A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPRAISALS ON PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON IN NEW HAMPSHIREPRIMARY IN 2008.
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPRAISALS ON PRESIDENTIAL
CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON IN
NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY IN 2008
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
for the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
By:
ANGGITA BHASWARAWATI WIBOWO
C0311004
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2016
i
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPRAISALS ON PRESIDENTIAL
CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON IN
NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY IN 2008
By:
Anggita Bhaswarawati Wibowo
C0311004
Thesis Supervisor
Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL
NIP 19740818200012 1 001
Head of English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19670830 199302 1 001
ii
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPRAISALS ON PRESIDENTIAL
CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON
IN NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY IN2008
By:
Anggita Bhaswarawati Wibowo
C0311004
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Universitas Sebelas Maret
On October 13th, 2016
Position
Name
Signature
Chairman
Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19670830 199302 1 001
(.................................)
Secretary
Fenty Kusumastuti, S.S., M.Hum.
NIP 19810127 201302 01
(.................................)
First
Examiner
Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL
NIP 19740818200012 1 001
(.................................)
Second
Examiner
Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A.
NIP 19670726 199302 1 001
(.................................)
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Prof. Drs. RiyadiSantosa, M.Ed., Ph.D
NIP. 19600328 198601 1 001
iii
PRONOUNCEMENT
I truthfully state that the thesis entitled “The Comparative Analysis of Appraisals on
Presidential Campaign Speeches of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire
Primary in 2008” is originally written by myself, as the researcher. There is no plagiarism.
The previous researches and studies related to this thesis are all written in the form of
quotations and included in bibliography. If later, the pronouncement is proved incorrect, I,
as the researcher, am ready to take all the responsibility, including the withdrawal of my
degree.
Surakarta, September2016
Anggita BhaswarawatiWibowo
iv
MOTTO
“Jadikan sabar dan shalat sebagai penolongmu...”
QS. Al-Baqarah [2:45]
Don’t underestimate the power of persistence. It is ridiculously pathetic, it is hard to do,
but it will be worth it.
(Anonymous)
There is no time wasted when you learn something.
(Anonymous)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is wholeheartedly dedicated to:
Allah SWT. My Everything.
My beloved Bapak Setiyo Wibowo and Ibuk Endang Retno Wulandari
My teacher, lecturer, and thesis consultant Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL.
The linguistics researchers
Myself
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, my very gratitude is given to Allah SWT. Alhamdulillah, this thesis
entitled “The Comparative Analysis of Appraisals on Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton’s
speeches in New Hampshire Primary” is finally done with His blessing and mercy.
This acknowledgment is dedicated to these amazing persons who keep supporting
me through all the eases and difficulties during the making of this masterpiece. I want to
express my appreciation and thank all of people who give their contribution in this thesis:
1. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M. Ed., Ph.D, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences,
Sebelas Maret University, as one of the lecturers who inspires me after all these years and
finally approves my thesis,
2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D, the Head of English Department, for giving me
permission to write this thesis,
3. Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL., as my only one thesis consultant who keeps
pushing me beyond my limit and supports me in the entire process of the making of this
thesis,
4. Dra. Endang Sri Astuti, M.S., my academic consultant, for her guidance during my
academic years,
5. All of the lecturers of English Department for the awesome and precious moments,
experiences, knowledge, and motivation,
6. My Bapak Setiyo Wibowo and Ibuk Endang Retno Wulandari, for the patience, the
company, the understanding, the prayers, the love, the motivation, the support, in my ups
and downs, and my sisters, Erla and Putri, who are always being there when I’m in need,
vii
7. My big family, for the caring questions and reminders. I know that water is sweet but
blood is thicker,
8. All my friends of English Department 2011, especially Muthia Sayekti, Rahma Restia,
Nindya Galuh, Virina Sekar, Mahardhika, Prativi Kartika Devi, Anastasia Selviana,
Nadya, Tabitha, and Lukas Ardhi for all the crazy and smart discussions, the laughs, the
helps, the motivations, and the understanding when my mood is like a moody teenager in
her puberty,
9. My KKN family, Rahma the cold-hearted boss of the gank, Andini my twin, Nissaul the
wise, Ardiana the naïve yet cute girl, Wisnu the next bombastic vloger, Rasyid the
awkward smile dude, and Rizal the dangduters for the support,
10. My bestfriends, Annisa, Wida, Nugroho, Angga, Wahyu, and Brendha, for the
reminders and for the sarcastic reminders; Stephanie, Citra, Taheiya, Putri, Ugi, Intan, and
Ratu, for the beautiful memories; Aylin, Nihal, Ibo, and Cihat, for the beautiful
experiences; Mbak Esty, for the inspiration,
11. My EDCOM, AIESEC buddies, BKKT dancing partners, and RHI family for giving
me such knowledge and experiences that I cannot get inside the classroom,
12. All people whose names have not been mentioned, for the supports, prayers, and
motivations,
viii
Finally, I hope this thesis can benefit the researchers or students who study
Appraisals as their focus. Furthermore, this thesis is far beyond perfect. Therefore, I look
forward to any suggestions or recommendations to make this thesis to be better.
