The Semantic Roles Of The English Action Verbs.

1

THE SEMANTIC ROLES OF

THE ENGLISH ACTION VERBS

NI LUH NYOMAN YENNI PRIYASTINI 1201305071

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

2016

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to dedicate my greatest gratitude to Ida Sang Hyang

Widhi Wasa for his blessing, guidance, and protection that I can finish this study as

required. I found a lot of obstacles during the writing of this thesis. But all have been

overcome due to the advice, assistance and supports from so many people.

In this occasion, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Ida Ayu

Made Puspani, M.Hum. as my first supervisor and Dra. Ni Made Suwari Antari, M.

Hum. as my second supervisor for all their guidance, suggestion, and support.

My great appreciation gratitude would also to Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati

Beratha, M.A., the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Cultures University. Dr. Ni Luh

Ketut Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL., M.A. as the head of English Department. I also

dedicate my great appreciation to Putu Ayu Asty Senja Pratiwi, S.S., M.Hum. as my

academic supervisor who cordially has given me her assistance, support and advice.

My gratitude is also due to all the lectures in English Department for their nice and

fabulous lecturing.

Special thanks to my little and big family, my husband and my son, Bayu and

Collin, my parents, Bapak I Ketut Nama and Ibu Ni Ketut Rai, and my parents in law

for their never ending moral supports, lovely understanding and nice love. Without

their support I believe this study will never reach its final shape.

4

Last but certainly not least, I would like to say my special thanks to my entire friend

and all of SASING 12

5

ABSTRACT

This study presents the Semantic Roles of Action verbs based on the Case

Study theory

.

The focus of this study is the analysis of the relationship between

Action Verb and the noun accompanying it in a sentence.

There are three essential purposes of this study. The first one is the

identification of the Semantic Structures of the English Action Verbs to be analyzed.

The second point is to find out the Case Frame of the English Action Verbs. There

are five cases that are assigned by a verb to the noun: agent, experience, benefactive,

object and locative. And the last one is the analysis of the Semantic Roles of the

English Action Verbs. The fundamental theory used in this study is Case Grammar

theory proposed by Cook (1979).

The data was collected through the library research by reading the novels

mentioned above. The collected data then is analyzed based on Case Grammar

theory. The analyzed data is presented both formally and informally, with

presentation of tables and statistical feature also descriptively.

The analysis leads us to some conclusion. First, the Semantic Structures of the

English Action Verbs showed by their case frame. Second, Action Verbs have case

frame configurations as basic action verbs, action experiential verbs, action

benefactive verbs, and action locative verbs. Third, Action Verbs have semantic roles

as agent, experience, benefactive, object and locative. Deep structure analysis leads to

the discovery of covert case roles. All of the three types of covert case role were

found in available data.

Keywords : Action, Semantic, Verbs

ii

6

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

A

:

Agent-case

Adj. :

Adjective

A=B :

Agent case is coreferential with Benefactive case

A=E :

Agent case is coreferential with Experiencer case

A=L :

Agent case is coreferential with Locative Case

A=O :

Agent case is coreferential with Object Case

B

:

Benefactive-case

E

:

Experiential-case

L

:

Locative-case

Lex.

:

Lexicalized

O

:

Object Case

Os

:

Object-case (for State Verb, means stative Object-case)

V

tr.

:

Transitive Verb

V

int. :

Intransitive verb

*

:

Covert Case role

+[__] :

Case Frame Configuration

iii

7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8

9

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

A verb is a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and expresses an act, occurrence, or mode of being. A verb is the center of the clause and it presupposes a number of participants, i.e. one, two or three depending on the semantic concern (Dixon, 1991). A verb that requires two or more arguments will be described as transitive verb. On the other hand, the verb that only takes single argument is called an intransitive verb.

In a sentence, a verb becomes the central. Verbs should be classified according to their case frame, according to the case environments with which they are associated in the deep structure (Fillmore, 1968).Verbs relate to other parts of the sentence, assigning them different semantic roles, depending upon the meaning of the verbs.

