Urban Urban Poverty and Homelessness

Suggestion of Model Related with Privatization of Sports MUSTAFA AVCI

Anadolu University, Yunus Emre Campus, Faculty of Law, Head of Administrative Law Department,

Tepebasi, Eskisehir, 26470 TURKEY

At the present time, in line with significant decrease in classical statist approaches and understanding of state sovereignty, there has been changes in public services understanding as well. State is no longer the unique mechanism to produce services. Furthermore, the understanding of undertaking of most of the social needs within the scope of public services by private sector and non-governmental organizations based or volunteering defined as third sector and the state taxing and monitoring such services is gaining importance. What is expected from state is the undertaking of activities and services that are not exercised by private sector due to fruitlessness but should be continued for the benefit of public. This expectation at the basic level, is nothing but neo-liberal thought which has been gaining impetus worldwide especially beginning with 1980's. Within this scope, the public service characteristics of sports is becoming more crucial. All branches of sports except football do not seem profitable in terms of management. As defined in the related articles of Constitution of Turkish Republic, sports activities are revealed as social needs of which undertaking are beneficial to society without a doubt. This caused the administration to present sports as a public service. But today, privatization is becoming common in sports as well just like in all other sectors. One of reasons of this popularity, is the contribution of sponsorship to sports as well as recent huge gains in this area.

Privatization is the transfer of public ownership to private sector and thus providing of withdrawal of state from economic activities. The term of privatization in Turkey is mostly related with transfer of ownership and management of Government Business Enterprises to private sector. The main actors that lead governments especially in developing countries to privatization is the incapability of state on effective use of sources. Thus, state owned institutions generally make loss and since these loses are loaded on public, the living standard of public decrease. In this project study, the subject of privatization of sports, as a new area of study in Turkey, has been examined, it is estimated that articles both in Turkish and English that will be published in national and international legal journals, will contribute to both theory and implementations in the field.

Keywords: Sports Law, Privatization, Public Service, Activities of Sports

The Disappearance of Democracy: Myth or Reality?

Oezlem Becerik Yoldas

Department of Public Administration, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Biga Faculty of Business

and Administrative Science, Biga, Turkey

The intense discussion among democratic critics on the current situation of democracy oscillate between achievement and failure. Although democracy seems as a young project in the current understanding of democracy, it is considered as the best form of rule in modern societies. But on the other side, in recent years, a revival from the point of view of democratic theory has emerged which put the form of democracy in question. Especially, European countries are faced with democratic deficit in consequence of lack of accountability, transparency of decisions and last but not least participatory opportunities.

There is certainly some scepticism that democracy is still sustainable, as the worldwide continuing social, economic and environmental problems led to a loss of trust in political and economic institutions and indeed in democracy. In this context, the sociologist Ralph Dahrendorf (2002) diagnosed the crises of democracy in the globalization process, whereby the symptoms of the crises began to emerge on different levels. Against this background, the main impacts of the current crisis are important subjects of diverse political-science analysis.

For this reason, the main aim of this paper is to give a clear representation over the current situation of democracy and to determine whether democracy will disappear or will lose its basis for legitimacy in future.

Keywords: democracy, crisis, globalization, future of democracy

Paradoxes of Democracy: Trust in Democracy

Yunus Yoldas

Department of International Relations, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Biga Faculty of Business

and Administrative Sciences, Biga, Turkey

"Trust is an elementary component of social life. In this respect, it is unavoidable to point out that democracy would not exist without trust and vice versa. The decline of trust in political institutions and in political systems is at the heart of the political debate in modern societies which is interpreted as a diffuse dissatisfaction of citizens.

The accelerated inter- and transnational networking of economic and financial markets, a strong competititon of many economies for global market shares, worldwide migration movements, problematic demographic changes and processes, deep global concerns and financial crisis, social, political and cultural frictions with the consequence of a decline of confidence in political and economic institutions put the meaning of democracy into question. It is criticized that both economic factors and political power (knowledge) used incorrectly by political elites can lead to a loss of trust in democracy in the 21st century.

Against this background, the aim of the paper is to analyze on the basis of trust the paradoxes of democracy and to show the impacts of democracy on the concept of trust, respectively."