Surakarta, September 2016
Anggita Bhaswarawati Wibowo
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ................................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL OF THE THESIS CONSULTANT ............................................................. ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ....................................................... iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ....................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ............................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Statements ................................................................................................... 2
C. ResearchObjectives ................................................................................................... 2
D. Research Benefits ..................................................................................................... 2
E. The Scope of the Study ............................................................................................. 3
F. Research Methodology ............................................................................................. 3
G. Thesis Organization .......................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Systemic Functional Linguistics ................................................................................ 5
B. Text and Context ....................................................................................................... 5
C. Register ...................................................................................................................... 6
D. Appraisals .................................................................................................................. 7
E. Prosody .................................................................................................................... 20
x
F. Genre ....................................................................................................................... 20
G. Language of Public Figures ..................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design ...................................................................................................... 23
B. Data and Source of Data .......................................................................................... 23
C. Technique of Collecting Data .................................................................................. 24
D. Technique of Analyzing Data .................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Findings ................................................................................................................... 27
B. Discussions .............................................................................................................. 65
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 81
B. Suggetions ............................................................................................................... 84
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 85
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Options for Affect ................................................................................................. 9
Table 2.2 Realization of Affect ........................................................................................... 10
Table 2.3 Examples Judgment of Character ........................................................................ 11
Table 2.4 Appreciation in a Specialized Field ..................................................................... 12
Table 2.5 Options for Graduation ........................................................................................ 17
Table 2.6 Projecting Sources ............................................................................................... 18
Table 2.7 Concenssive Consequence................................................................................... 19
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure2.1. List of adjective which is being graded from low grading (somewhat intelligent)
until high grading (extremely intelligent) ............................................................................ 13
Figure 2.2. Kind of modality which is being graded from positive, probably positive,
probably negative, to negative ............................................................................................. 18
xiii
ABSTRACT
Anggita B. Wibowo. C0311004. The Comparative Analysis of Appraisals on
Presidential Campaign Speeches of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in New
Hampshire Primary in 2008 . Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Cultural
Sciences, Sebelas Maret University.
This research aims to explore the attitudes expressed by Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton
in their political campaign speeches in New Hampshire Primary in 2008. It also aims to
analyze how Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton source and amplify their attitude. Finally,
this research’s goal is also to reveal the similarities and differences between Barack Obama
and Hillary Clinton’s appraisals.
The source of data of this research was two videos and the transcripts of Barack Obama
and Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign speeches in New Hampshire Primary in 2008.
Meanwhile, the data of this research were transitivity, modality, attitudinal lexis, and
nominal groups.
The results of this research show that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton express three
kinds of attitude, namely: affect, judgment, and appreciation. They express their positive
attitude when they align with the people they appraise or when they talk about their
campaign and themselves which is a typical thing to do in a campaign speech. On the other
hand, their negative attitude is expressed not only when they disalign with some parties,
but also when they talk about other things. Barack Obama expresses his negative attitude
to express his disappointment due to his defeat and criticize his campaign progress.
Meanwhile, Hillary Clinton expresses her negative attitude to remind the audience about
their problems caused by Bush administration.
The results also show that both of them amplify their attitude which indicates that they are
fully committed to the value position they are proposed in their attitude. However, Hillary
Clinton also softens her attitude when she talks about her victory as she wants to be seen as
a modest person. Furthermore, both of them express their monoglossic and heteroglossic
expression of attitudes. Their expressions are monogloss when they thank or compliment
others as those statements are unproblematic. Meanwhile, their expressions are heterogloss
when their expressions are intended to challenge or fend off (dialogically contractive) Bush
administration and build solidarity or get closer (dialogically expansive) to the other
presidential candidates and the people who support them.
In conclusion, the research reveals that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton has the same
ideology based on their same background, Democratic Party, and that they have different
ways to align with their audience. Also, it shows how they express their alignment and
disalignment to the certain people to be used as their campaign.