Semantic may be defined as the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning. Semantic has a structure. Semantic structures are basically a set of relationships between a central verb and a series of nouns. According to Fillmore, the sentence in its basic structure consists of a verb and one or more noun phrases, each associated with the verb in a particular case relationship (1968:21).

Semantically, the relation between the predicate and its arguments known as semantic role because each of its argument is assign a certain role by its predicate. Semantic roles are roles that participants play in events and situations.

This study exclusively analyzedthe English ActionVerbs. The Action Verbs have their own case frames configuration, semantic structure,semantic role, lexicalized, build in, and coreferential cases. This study used the Case Grammar theory proposed by Cook (1979) as main theory. This study also usedthe five propositional Cases in Case Grammar to analyze the case frames of the English

ActionVerbs relate to their semantic structure and the semantic roles of the verbs.

1.2 Problems of Study

From the background above, there are three problems which are taken in the study, they are:

1) What are the Semantic Structures of the English Action Verbs? 2) What are the Case Frames of the English ActionVerbs?

3) What are the Semantic Roles of the English ActionVerbs?

1.3 Aims of Study

The aims of this study are formulated as follow:

1.3.1 General aims

The general aims are to study deeper about the Case Grammar. Besides, this study is also aimed at providing beneficial information about Case Grammar for the further study.

1.3.2 Specific aims

The specific aims of writing this thesis are:

1. To identify the Semantic Structures of English Action Verbs. 2. To explain the Case Frame of English Action Verbs.

1.4 Scope of Discussion

As there are many aspects that can be analyzed in terms of Case Grammar, it is necessary to make a limitation of the scope of discussion. In this study, the discussions focus on the case frame of the English Action Verbs, the semantic structure together with their semantic roles, by using the Case Grammar theory proposed by Cook (1979),the data was taken in the novel The Lightning Thiefby Rick Riordan and Twilight by Stephenie Meyer.

1.5 Research Method

Research is one of the effects involved to find and examine the truth of something. Methodology is a procedure required to do research well. In this case, methodology includes the data source, method and technique of collecting data, and method and technique of analyzing data.

1.5.1 Data Source

The data of this study were taken from two novels, The Lightning

Thiefwritten by Rick Riordan (2005) and Twilight by Stephenie Meyer (2005).

Those novels provide data of the action verb in case grammar. The data source is chosen because it can fulfill the need of data that have relevance to the types of verbs according to the Case Grammar Matrix Model and there were the sources filled with many sentences connected with the English action verbs.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The data for this study were collected by using library research. The data were taken from the written source containing construction that relate to the topic of this study.

The data also collected by reading the novel intensively, and then collecting the data in accordance with the parameters required, and searching for sentences in the data source that has only one single verb or one clause which then used as the data.

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The data were analyzed by qualitative method. The method is used in order to explain the characteristics of the data and to find out the factor that stands behind the data itself.

There are three techniques that are used to analyze the data: The first technique is identification. The relevant data were marked out. The second is classification. The collected data were classifiedin terms of the types of the verbs it involves, that isaction verb. And then, sentences with the verbs which occur more than once eliminated from the data, because only one of them isused further. The third is analysis. The data were analyzed by using the Case Grammar Theory in order to identify the case frames of the verbs, to explain semantic structures of the verbs and also to identify the semantic roles of the verbs.

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis

was described in the form of descriptive in order to make it clear and specific and to ease the reader to understand the analysis.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Literature

A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points in current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature review are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment.

Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as thesis, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and result reaction. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.

The undergraduate thesis that analyses the relationship between the verb and sentence by using Case Grammar theory has been successfully applied by Ariani (2002), entitled

explainsclearly about the Case Grammar theory, verb classification in Case Grammar, Case Frames and the case frame configuration. It also had good composition of positioning the example and the analysis in chapter III. And for the weaknesses, this thesis did not have the explanation about why the verb can be categorized to the state verb, action or process. And the difference is in the thesis of Ariani she focused only in Semantic Roles of English Action Verbs, in this thesis also focused is on The Semantic Roles of English Action Verbs, but together with their Semantic Structures.