Keywords: paradoxes of democracy, trust, political trust, democracy

Workplace Harassment of Michel Foucault is Attempting to Read from the Window: Universities in Particular

Assiye AKA Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey

"Michel Foucault's works again when reviewing the analysis of the modern world has been very real level of analysis once again to become a witness. Almost all of his works which are widely spread and deep tissues of the relations of ruling this ruling as State-specific mutual relations and is reversible, but these relationships and interaction is not the ownership of the network, it is possible to see how often the theme is handled. The subject of this statement is still in college and has ongoing mobbing (workplace harassment-bezdirge) the severity of Foucault's ""the birth of the prison,"" the classic power generated paths in hierarchical order, normalization (reward-penalty), exams, mechanisms, manifested as the audience left and silence then accompanied by psychological and guidance services management/production and reproduction to discuss the type of violence and provided this type of violence prevention, and legal and social mechanisms to cope functionality is to stand on. The subject of this statement is still in college and has ongoing mobbing (workplace harassment-bezdirge) the severity of Foucault's ""the birth of the prison,"" the classic power generated paths in hierarchical order, normalization (reward-penalty), exams, mechanisms, manifested as the audience left and silence then accompanied by psychological and guidance services management/production and reproduction to discuss the type of violence and provided this type of violence prevention, and legal and social mechanisms to cope functionality is to stand on. Because this type of violence is primarily prevention and coping seems to be much more applicable to the teaching learning/pathways. The reason for this is that this type of violence in people exposed to irreparable psychological and social wounds occurred. In addition, this situation is not a single person, it affects the whole interaction networks around the person due to the life-long negative due to a separate practical importance."

Keywords: Mobbing, Violence, Power Relations, Higher Education

Abstract No: 7007

Modern School Understanding of Ivan Illich

Abdullah Durakoglu Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant Izzet Baysal Universty, Bolu, Turkey

"One of the institutions criticized by modern philosopher Ivan Illich (1926-2002) who criticizes modern institutions is schools. According to him an educated society is possible even without schools. Fundamental term of him who claimed that most of the education occur outside educational institutions is alienation. As for him schools in modern educational systems alienates preparations for life so that students are deprived of real education and creativity. These people are no longer interested in similar topics and unprepared for the surprises that may happen at any time of their lives. Education as a tool has come to a pretty pass that learning from experiences at firsthand including the knowledge of cooking, kindness, sexuality has been adopted to packaged goods. Because all lesson programs have turned into economical goods in time, people feel less confident. That’s why they think that they

need education. People who think that they need education, feels that modern world has alienated to themselves. According to Illich it is people who have alienated not the world. In this study on Illich’s

modern school understanding the term alienation is dealt mostly. Another term that he frequently mentioned in his works is learning. Therefore, how he defines learning is also mentioned in this paper. At the end of the paper modern school understanding of Illich is given. Universities in medieval times and the universities founded after 1960s are also compared in this part. As for Illich ideal universities served in medieval times. In this part why he saw these universities ideal is also discussed. At the end

of the paper it is understood that Illich’s main concern institutionalization and especially schooling are the main threats that cause alienation of people. Moreover, it is seen that Illich standardizes education system including even socialist countries because capitalist order dominates the world. "

Keywords: Illich, alienation, Education, Learning, School.

Abstract No: 7009

Geographical Distribution Characteristics of the Romanies making a Living from Fairs in Turkey

Vedat Çalışkan

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart üniversitesi, Coğrafya Bölümü, Terzioğlu Kampüsü, Merkez/ÇANAKKALE

"Traditional fairs are shopping environments which are set up in the form of merchandise and/or animal fairs predominantly in districts and at specific time intervals once or twice a year and where the functions of trade and entertainment are offered together. Although the fairs, about two-thirds of which disappeared in the Republican period, have lost their previous significance and importance, they go on reviving the economy and the social life at the localities with a limited socio-economic life. A large number of mobile tradesmen who reside in various settlements of Turkey still make a living substantially from the fairs. Of these mobile trade people, Romanies in particular have been drawing attention by undertaking the entertainment services of the fairs for a long while.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the places of origin (residence) of the “Traditional Fair Romanies” and the fairs at which they operate. The research findings reveal that the Romanies

making a living from fairs reside in a total of 22 provinces predominantly located in the west of Turkey. In addition, presence of the Romani population has also been detected in some settlements which have not been mentioned in the studies on Romanies in Turkey to date. The data evaluated within the scope of the study are based on the fieldwork carried out at the sample fairs distributed in

13 provinces in the four geographical regions of Turkey. Besides the questionnaires applied to the fair tradesmen within the scope of the research, questionnaires were also applied, by post, to the municipalities of various settlements where the fairs were organised."