Key Words: SFL, Appraisals, US Presidential campaign speeches, Political Speeches.
xiv
CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON IN
NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY IN 2008
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
for the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
By:
ANGGITA BHASWARAWATI WIBOWO
C0311004
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2016
i
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPRAISALS ON PRESIDENTIAL
CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON IN
NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY IN 2008
By:
Anggita Bhaswarawati Wibowo
C0311004
Thesis Supervisor
Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL
NIP 19740818200012 1 001
Head of English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19670830 199302 1 001
ii
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPRAISALS ON PRESIDENTIAL
CAMPAIGN SPEECHES OF BARACK OBAMA AND HILLARY CLINTON
IN NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY IN2008
By:
Anggita Bhaswarawati Wibowo
C0311004
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Universitas Sebelas Maret
On October 13th, 2016
Position
Name
Signature
Chairman
Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19670830 199302 1 001
(.................................)
Secretary
Fenty Kusumastuti, S.S., M.Hum.
NIP 19810127 201302 01
(.................................)
First
Examiner
Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL
NIP 19740818200012 1 001
(.................................)
Second
Examiner
Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A.
NIP 19670726 199302 1 001
(.................................)
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Prof. Drs. RiyadiSantosa, M.Ed., Ph.D
NIP. 19600328 198601 1 001
iii
PRONOUNCEMENT
I truthfully state that the thesis entitled “The Comparative Analysis of Appraisals on
Presidential Campaign Speeches of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire
Primary in 2008” is originally written by myself, as the researcher. There is no plagiarism.
The previous researches and studies related to this thesis are all written in the form of
quotations and included in bibliography. If later, the pronouncement is proved incorrect, I,
as the researcher, am ready to take all the responsibility, including the withdrawal of my
degree.
Surakarta, September2016
Anggita BhaswarawatiWibowo
iv
MOTTO
“Jadikan sabar dan shalat sebagai penolongmu...”
QS. Al-Baqarah [2:45]
Don’t underestimate the power of persistence. It is ridiculously pathetic, it is hard to do,
but it will be worth it.
(Anonymous)
There is no time wasted when you learn something.
(Anonymous)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is wholeheartedly dedicated to:
Allah SWT. My Everything.
My beloved Bapak Setiyo Wibowo and Ibuk Endang Retno Wulandari
My teacher, lecturer, and thesis consultant Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL.
The linguistics researchers
Myself
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, my very gratitude is given to Allah SWT. Alhamdulillah, this thesis
entitled “The Comparative Analysis of Appraisals on Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton’s
speeches in New Hampshire Primary” is finally done with His blessing and mercy.
This acknowledgment is dedicated to these amazing persons who keep supporting
me through all the eases and difficulties during the making of this masterpiece. I want to
express my appreciation and thank all of people who give their contribution in this thesis:
1. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M. Ed., Ph.D, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences,
Sebelas Maret University, as one of the lecturers who inspires me after all these years and
finally approves my thesis,
2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D, the Head of English Department, for giving me
permission to write this thesis,
3. Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL., as my only one thesis consultant who keeps
pushing me beyond my limit and supports me in the entire process of the making of this
thesis,
4. Dra. Endang Sri Astuti, M.S., my academic consultant, for her guidance during my
academic years,
5. All of the lecturers of English Department for the awesome and precious moments,
experiences, knowledge, and motivation,
6. My Bapak Setiyo Wibowo and Ibuk Endang Retno Wulandari, for the patience, the
company, the understanding, the prayers, the love, the motivation, the support, in my ups
and downs, and my sisters, Erla and Putri, who are always being there when I’m in need,
vii
7. My big family, for the caring questions and reminders. I know that water is sweet but
blood is thicker,
8. All my friends of English Department 2011, especially Muthia Sayekti, Rahma Restia,
Nindya Galuh, Virina Sekar, Mahardhika, Prativi Kartika Devi, Anastasia Selviana,
Nadya, Tabitha, and Lukas Ardhi for all the crazy and smart discussions, the laughs, the
helps, the motivations, and the understanding when my mood is like a moody teenager in
her puberty,
9. My KKN family, Rahma the cold-hearted boss of the gank, Andini my twin, Nissaul the
wise, Ardiana the naïve yet cute girl, Wisnu the next bombastic vloger, Rasyid the
awkward smile dude, and Rizal the dangduters for the support,
10. My bestfriends, Annisa, Wida, Nugroho, Angga, Wahyu, and Brendha, for the
reminders and for the sarcastic reminders; Stephanie, Citra, Taheiya, Putri, Ugi, Intan, and
Ratu, for the beautiful memories; Aylin, Nihal, Ibo, and Cihat, for the beautiful
experiences; Mbak Esty, for the inspiration,
11. My EDCOM, AIESEC buddies, BKKT dancing partners, and RHI family for giving
me such knowledge and experiences that I cannot get inside the classroom,
12. All people whose names have not been mentioned, for the supports, prayers, and
motivations,
viii
Finally, I hope this thesis can benefit the researchers or students who study
Appraisals as their focus. Furthermore, this thesis is far beyond perfect. Therefore, I look
forward to any suggestions or recommendations to make this thesis to be better.