The Case Grammar theory was also presented on the undergraduate thesis from Listiani (2005), entitled

There is also other undergraduate thesis that used the case grammar theory entitled

Mo focused on the case grammar matrix model, but this thesis focuses on the case grammar theory.

situations. They are part of the content of linguistic communication therefore they are defined in terms of prototypes, and the labels we give them are convenient approximations.

Verb has a valence or asset of dependency relations, which spring from the verb. These dependency relations expressed in terms of underlying semantic roles. Some roles are always overt and easily found in the surface structure, other roles, demanded by the verb are roles which sometimes occur in surface structure and sometimes do not occur.

2.2.2 Case Grammar

Case grammar essentially is not a description of predicates and the arguments required by the meaning of these predicates in the semantic description of sentence (Cook, 1979:1).

Case Grammar is a system which views the deep structure of sentences as a set of relations between a verb and a series of case marked noun phrase. This series on noun phrase constitutes as asset of roles, which are useful in defining verbs in terms of the case frames in which they occur. This system is primarily useful for relating sentences with identical deep role structure but diverse surface structure, (Cook, 1979: 28).

The system was created by the American linguist Charles J. Fillmore in (1968), in the context of Transformational Grammar. This theory analyzes the surface syntactic structure of sentences by studying the combination of deep cases (i.e. semantic roles) Agent, Object, Benefactor, Locative or Instrument which are

required by a specific verb. For instance, the verb "give" in English requires an Agent (A) and Object (O), and a Beneficiary (B);

e.g. "Jones (A) gave money (O) to the school (B).

2.2.3 English Action Verb

The verb will be assumed to be central and the noun peripheral. As support for the centrality of the verb, Chafe argues that:

1. The verb is always presented in the sentence at least in the deep structure, no matter what language.

2. The verb determines what noun will accompany it and their interpretation. (Chafe, 1970: 96).

Chafe (1970) proposed there are four kinds of verbs; state verb, process verb, action verb, and action-process verb. Cook (1979) classifies verb into state verb, process verb, and action verb. Cook modified the Chafe

experiencer, benefactive, object, locative, lexicalized, build in, and coreferential cases.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

The main theory of this study is the case grammar proposed by Cook (1979). He was combined and developed the previous case grammar theory.

The supporting theory is used; those are case frames and the case frame configuration proposed by Cook (1979). The semantic structure proposed by Chafe (1970). The semantic roles in case grammar, deep structure and surface structureare proposed by Cook (1979).

2.3.1 Case Grammar Theory

The basic theory used in this study is the Case Grammar proposed by Cook (1979). The Case Grammar was firstly proposed by Charles Fillmore (1966), and then developed by Wallace Café (1970), and John Anderson (1971) (Cook, 1979:200), and then was combined and developed by Cook (1979). The model is called A Case Grammar Matrix Model. He developed a system for capturing the semantic role of the clause. The Case Grammar Matrix Model, as presented by Cook (1979), which is used in this study, are arranged in a twelve-cell matrix of verb types according to which all verbs are classified.

Here is the matrix of the verb types

Verb Types Basic Verb Experiential

Verbs

Benefactive Verbs

Locative Verbs

State Os

Be tall E, Os like B, Os Have Os, L Be in

Process O die E, O enjoy B, O acquire O, L move

Action A,O

kill

A, E, O say

A, B, O give

A, O, L put

Note : A= Agent Case O=object case

E= Experiencer-case Os=object stative-case

B=Benefactive case L=locative case

In the vertical dimensions, verbs are classified as State, Process, or Actions verbs. State verb expresses a notionally stative situation, process verb expresses a dynamic non agentive event, and action verb expresses a dynamic agentive event.

Verbs are next classified within a specific semantic domanin, i.e. Basic, Experiential, Benefactive, and Locative verbs. Basic verb uses only the Agent and Object Case. Experiential verb deals with the inner life of man and includes the experiential cases. Benefactive verb deals with the possession and transfer of property and includes the benefactive case. Locative verb deals with the locative and direction, and includes the locative case (Cook, 1979 : 203).