Keywords: Romanies, Romanies in Turkey, County Fairs, Ethnic Group, Mobile sellers,

Defining itself in poems: Mahlas Beyits in Diwan of Şeyhülislâm Yahyâ

Zeynep Dinçer Berdibek

Gazi University, Literature Faculty, Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Ankara-Turkey

"In a literary text, characterization and interpretation of author by himself, or in other word, looking at himself through the literary text is highly important. This gives us very useful information about the art and identity of author. So we have very little knowledge on the basis of the authors and poets works are tried to be understood and learned on this occasion. This is necessary particularly in the field of classical Turkish Literature; because there is not enough information about most of the poets living in this period.

Şeyhülislâm Yahyâ is also among those names. In the 17th, he was poet that mostly in related area with Ottoman literature. At the same h e was Şeyhülislâm. There is no too much information about Yahya’s personality, identity, emotions.

Therefore, in this study will focus on the personality, art of Şeyhulislam Yahya by also looking at his own studies and interpretation of himself. For the starting point, it will be chosen some mahlas beyits from his Diwan. Finally, it will be analyzed and be made variety assessment about the hahlas beyits of

the Şeyhulislam Yahya that he mentions about himself and the degree of self-love by comparing other p oets’ statement. "

Keywords: Poet, Classical Turkish Literature, Mahlas, Beyit, Poem

EXPERIMENTAL PRINTMAKING IN THE FIELD OF PRINTMAKING ART EDUCATION AND YOUNG ARTISTS

Saime Dönmezer Printmaking Department, Anadolu University, Tepebaşı, Eskişehir, Turkey

"The department of Printing Arts in The Fine Arts Faculty of Anadolu University opened for education in 2000-2001 school year. The department, which has the speciality of being opened as the first department in Turkey, continues to raise students with its up-to-date curriculum. Besides from including traditional techniques in the academic program, a lot of lessons, which include disciplines

catching the era, are given to individuals. As being one of these, experimental printmaking class is an alternative to practical and experimental printing processes. The student who know the techniques of traditional printing generates a new language with the experimental techniques. New trials indicate that there are different approaches and teach several perspectives to the students. These kind of lessons are inevitable to introduce printing

techniques and to promote self-improvement. These sort of improvements are supported by joint projects. In the experimental printing lesson, students raise self and departmental awareness with the lessons they choose. In classic way, printmaking was always used to hung in a frame while exhibiting.

The frame isolates the work and builds a barrier against outside. A lot of disciplines undertake unitary duty. The most important reason of being recognized and becoming widespread of printmaking in Turkey is that the youngs who were sent to abroad for education chose printmaking as their

department. This awareness is the major factor of the development of the department. Thanks to this generation, printmaking got out ofthe school walls, took its place in the art market, and created a customer mass. Printmaking artists served well for both the development of the department and the

wider recognition for printmaking by setting up individual ateliers and maintaining their arts in those ateliers. All the departments, which were opened in Turkey and planned to be opened, were examined so as tounder line the foundations and the place of printmaking in those foundations in Turkey. In this

Virtual techniques in the marketing process

Semih Dönmezer Anadol Universtity

"This paper will discusses factors that may contribute to virtual technics in marketing process in immersive virtual environments. We also distinguish between external factors, that is those wholly determined by the hardware and software, visual technology employed to generate the marketing environment, and expectation of global market, objectives, strategy, new simulation and visualization methods, Individualization, Mass Customization, exploding variants, mastering cross-media, multi- channel marketing, fast product change, shortening Time-To-Campaign,

Differentiations vs. competition how to get marketing inputs to the virtual technique and in virtual reality. The virtual technique known as virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) is used as a basis for high tech marketing. The paper also considers consumer analysis, purchasing habits, consumer expectation, and customer satisfaction as important factor. How the virtual environment represents a participant —as a customer and Market research and environmental analysis."

Keywords: virtual reality, virtual technics, Augmented Reality, virtual reality

The Effect of Tourism and Travel Barriers on the Mental Health of the Physically Handicapped

Aizada Kenzhebayeva Department of Tourism Management, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey

Physical handicaps are an important problem thoroughly examined recently. This increased visibility is due to the increase in the number of handicapped people and society’s changing perspective. Active

efforts of handicapped people around the world to defend their rights forced governments to change their attitudes. Now governments are working to meet the needs and to solve the social problems of handicapped people.Basically every country should provide the same educational, employment and social rights to the handicapped people as the other people. Tourism is one of the important tools that can be used to encourage handicapped people to participate to the social life and to improve their social skills. Tourism sector represents an adequate national resource for the improvement of social health. Therefore it can contribute to the development of physical and psychological health of handicapped people. Moreover tourism can help to establish social relations, to improve empathy, to

broaden people’s horizons, to advance cultural interaction, to gain knowledge, and hence to improve the personal development and life quality. When we examine the international literature, we found many travel barriers faced by handicapped people, found mostly using qualitative methods. Their

basic contribution will be to remove the existing barriers, and to increase direct or indirect participation of handicapped people to touristic activities. But there are few evidences found in the existing literature on the relation between travel barriers and intention to travel as a tourist. The aim of

this study is to investigate the relation between the travel barriers and individual’s intent to travel and the mediating role of psychological variables on this relation, and therefore to determine the road to follow in order to increase of the intent of handicapped people to participate to touristic activities.

Keywords: disabled tourism, travel barriers, handicapped people

Contemporary Approach to Traditional Çini Motifs: Sample on Eskisehir”Ceramic Park”

Sidika Sibel SEVIM Anadolu University, Graduate School of Fine Arts, Eskisehir, TURKEY

"which should have produced human beings throughout the ages functional as well as artistic pottery, rituals related to the life, beliefs, and they reflect the everyday life as a pictorial three-dimensional objects. Ceramic vessel, which was born with the need to cup (8000 BC) Although it is principally one of the world's oldest art forms, but also the science and industry fields.

The development and existence of ceramics produced in that era continue in parallel with the development of civilization, history, technology, the philosophy presented by transferring information from the past to the present day civilization and culture. For this reason ceramics has undertaken the present document and knowledge transfer missions in the past. Ceramic; This transfer will host the decor with applied motifs and patterns on the form and in the form.

Visual reflection of the culture and tradition in the decor of the generated form has come to the fore. This is reflected in Anatolia in the 13th century 'is also observed in the Seljuk period started motifs are widely used in ceramic tiles. Both the Seljuk, Ottoman Era design requirements of tile motifs produced and appreciation of the community in which applications are examined, beliefs, showed that adherence to tradition and culture. Examples of our tradition of carrying the documentary, one of the major spokesman of our history and our culture

Production today is a cultural heritage of the tiles; replicas, continues in the form of stylization and contemporary interpretations. These applications, the sociological structure of the analysis of the age, how to be considered as are produced as technical considerations. Comments expertise to a hearing and require in-depth research and study after analyzing relevant. In this context, the example of a contemporary approach to traditional tile motifs ""Eskisehir Ceramic Park"" project will be analyzed"

Keywords: ceramic, interpretations, tiles, ceramic park

REVIEW ON CONTEMPORARY TURKISH CERAMIC SCULPTURE ART

Cemalettin SEVIM Anadolu University, Faulty of Fine Arts, Ceramic Department

"Ceramic history which today is one of the most important metarials. For centuries, built with ceramic materials kitchen equipment, architectural elements and religious forms it is important traces of the culture. In this context, between past and future ceramic art establishes an organic link is an area where there is also the expression of the figurines to large sculptures as a means of expression. These sculptures are giving us information about past cultures and societies can follow the most important museums in Anatolia. Nowadays, the ceramic sculpture, contemporary works inspired by the culture of the past are still being produced. When produced contemporary ceramic sculptures and the different

approaches of the artists, we get information about artist’s style and production techniques. The development of technology and society today are ceramic sculptures produced in parallel to the

differentiation of technical, production, and content is subject unlike the previous period; abstract and reflects the understanding of contemporary art with contemporary interpretations. The role of many ceramic artists and art educators in bringing this level of ceramic sculpture is great. There are many ceramic artists produce ceramic sculpture today in Turkey.

This article describes the history of ceramic sculpture in Turkey, ceramic artists to produce ceramic sculpture, techniques will be referred to the production method and the artists' works."

Keywords: Sculpture, Ceramics, Contemporary, Artist

TURKISH WORDS IN GEORGİAN

Hülya Pilancı, Manana Bakhutashvili Departman of Turkish Language and Literature, Anadolu University, Turkey

"Language is the most powerful but also the most variable element of culture. Each nation's history, material and spiritual culture, language is developing into contact with other nations.

According to sources, the first relations between Georgia and Turkey are based on 4-11 centuries. Resources show that Georgian nation had close relations with Turkish tribes, like Huns, Khazars and Kivchags, who was living in the north Caucasia. In time to Georgian language, to the different areas has entered many Turkish words. Both languages have very different structure and processing system. Therefore, words from the Turkish have complied with the sound structure of the Georgian, these word suffered semantic changes, expansions or contraction of meaning has emerged. According to Georgian linguists, the word from different languages passing to Georgian varies; according to the semantic essence, space of the use, Georgian linguistic habits and according to the Georgian reality.

