3. Maximum Braking Force on Front Wheel and
Rear Wheel ............................................
4.1.4.
47
Discussion of Braking Force on Toyota Avanza
47
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion .........................................................................
51
B. Suggestion .........................................................................
51
REVERENCES ...................................................................................
53
APPENDIX
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Brake Constructions ...........................................................
7
Figure 2.2 Hydraulic Brake Mechanism ...............................................
8
Figure 2.3 Toyota Avanza Master Cylinder ........................................
9
Figure 2.4 Proportioning Valve ...........................................................
10
Figure 2.5 Brake Houses ....................................................................
11
Figure 2.6 Brake Fluid .........................................................................
13
Figure 2.7 Disc Brake and Drum Brake ..............................................
14
Figure 2.8 Brake Caliper ....................................................................
15
Figure 2.9 Toyota Disc Brake .............................................................
16
Figure 2.10 Toyota Drum Brake .........................................................
17
Figure 2.11 Toyota Drum Brake Part....................................................
19
Figure 3.1 Flow Chard of Research......................................................
20
Figure 3.2 Center of Gravity Vehicle Longitudinal Direction ...............
22
Figure 3.3 Free Body Diagram on Brake Pad ......................................
22
Figure 3.4 Brake Lever on Right ..........................................................
23
Figure 3.5 Brake Lever on Left .............................................................
23
Figure 3.6 Tire Pressure Pumping of the Coefficient fs and fo ............
25
Figure 3.7 Vehicle Head Area ............................................................
28
Figure 3.8 Resistance Force Against the Ramp .................................
30
Figure 3.9 Force that Works When Accelerating ................................
32
Figure 3.10 The Forces Acting During Braking ..................................
35
xiv
Figure 4.1 Center Of Gravity vehicle Longitudinal Direction ...............
39
Figure 4.2 Tire Pressure Pumping Effect ............................................
41
Figure 4.3 Force Acting During Braking ..............................................
45
Figure 4.4 Maximum Braking force on Front Axle ...............................
49
Figure 4.5 Maximum Braking Force on Rear Axle ...............................
50
xv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Rolling Resistance Coefficient .............................................
26
Table 2. Coefficient of Aerodynamic Resistance ................................
27
Table 3. Maximum Braking Force on Front Axle and Rear Axle ........
48
xvi
LIST OF EQUESTION
1. Center of Gravity on distance (l1) : l1 =
2. Center of Gravity on distance (l2) : l2 =
3. Rolling Resistance (Rr) : Rr = �r (W� + Wr) = �r . W
4. Aerodynamic Resistance (R�) : R� = ρ/2 . CD . A . v2
5. Inertia Resistance (Ri) : Ri = γm . m . �
6. Grade Resistance (Rg) : Rg = W . sinθs ≈ I . W
�
7. Normal load front axle (Wf) : W� =
�
8. Normal load front axle (Wr ) : Wr =
)]
)]
9. Longitudinal direction on force balance : Fb + �r . W = Fb� + Fbr + �r . W
10. Maximum braking force on front axle : Fb� max =
11. Maximum braking force on rear axle : Fbr max =
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