There are five propositional cases that are used in the model. They are Agent-case, Experiencer-case, Benefactive-case, Object-case, and Locative-case. These five cases have proven to be sufficient for the classification of the verb in literary texts. The Case Grammar Matrix model has been used for the verbs classification encountered in Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and Sea and assembles the verbs a Case Grammar dictionary (Cook 1979: 128).

According to Cook (1979: 203), a case system is not just a list of case. It is a paradigmatic set of opposition between contrasting semantic roles. Case frame, on the other hand is the syntagmatic arrangement in which case roles occur. The value of case system depends in large part upon the case tactic used to arrange case roles into case frame.

Cook (1979: 83) states that in case grammar analysis, the analysis must begin with the surface structure of the language. However, if he wishes to perform a semantic analysis, then he must use only the surface structure of the language, but also his own intuitive judgment to lead him to the deep structure of the language. From surface structure analysis, he can discover the overt case-role, but his own intuitive judgment must lead him to the discovery of covert case-role.

An overt case-role is a role, which presents both in surface structure and in deep structure. A covert case-role is the role which is absent from surface structure but present in the deep structure (Cook, 1979: 83).

2.3.2 Case Frames

In the case grammar the underlying structure is expressed in terms of a case frame which list the cases required by the meaning of the verb. The case frame in the case grammar is written in the form +(-X-Y-Z) where the blank indicates the position of the verb and X,Y,Z are the arguments associated with the central predicate verbs should be classified according to their case frame and other features (subject and object choice, preposition selection). (Fillmore, 1979:10)

The sentence consists of a verb and one or more noun phrase, each associated with the verb in a particular case relationship.

The cases which surround the central verb are divided into those cases which are essential to the case frame and those which are not essential. Cases which related directly to the case frame are called propositional cases. Cases which are not part of the case frame are called modal cases. Verb has only one case frames other verbs may also have the same case frame since the number of cases is small and the number of verbs is large. Every case frame has at a least one case and no case frames has no more than three cases.

Cook (1979) proposed three kinds of verb; state, process, and action verb and five propositional cases; agent, experiencer, benefactive, object, and locative. And the propositional cases may be defined as follows:

State verbs express a notionally stative situation and it specifies that an object is in certain state or condition. It is accompanied by an object noun which specifies what it is in that state.

The characteristics of the state verb are: an object in a certain state or condition, the state verb does not take the progressive aspect and imperative aspect, does not have lexicalized, build in, and coreferential cases and the verb has the single case in the case frame +(Os).

Case Frame = +(Os), where Os = stative object. For example :

Thedoorisbroken. Os Thesoilisdry. Os TheCheesesarefrozen. Os

Examples of state verbs: alive (adj), blue (adj), wise (adj)

2. Process Verb

A process verb specifies that an object undergoes a change of state or condition. It is accompanied by an object noun which specifies what it is that changes it state or condition.

The characteristics of process verb are the object undergoes a change of state or condition, the object specifies the changes of its state condition, take the progressive aspect but do not take the imperative aspect and the verbs have the single case in case frame +(O).

for example :

Andreissleeping. Os

Thoserosesaregrowing. Os

Examples: float (Vint), Melt (Vint), Sneeze (Vint)

3. Action Verb

An action verb expresses an activity, something which someone does. It is accompanied by an agent noun ehich specifies the instigator of the action.

The action verb can be differentiate with the other classes of the verbs with these characteristics: the verb expresses an activity, accompanied by an agent and an object case, take the progressive and imperative aspects, some cases are lexicalized, or build in, or coreferential cases.

Case frame = +(-A-O)

For example :

Suzy cleansthefloor.

A O

Amberkilledthecat.

A O

Examples: build(Vtr), eat(Vtr), touch(Vtr)

B. Experiential Verbs

Experiential verbs are verbs which express psychological events of sensation, emotion, or cognition. These verbs required only three cases: the Agent, the Object, and the Experiencer. There are three experiential verb types in the case frame: state experiential, process experiential, and action experiential verb.

1. State Experiential Verb

A state experiential verb specifies that an experience is in a certain state or condition with respect to a given object. It is accompanied by an experiencer noun which specifies the one who is in the psychological state of sensation, emotion, and cognition. And it is accompanied by an object noun which specifies the stimulus for or the content of the experience(Cook, 1979:64)

Case Frame:+(-E-Os)

For example :

She knows thatnews.