This study, with historical, social, economic, political and literary relations, developing linguistic exchanges between Georgian and Turkish includes result “Turkish Words in Georgian’’. Thereby it is

hoped, that a small number of Turkish resources which were written about Georgian-Turkish will be contributed."

Keywords: relations between Georgia and Turkey, linguistic exchanges

The Reimbursement Simulation Based on Diagnosis Related Groups: Comparison of Turkey and Australia

Umit Cirakli, Umut Beylik Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Universit of Bozok, Yozgat, Turkey

The aims of DRG-based financing systems are generally "to improve transparency, to ensure efficiency and to support the administration of hospitals. Countries continuing to the DRG implamantation have managed to make productivity improvements in indicators such as the average length of stay, number of beds, average costs of case. The aim of this study is to make evaluations by

comparing the reimbusement simulations of 14 hospitals in Turkey via Turkey’s and Australia’s the DRG relative values, which are obtained by 20 DRGs with the highest frequency in 2009 in Turkey.

As a result, it has been found that the reimbursements via Turkey’s and Australia’s DRG relative values were quite different. Especially, because the differencess between relative values are directly

related to this deviation, the transisiton process to DRG implemantation should be directed by foreseeing the health status, cost structures, social and economic differences between countries. In this study, it has been also made comparisons of the hospitals, and so it has been seen the types of hopitals are an important factor in DRG diversity and frequecny, this kind of comparisions is thought be an important resource fort he evaluation of local health structures.

Keywords: Diagnosis Related Groups, Comparison, Financing

Registered Capital System Within the Context of Measures to be Taken in Capital Market

Hediye Bahar Sayın Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Eskişehir Turkey

The objective of Capital Market Law, is to provide operation and development of capital market in reliable, efficient, fair and transparent environment and arrangement and monitoring of capital market in order to protect rights and benefits of investors /Cap. Market article 1). Board of Capital Market is equipped with authorities to make monitoring, to undertake necessary transactions and take measures to achiece reliable, transparent and efficient operation of capital market. This means, the Board is obliged to make necessary arrangements and monitoring for realizations of objectives defined in Law. The Board is authorized to take several measures other than the penal clauses of legislations after the inspections undertaken by qualified professionals. These measures have been arranged in articles 91 to 101 of Capital Market Law. Such measures can be grouped as follows: Measures to be implemented in illegal exports, measures to be implemented illegal transactions of exports and transactions to decrease capital or assets, measures to be implemented in registered capital system, measures to be implemented in transfer of hidden income, assigning observers in meetings of general boards, measures to be implemented in illegal activities or transactions of capital market boards, measures to

be implemented in dissolution or bankruptcy, measures to be implemented in illegal announcements, promotions, advertisements and explanations, measures to be implemented in information abuse and market frauds inspections. The issue is very wide and detailed. Thus, the study aims to examine the determination of measures in registered capital system to provide reliable, efficient, fair and transparent environment and arrangement and monitoring of capital market in order to protect rights and benefits of investors and to determine the scopes of such measures.

Keywords: Capital Market Law, Measure, Registered Capital

Review on Contemporary Turkish Ceramic Sculpture Art

Cemalettin SEVIM Anadolu University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Ceramic Department, Eskisehir, TURKEY

Ceramic history which today is one of the most important materials. For centuries, built with ceramic materials kitchen equipment, architectural elements and religious forms it is important traces of the culture. In this context, between past and future ceramic art establishes an organic link is an area where there is also the expression of the figurines to large sculptures as a means of expression. These sculptures are giving us information about past cultures and societies can follow the most important museums in Anatolia. Nowadays, the ceramic sculpture, contemporary works inspired by the culture of the past are still being produced. When produced contemporary ceramic sculptures and the different

approaches of the artists, we get information about artist’s style and production techniques.The development of technology and society today are ceramic sculptures produced in parallel to the

differentiation of technical, production, and content is subject unlike the previous period; abstract and reflects the understanding of contemporary art with contemporary interpretations. The role of many ceramic artists and art educators in bringing this level of ceramic sculpture is great. There are many ceramic artists produce ceramic sculpture today in Turkey. This article describes the history of ceramic sculpture in Turkey, ceramic artists to produce ceramic sculpture, techniques will be referred to the production method and the artists' works.