Surakarta, September 2016
Anggita Bhaswarawati Wibowo
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ................................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL OF THE THESIS CONSULTANT ............................................................. ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ....................................................... iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ....................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ............................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Statements ................................................................................................... 2
C. ResearchObjectives ................................................................................................... 2
D. Research Benefits ..................................................................................................... 2
E. The Scope of the Study ............................................................................................. 3
F. Research Methodology ............................................................................................. 3
G. Thesis Organization .......................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Systemic Functional Linguistics ................................................................................ 5
B. Text and Context ....................................................................................................... 5
C. Register ...................................................................................................................... 6
D. Appraisals .................................................................................................................. 7
E. Prosody .................................................................................................................... 20
x
F. Genre ....................................................................................................................... 20
G. Language of Public Figures ..................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design ...................................................................................................... 23
B. Data and Source of Data .......................................................................................... 23
C. Technique of Collecting Data .................................................................................. 24
D. Technique of Analyzing Data .................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Findings ................................................................................................................... 27
B. Discussions .............................................................................................................. 65
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 81
B. Suggetions ............................................................................................................... 84
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 85
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Options for Affect ................................................................................................. 9
Table 2.2 Realization of Affect ........................................................................................... 10
Table 2.3 Examples Judgment of Character ........................................................................ 11
Table 2.4 Appreciation in a Specialized Field ..................................................................... 12
Table 2.5 Options for Graduation ........................................................................................ 17
Table 2.6 Projecting Sources ............................................................................................... 18
Table 2.7 Concenssive Consequence................................................................................... 19
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure2.1. List of adjective which is being graded from low grading (somewhat intelligent)
until high grading (extremely intelligent) ............................................................................ 13
Figure 2.2. Kind of modality which is being graded from positive, probably positive,
probably negative, to negative ............................................................................................. 18
xiii
ABSTRACT
Anggita B. Wibowo. C0311004. The Comparative Analysis of Appraisals on
Presidential Campaign Speeches of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in New
Hampshire Primary in 2008 . Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Cultural
Sciences, Sebelas Maret University.
This research aims to explore the attitudes expressed by Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton
in their political campaign speeches in New Hampshire Primary in 2008. It also aims to
analyze how Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton source and amplify their attitude. Finally,
this research’s goal is also to reveal the similarities and differences between Barack Obama
and Hillary Clinton’s appraisals.
The source of data of this research was two videos and the transcripts of Barack Obama
and Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign speeches in New Hampshire Primary in 2008.
Meanwhile, the data of this research were transitivity, modality, attitudinal lexis, and
nominal groups.
The results of this research show that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton express three
kinds of attitude, namely: affect, judgment, and appreciation. They express their positive
attitude when they align with the people they appraise or when they talk about their
campaign and themselves which is a typical thing to do in a campaign speech. On the other
hand, their negative attitude is expressed not only when they disalign with some parties,
but also when they talk about other things. Barack Obama expresses his negative attitude
to express his disappointment due to his defeat and criticize his campaign progress.
Meanwhile, Hillary Clinton expresses her negative attitude to remind the audience about
their problems caused by Bush administration.
The results also show that both of them amplify their attitude which indicates that they are
fully committed to the value position they are proposed in their attitude. However, Hillary
Clinton also softens her attitude when she talks about her victory as she wants to be seen as
a modest person. Furthermore, both of them express their monoglossic and heteroglossic
expression of attitudes. Their expressions are monogloss when they thank or compliment
others as those statements are unproblematic. Meanwhile, their expressions are heterogloss
when their expressions are intended to challenge or fend off (dialogically contractive) Bush
administration and build solidarity or get closer (dialogically expansive) to the other
presidential candidates and the people who support them.
In conclusion, the research reveals that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton has the same
ideology based on their same background, Democratic Party, and that they have different
ways to align with their audience. Also, it shows how they express their alignment and
disalignment to the certain people to be used as their campaign.
Key Words: SFL, Appraisals, US Presidential campaign speeches, Political Speeches.
xiv