E O

Examples: appear (Vint), feel (Vtr), wish (Vtr)

2. Process Experiential Verbs

A process experiential verb specifies that an experience undergoes a change of state with respect to a given object. It is accompanied by an experience noun which specifies the one who undergoes the change of psychological state, and an object noun which specifies the stimulus for the content of the experience (Cook, 1979:64)

Case frame: +(-E-O)

For example:

Collin enjoyed thegame.

Examples: tire (Vtr), please (Vtr), annoy (Vtr).

3. Action Experiential Verb

An action experiential verb expresses an activity which places an object as a stimulus or content for someone else

which specifies the possessor of the object, and an object noun which specifies the object possessed (Cook, 1979:65)

Case frame: +(-B-Os)

For example:

Nicky needs money soon.

E Os

Examples: have (Vtr), need (Vtr), own (Vtr),

2. Process Benefactive Verb

A process benefactive verb specifies that a benefactor undergoes a change of state or condition with respect to a given object. It is accompanied by a Benefactive noun which specifies the one who undergoes gain or loss, and an Object noun which specifies the object which is gained or lost (Cook, 1979:65)

Case frame: +(-B-O)

For example:

Iyaz received histicket

B O

Iyaz is a Benefactive noun, the one who undergoes gain. His ticket is the Object noun which the object is gained by the benefactor.

Examples: acquire (Vtr), gain(Vtr), lose (Vtr)

An action benefactive verb specifies that an agent has caused gain or lost to a benefactor with respect to a given object. It is accompanied by an agent noun which specifies the cause of the gain or loss, a benefactive noun specifies the undergoer of the gain or loss and an object noun which specifies the object transferred (Cook, 1979:65).

Case frame: +(-A-B-O)

For example:

Mimi bought Indrialipstick.

A B O

The Agent case is Mimi, the one who cause the gain. Indri is the benefactive case which specifies the undergoer of the gain. The object is a

lipstick, which specifies the object transferred.

Examples: help (Vtr), supply (Vtr), tip (Vtr)

D. Locative Verbs

Locative verbs are verb which express location in a place or change of location from one place to another. These verbs require only three cases: the Agent, the Object, and the Locative. The locative verb has case frame configurations, state locative, process locative, and action locative verb.

A state locative verb specifies that an object is in a certain location. It is accompanied by an Object noun which specifies what it is that is in that place, and a Locative noun which specifies the place where the object is located.

Case frame: +(-Os-L)

For example:

Thegift is on thetable.

Os L

The object is the gift. The locative case is on the tablewhich specifies the object is in a certain condition.

examples: lean (Vint), live (Vint)

2. Process Locative Verbs

A process locative verb specifies that an object changes its location. It is accompanied by an Object noun which specifies what it is that has changed its location and a Locative noun which specifies the change of location. For example: Case frame: +(-O-L)

For example:

Thecar drove todowntown

O L

The car is the object case which has changed its location. The locative case is to downtown which specifies the change of location.

Examples: descend (Vint), enter (Vint), shift(Vint)

An action locative verb expresses an activity involving the change of place of an object distinct from the agent. It is accompanied by an Agent noun which specifies the instigator of the action, an Object noun which specifies the Object which is changing location and a Locative noun which specifies the change of location.

Case frame: +(-A-O-L)

For example:

State

Be adjective Object state

Process

Come about Be adjective Object

Action

Be Adjective

Cause come about A Object

State : Basic

Process : derived from state by inchoative derivation (come about) Action : derived from process by the causative derivation (cause)

The deep structure realized as a verb and a series of cases. The cases defined in a new list, and the case frames for verbs determined this deep structure by a series of realization ruler. The roles include subject choice, object choice and deletion role.