Keywords: Sculpture, Ceramics, Contemporary, Artist

THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROMOTION MIX: THE CASE OF 5TH INTERNATIONAL MERSİN CITRUS FESTIVAL

Kandemir Atceken, Umit DOGRUL, Serap CABUK IIBF, Mersin Universitesi, Mersin, Turkiye

The role of social media in promotion activities has increased rapidly with the developing of technology. In recent years, it is seen that discussion regarding the practice of the subject is inadequate although the increasing intrest on social media. For this aim, study wants to discuss the importance of the social media within the promotion activities in the context of 5th International Mersin Citrus Festival. In this context, the studies carried out within the social media planning and data obtained from the official Facebook page report reviewed. At the same time, a questionaire study, convenience sampling method, with 207 visitors was conducted to determine which communication resource the visitors learned the festival from. When results are evaluated, it is understood that social media is one of the important communication resource for festival.

Keywords: Promotion Mix, Festival, Social Media, Facebook

Lighthouses with multiple functions through Mediterranean Harbor Cities

Nilgün ÇÖL Anadolu Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Eskişehir/Türkiye

Harbor establishments can be seen in the coastal areas of Mediterranean since the 4000 B.C. However the town identity and harbor establishment are getting related in architecture since 1200 B.C. Geographical factors, Topographical constructions. tool-technic relation, religious and social structure in societies are effected the physical structure in harbor towns in Mediterranean area. the relationship between harbor and sea not only effecting the shape and style in architecture but also revealing the functional establishments. The harbor towers usually defined as lighthouse however they have a significant roles in the defense of the town, protecting the precious goods, administrative tasks and custom. Also they have a significant role in being the most striking structure of the harbor towns. Rhodes, Alexandria, Genova, Naples, Galata and Marsielles are the ones that helded as a great examples for those harbor towns.

Keywords: Mediterranean, Harbor establishments, Rhodes, Naples, Galata

Nature of a Child in the Mind of Francesco Tonnucci

Abdullah Durakoğlu AİBÜ Kampüsü Filiz Apt. No: 10 Gölköy/ BOLU

"Some cities in Latin countries such as Spain, Mexico, Argentina have taken part in the project of children’s city carried out in more than forty countries of Italy. The children can play outside on their

own, go to school themselves as for this project which is accomplished with Municipal Corporation. Firstly, Tonnucci’s, leading character of the project, ideas on conflict between children and adults are

given in this paper on children understanding. According to him adults are responsible for the conflict because they are not informed enough about the nature of the children. Therefore, all the places including the houses and the cities are designed for the adults. With the increase in the number of the cars the cities have become more chaotic and the conflict between the children and the adults has become tenser. According to Tonnucci, who insists that it is not a good solution to turn some parts of the cities into parks but the whole city should be designed for the kids to live freely and safely. According to Tonnucci, who claims that even the parks are not suitable for the nature of the

children, these places are filled with devices thought for repeated actions such as swings and ski like hamsters. However children do not like doing things like hamsters. The starting point of Tonnucci’s project is that people have some instincts from birth. Therefore, Tonnucci’s ideas on which abilities and instincts people do have from birth are given in the paper. At the end of the paper, it is found out that the sole ai m of Tonnucci’s children city project is to support the children with their freedom. The secondary aim of the project can be explained as to protect children from dangers and have them lead

a safe life in the cities. " Keywords: Tonnucci, Children, Nature, City, Project.

From Tradition to The Future: Anonymous and Composed Lullaby Examples of Turkish Culture

PINAR KASAPOGLU AKYOL Ankara University Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Room No: 308, 06100

Sihhiye/Ankara

Lullabies, that constitute the anonymous folk music products, are the first example of verbal communication between mothers and the babies from the moment the babies were born. Lullabies are universal language of love and kindness in most cultures. In this presentation, first of all, the universal examples of lullabies and their functions are summarized, then Turkish lullabies are focused in details. They are examined in their meaning, structures, place of in written culture and Turkish lullaby singing tradition with some examples. In addition, with a limited number of oral sources, a sample research conducted to address parents preference of lullabies to their babies. It demonstrated that instead of singing lullabies to children by themselves with a traditional way, lullabies are mostly listened from the lullaby albums, baby toys and the rest of the internet networking sites. As a consequence of the technology emerging and culture changing process in modern lives effect the traditional way of singing lullabies. Besides making children listen lullaby albums, nowadays also making them watch lullaby animations are very common among parents in Turkey. Another important point which attracts attention also, more recently, besides traditional lullabies there is composed and performed lullabies by professional artists, especially by men. In short, in this presentation it will be focused on Turkish lullabies with some traditional and modern examples and the changing process of lullaby singing tradition and its evolution by time.