2.3.5 Semantic Role in Case Grammar

Case roles are semantic relations of arguments to the central verb proper to deep structure of the sentence in which it occurs (Cook 1979: 25). The cases

which surround the central verb are divided into those cases which are essential to the case frame and those which are not essential. Cases which relate directly to the meaning of the verb called propositional cases. Cases which are not part of the meaning of the verb are called modal cases. Modal cases are always optional to the surface structure of the verb; propositional cases may be either obligatory or optional. Propositional Cases used in Case Grammar Model by Cook are five in number, namely, Agent-case, Experiencer-case, Benefactive-case, Object-case, and Locative-case.

The case grammar analysis is more than a surface structure analysis but also the deep structure analysis. There are two roles in case grammar analysis, there are a overt case role and covert case role. An overt case role is a role which is present in surface structure and present in deep structure. A covert case role is a role which is absent from surface structure but present in deep structure.

A. Overt case role

Overt case roles implied by the verb and obligatory in surface structure. The first type of judgment that the analysis might make is that the conflated case frame derived from surface, in fact lexical entry for the verb. The starting point for this conflated case frame derived from surface structure. For example, Fillmore (1968: 27) list a set of sentences for the verb open, constructs the conflated case frame +[__(A) (I) (O), and considers this frame, unchanged, as the lexical entry for the verb.

The door opened +[O]

The wind opened the door +[__I,O]

John opened the door with a chisel +[__A,I,O]

The lexical entry is not a deep structure for any given sentencebut represents a set of deep structure with a given verb.

B. Covert Case Roles

Covert case role is a role which is absent in the surface structure but present the deep structure. The covert case role divided into lexicalized, build in, and coreferential cases.

1. Lexicalized Cases

Lexicalized cases are case roles that are lexicalized into the surface form the verb. The lexicalized cases can be lexicalized into the basic action verb, action experiential verb, action benefactive verb, and action locative verb.

for example:

They dined at seven. +[__A*O/O-lex] A

It means:

It means:

My father put the wine in the bottle. If we bring to the surface structure, my father bottled the wine in the purple bottled. We do not to mention the word bottled twice because the word bottled already mentioned that we put something in the bottle. The word bottled incorporated into the object locative.

2. Coreferential Cases

Coreferential cases are two distinct case roles which have the same semantic referent and consequently have a single surface representation.

For example:

Hyde listened to the guitar

+[-A-*E-L/A=E]

It means:

Hyde as the agent do the activity (listened) and also as the experience that experience the activity.

Agent is also may be coreferential with the Locative case.

For example:

Harlow walked in to the cafeteria.

+[-A-*O-L/A=O] (Cook, 1979: 163)

Harlow is moved herself (by walking) into the cafeteria. The agent of the case Harlow is coreferentialwith the object of the case.

3. Build in Case

The cases which generally do not appear in surface structure but intuitively they are present in the deep structure.

For example:

Annabeth lost herjewelry.

B O

+[-B-O-*A/A build in]

If someone lost something, intuitively, we know that the thing has been stolen by someone else. So, the doer of the action or the Agent case is absent from surface structure.

He wears theshoes.

A O

+[-A-O-*L/L build in]

In deep structure, we know that the place where shoes should be placed. This structure shows that the location is not present in the surface. The locative is build in.

2.3.6 Surface Structure

The deep structures that are associated with each predicate must be transformed into surface structure by asset of realization rules. Surface structure specifications were included the determination of proper subject choice, object choice and deletion roles for specific lexical.

There is a distinction between the object of the deep structure and surface structure. The object of the deep structure specification is to reveal the meaning of the underlying predicate by specifying the meaning of each role. On the other hand, the object of the surface structure specifications is to reveal the various types of surface structure that can produced from deep structure (Cook,1979:143). In the deep structure level once meaning is determined some distinction should be made between what is asserted and what is presupposed.

2.3.7 Deep Structure

In case grammar models the deep structure consist of central verb and a series of marked noun phrases. In deep structure specification, features should be given which help distinguish one verb from another.

The deep structure can be describes in terms of simple predicate such as

be, some about (c,a), cause. The structure then undergoes prolexica;

predicate-rising to produce the configurations.