Keywords: Lullaby, lullaby singing tradition, cultural changing, lullaby albums, lullabies on the internet.

Privitization of Turkish Electricty Market

Nur Kaman İstanbul Şehir Üniversity Faculty of Law Batı Kampüs Altunizade Istanbul Turkey

"Electricity was a public service offered by state monopoly but after 1980s it is opened to private legal persons and competition upon amendments in Turkish Laws. Electric utility is separated which was organized as vertically-integrated and generation, transmission, distribution, wholesale and retail sales as well as import and export activities are defined as individual activity fields. As a result of horizontal separation actions done under EU Directives, Turkey is divided into 22 distribution zones and today all these zones are privatized. Transmission is still subject to state monopoly. Even though majority of power plants has been privatized, government operating power plants still exist but it is also planned to privatize them. Priority is given to private sector in construction of new power plants. Energy Market Regulatory Authority is established as an agency regulating and auditing all market activities.

In privatization process of electricity market, law- maker’s will towards liberalization to bring special law to forefront has confronted with Supreme Court organs’ resistance for a long time. At the very first stages of privatization, Supreme Court has considered this case within the framework of classic public service theory. Court orders were basically not against private legal persons to be active in electricity market but insistent on the subject that electricity activities should be performed in accordance with the principles of administrative law. By an amendment in Turkish Constitution done in 1999, provisions prohibiting Supreme Court to take decisions in this direction were enacted. Public services now can be performed by private legal persons as being subject to special law and to attract foreign investors, going to international arbitration is also enabled."

Keywords: Electricity, Privitization, Regülation

A REVIEW FOR DESIGNING ACTION WITH “PROBLEM SOLVING” METHODS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION

Duygu AKYOL, Aysel Yavuz Karadeniz Technical University Landscape Architecture Deparment Trabzon/TURKIYE

"Deparment of design education, original, and creative process ""which is the act of Designing,"" develop with creavity of the designer individuals and guidance of the players. In this process, designers individuals (students) faced major problems, thinking three- dimensional , sensing the space and identifying problems. Lack of confidence in starting to design, design to be an endless number of proposals, including difficulties in converting abstract ideas to concrete cases are among the problems encountered. Another requirement for the course of the gains obtained in the course, and that their contribution to the process of designing the assimilation of course is extremely important.

As in design education that section in the Landscape Architecture deparment "" Designing Action "" for to minimize these issues, to build relationships with each other the courses , to improve the achievements of designer individuals, make them acquainted with design problems and solutions, from time to time in the education system is being tested new learning methods for to develop proposals.

Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry degree course in Landscape Architecture department, ""Landscape Materials and Structures"" course has been evaluated under the new content to be carried out to resolve the problems mentioned with this study. In the field of education ""design acts"" and ""learning methods"" of the scope of this study is a review, students in the first week of the weekend towards the process of development in encountered design problems and solutions are exemplified by student applications and benefits are considered. It emphasized the necessity of infrastructure prerequisite for another course and to suggest for for understanding designing action.

The Multifunctionality of Community Supported Organic Agriculture: A Study Case in Taiwan

Ai-Ching Yen, Yin-An Chen Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

Community supported agriculture (CSA) is the method for producers and consumers signing a contract to protect both sides’ benefits and rights. By such pay-first -sent-after mode, consumers can

communicate face-to-face with producers, providing regular number of agriproducts by producers, and sharing producing risks together. Ostrom (1997: 68) depicted five reasons for consumers joining CSA: fresh and nutritious agriproducts, purchasing locally, supporting small farmers, gaining source of organic agriproducts, and protecting the environment. The idea is similar to multifunctionality of agriculture to demonstrate its multiple functions. OECD (2001: 6, 7) indicates non-commerce output (NCO) and commerce output (CO). Besides, multifunctionaliy has three factors as: Production and Economy, Social Culture, and Eco-Environment for researchers to analyse the CO and NCO. We attempt to analyze the effect of CSA by theory of multifunctionaly and its factors. Therefore, it is a qualitative research that data collection is made by formal or informal interview, participatory observation, and literature review. We found that in this case, CSA do provide incentives for both farmers and consumers. However, the result of practicing CSA in the case does not operate well in suppl y due to: serious insect pests, lack of fund, inefficient CSA’s revenue (for farmers’ livelihood). And also CSA in demand has some problems as: lack of vegetable diversity, high price, times to send vegetable box. Finally, we suggest that CSA has its multifunctionality to agricultural industry.