S (state) S(process) S(action)

The state verb assumed to be the basic, the process is derived from the state by inchoative derivation (adds some about) and the action is derived from the process by the causative derivation (adds cause).

which surround the central verb are divided into those cases which are essential to the case frame and those which are not essential. Cases which relate directly to the meaning of the verb called propositional cases. Cases which are not part of the meaning of the verb are called modal cases. Modal cases are always optional to the surface structure of the verb; propositional cases may be either obligatory or optional. Propositional Cases used in Case Grammar Model by Cook are five in number, namely, Agent-case, Experiencer-case, Benefactive-case, Object-case, and Locative-case.

The case grammar analysis is more than a surface structure analysis but also the deep structure analysis. There are two roles in case grammar analysis, there are a overt case role and covert case role. An overt case role is a role which is present in surface structure and present in deep structure. A covert case role is a role which is absent from surface structure but present in deep structure.

A. Overt case role

Overt case roles implied by the verb and obligatory in surface structure. The first type of judgment that the analysis might make is that the conflated case frame derived from surface, in fact lexical entry for the verb. The starting point for this conflated case frame derived from surface structure. For example, Fillmore (1968: 27) list a set of sentences for the verb open, constructs the conflated case frame +[__(A) (I) (O), and considers this frame, unchanged, as the lexical entry for the verb.

The door opened +[O]

The wind opened the door +[__I,O]

John opened the door with a chisel +[__A,I,O]

The lexical entry is not a deep structure for any given sentencebut represents a set of deep structure with a given verb.

B. Covert Case Roles

Covert case role is a role which is absent in the surface structure but present the deep structure. The covert case role divided into lexicalized, build in, and coreferential cases.

1. Lexicalized Cases

Lexicalized cases are case roles that are lexicalized into the surface form the verb. The lexicalized cases can be lexicalized into the basic action verb, action experiential verb, action benefactive verb, and action locative verb.

for example:

They dined at seven. +[__A*O/O-lex] A

It means:

It means:

My father put the wine in the bottle. If we bring to the surface structure, my father bottled the wine in the purple bottled. We do not to mention the word bottled twice because the word bottled already mentioned that we put something in the bottle. The word bottled incorporated into the object locative.

2. Coreferential Cases

Coreferential cases are two distinct case roles which have the same semantic referent and consequently have a single surface representation.

For example:

Hyde listened to the guitar

+[-A-*E-L/A=E]

It means:

Hyde as the agent do the activity (listened) and also as the experience that experience the activity.

Agent is also may be coreferential with the Locative case.

For example:

Harlow walked in to the cafeteria.

+[-A-*O-L/A=O] (Cook, 1979: 163)

Harlow is moved herself (by walking) into the cafeteria. The agent of the case Harlow is coreferentialwith the object of the case.

3. Build in Case

The cases which generally do not appear in surface structure but intuitively they are present in the deep structure.

For example:

Annabeth lost herjewelry.

B O

+[-B-O-*A/A build in]

If someone lost something, intuitively, we know that the thing has been stolen by someone else. So, the doer of the action or the Agent case is absent from surface structure.

He wears theshoes.

A O

+[-A-O-*L/L build in]

In deep structure, we know that the place where shoes should be placed. This structure shows that the location is not present in the surface. The locative is build in.

2.3.6 Surface Structure

The deep structures that are associated with each predicate must be transformed into surface structure by asset of realization rules. Surface structure specifications were included the determination of proper subject choice, object choice and deletion roles for specific lexical.

There is a distinction between the object of the deep structure and surface structure. The object of the deep structure specification is to reveal the meaning of the underlying predicate by specifying the meaning of each role. On the other hand, the object of the surface structure specifications is to reveal the various types of surface structure that can produced from deep structure (Cook,1979:143). In the deep structure level once meaning is determined some distinction should be made between what is asserted and what is presupposed.

2.3.7 Deep Structure

In case grammar models the deep structure consist of central verb and a series of marked noun phrases. In deep structure specification, features should be given which help distinguish one verb from another.

The deep structure can be describes in terms of simple predicate such as be, some about (c,a), cause. The structure then undergoes prolexica; predicate-rising to produce the configurations.

S (state) S(process) S(action)

The state verb assumed to be the basic, the process is derived from the state by inchoative derivation (adds some about) and the action is derived from the process by the causative derivation (adds cause).