However, CSA still needs to improve the service type to both match consumers’ demand and producers’ optimum business mode.

Keywords: community supported agriculture, organic agriculture, multifunctionality, vegetable box, Taiwan

The Study of "School Administrators’ Intellectual Leadership Scale" Development

Nuray Sevinc, Hasan ARSLAN MEB, Tekirdağ, Turkey

"One of the leadership model of the future for the school administrators to be carried out professionally is the intellectual leadership approach. MacFarlane (2011) examined the leading intellectuals, professors at universities. intellectual leadership competencies revealed by Macfarlane also be considered today for school administrators such as professors. In this regard, ""School

Administrators’ Intellectual Leadership Scale "" have been developed in order to evaluate intellectual leadership competencies of school administrators.

The aim of this study is to develop a validandreliable measure for evaluating the level of school administrators’ intellectual leadership competencies. The working group of this research consists of

160 school administrators who are working in public schools in 2015-2016 academic year. School administrators were asked to assess themselves to realize their intellectual leadership competencies.The scale consists of 30 items was reduced 25 items after the validity and reliability analysis. Accordance with the theory Macfarlane scale items are grouped into six dimensions, after assessing the applications for school administrators are grouped under three dimensions.The assessment of the scale, KMO (Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy) as 0.937, Bartlett Test as 2,867 and Cronbach Alpha value as 0. 960 were founded. The findings of the study revealed that scale is validandreliable for evaluating the intellectual leadership competencies of school administrators."

Keywords: School Administrators, İntellectual Leadership, Scale Development

Perception Management in The Media

E. Özgür Gönenç İstanbul Universitesi İletisim Fakultesi Beyazit Vezneciler İstanbul

"In the world which globalise with the developpement of the technology, the speed of mass communication has increased. But we have to say that this speed has caused some negative and positive cosequences. Nowadays the media became an important part of our lives. In this context the

Notion of “Perception Management” has also become an important notion. The Notion of Perception Management is very important notion used by the medai in order to shape the perception of the people

and to orient them The media which has become the unique source of information, has an important influence on the

people. That’s why the people have to know reading well the media. 20th and 21st centuries can be defined as the centuries of disinformation because of the proliferation of the information sources. In

this article we have choosen the Notion of “Perception Management” in the reason of the importance of this notion which plays an important role in shağing the perception of the people "

Keywords: Perception, Perception Management, Media, Mass Communication

During The Iranian Revolution Sample of Propaganda Activities

SECIL OZDEMIR Bartın University

"Wars are the most innocent aspects of intergovernmental struggles. It is concrete and obvious. The sides are clear. Since the first ages of history when the intergovernmental struggles considered it can

be shown that wars are not the only way to pursue this. Especially modern era historical process shows wars have minority effect on dominance and have a lot of examples on proving the impossibility of ensuring social dominance only with weapon. Thus if the states are in struggle and they cannot reach the background of the facade they move one step back in the struggle. Nowadays there are lots of different ways and strategies to reach the background of facade. Propaganda activities are the one of the most important way that protects effectiveness today and in the past. Today propaganda activities are done by using every kind of different technological facilities, nongovernmental organizations, media, social media etc. In the past when the technological facilities were not common, gang and committee activities and communities that are the past term equivalents of nongovernmental organizations were worked in the background.

In this study, the propaganda activities which especially were in the process of Iranian Revolution are evaluated. At first, some examples are given about the organization of the opposition against the Shah’s regime. Secondly, samples from the the propaganda tools that were used by the opposition to

organize the folk are presented. As the main sources, press, newspapers, magazines and memoirs of the era are observed for this study. In conclusion, the realities beyond the fiction of the propaganda activities are indicated with concrete samples."

Keywords: Iran, Propaganda, Revolution, Iranian Revolution

At what level of corruption does economic growth decrease?

Mohamed Ali Trabelsi, Hédi Trabelsi Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia

"With reference to the grease-the-wheels hypothesis, the impact of corruption on growth seems ambiguous. Therefore, the questions to be addressed are to what extent corruption can be tolerated and at what threshold it has a detrimental effect on an economy.

In this paper, we examine the impact of corruption on economic growth by testing the hypothesis that the relationship between these two variables is nonlinear and by assessing whether the belief that corruption has detrimental effects on the economy is always true.