Proceeding of International Conference 2nd SHIELD 2017 Bandar Lampung, September 18-20

  PROCEEDINGS

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

  nd

2 SHIELD 2017

  nd

52 Dies Natalis Unila Bandar Lampung - 18-20 September 2017 - 4 International Speakers

  Organized by: Supported by: Postgraduate Program PROCEEDINGS

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

  nd

2 SHIELD 2017

  nd

52 Dies Natalis Unila Bandar Lampung - 18-20 September 2017 - 4 International Speakers

  Organized by: Supported by: Postgraduate Program

  Proceeding of International Conference 2nd SHIELD 2017 Bandar Lampung, September 18-20 th 2017 Editor: Warsono, Ph.D Prof. Dr. Sudjarwo, M.S. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib. S.H.M.Hum.

  Dr. Ir. Slamet Budi Yuwono, M.S.

  Bayu Sujadmiko, Ph.D Dr. Hasan Hariri Dr. Vivit Bertoven Dr. Melya Riniarti

  Publisher: Postgraduate Program University of Lampung and

  Research and Community Service of University of Lampung 2017

  

Foreword

In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to remarkable gains

in life. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries particularly Asian countries

face inequalities and uneven progress. Even worse, these countries are facing many problems

such as poverty, terrorism, drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex

and multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems. Because

the problems are multidimensional, we need people from cross-disciplinary interests to work

hand in hand with strong commitment, not only to face, but also to change these problems

into opportunities.

  

Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research and

Community Service of University of Lampung provides a place for academicians,

practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines related to

Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development

(SHIELD) to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular

disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to helping solve the

real-world problems.

The authors of Proceeding of 2nd SHIELD International Conference come from

academicians, practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multi-

disciplines related to Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and

Sustainable Development.

  

This conference aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations

arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference, it is expected

that the research articles can be documented and communicated throughout the countries.

  Head of Commite Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib, S.H., M.Hum.

  Welcome Address Report by the Organizing Committee Dear distinguished guests and participants, In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to remarkable gains. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries particularly Asian countries face inequalities and uneven progresses. Even worse, these countries are facing many problems such as poverty, terrorism, drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex and multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems. Because the problems are multidimensional, we need people from cross-

disciplinary interests to work hand in hand with strong commitment, not only

to face but also to change these problems into opportunities. Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research nd and Community Service of University of Lampung holds The 2 SHIELD Conference as a place for academicians, practitioners, policy makers,

researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines relating to Social Science

and Humanities, Economic, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to helping solve the real-world problems. At this second international conference, four keynote speakers from different disciplines and different countries were invited. Seventy-five authors initially submitted their abstracts before submitting their full papers, but finally only 49 full papers were accepted for publications. The authors are academicians, practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals. This conference aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations

arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference,

we hope that the research articles can be documented and communicated throughout the countries.

  I would like to thank you for your participation and look forward to having productive discussion among participants.

  Sincerely yours, Professor Muhammad Akib

  Remarks by the Rector of the University of Lampung The Honorable keynote speakers, committees, participants, ladies and gentlemen, It gives me a great pleasure to welcome all of you and chair the Opening Ceremony this morning to the Second SHIELD International Conference, jointly organized by Postgraduate Program and Institute for Research and Public Services, the University of Lampung. We

  ’d like to say how grateful we are to all the keynote speakers who have accepted our invitation. Also, we are delighted to have all of participants here to participate and share in the Second SHIELD International Conference.

  

Along with an increase in the activity of national development and dynamic

development of the international world due to globalization, then it always

be followed by the emergence of complex social, humanity, economics,

education, law and sustainable development issues. Therefore, the University of Lampung, which has a vision to be the best 10 among public universities nationwide, a mission to be a world class research university, and as the third largest state university (outside Java Island) feels compelled to draw up concepts and provide solutions to the various issues.

  In relation to these issues, practically the University of Lampung through its Postgraduate Program in collaboration with its Institute Research and Public Services organizes the Second International Conference with such disciplines as social sciences, humanities, economics, education, law and sustainable development. This international conference presents several keynote speakers who come from leading universities in the world. These activities are held in Lampung, which is one area that has a nationally important role, because it is the gateway of Sumatera Island and is strategically located for the development progress. As the arena for discussion, communication, and enrichment of the knowledge of participants, this conference is expected to provide a significant contribution to capturing opportunities for the development of science today. This conference is intended to function as a forum among the participants from various walks of life for dissemination of research results in the fields of social sciences, humanities, economics, education, law and sustainable development. The participants include practitioners, researchers, academics, students, industrialists and science observers from various organizations such as industries, state- owned enterprises, research institutions, government agencies, and public and private universities.

  To expand the horizons of thinking for the participants and to share the experiences of international researches from world experts, this conference invites four keynote speakers from four countries who will present their main papers. These speakers are:

  1. Prof. Dr. Arief Hidayat, S.H., M.S., Chairman of the Constitutional Court, Republic of Indonesia

  2. Prof. Ryohei Kada from Shijyonawate Gakuen University, Japan.

  3. Dr. Fonny Dameaty H. from University of Malaya, Malaysia.

  4. Dr. Jenny H. Panchal from James Cook University, Singapore. We are honored to have you all the speakers here in this conference, and thank you for being our keynote speakers in this conference. Finally, I do hope that this seminar can run well and all participants can participate actively.

  Sincerely yours, Rector, Prof. Dr. Hasriadi Mat Akin vi

  

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

  Tittle and Writer 1-14

COMMODIFICATION OF PAPUAN POVERTY IN TOURISM MAGAZINE

  Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi PAKSI BENAWANG AT TANGGAMUS :MARRIED RITE, 16-24

MARGINALIZED AND LOCAL WISDOM

  Bartoven Vivit Nurdin, and Damayanti 25-31

  A STUDY OF STUDENTS’ READING MOTIVATION FACTORS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AT THE THIRD GRADE OF A SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN PANGKALPINANG Erni Yulianti THE EFFECT OF THE UNITED STATE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 32-39 ON JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

STOCK EXCHANGE

  Hiro Sejati, Erna Listyaningsih and Nur Baiti PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN 40-53 STUDENTS Iin Inawati

  54-62 PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS

  Jeni Wulandari, Sam’un Jaja Raharja, Heru Nurasa, Herwan Abdul Muhyi

  63-71 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIVERSION IN CHILD CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA Nikmah Rosidah, Chaidir Ali

  72-83 MODELS & PATTERNS OF CLIENTELISM IN LAMPUNG LOCAL ELECTION

  

,

  Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Utang Suwaryo, Muradi R.Widya Setiabudi S

  POSITIVE PROTECTION: PROTECTING GENETIC RESOURCES 84-91 RELATED TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN INDONESIA Rohaini, Nenny Dwi Ariani vii

  THE MODEL OF SMES EMPOWERMENT THROUGH VILLAGE 92-101 RULES AS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PRIMARY

PRODUCT VILLAGE

  Yusnani Hasyimzum, Utia Meylina THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN LAND 102-111 ACQUISITION FOR PUBLIC INTEREST BASED ON LAND

SAVING MODEL REGULATION

  Ade Arif Firmansyah, Yos Johan Utama and HS. Tisnanta

  112-120 REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECT’S IDENTITY IN MIXED MARRIAGE THROUGH CYBERMEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF “NASIB SAYA KAWIN CAMPUR” AND “NIKAH SAMA LOKAL”

  VIDEOS ON SACHA STEVENSON’S YOUTUBE ACCOUNT) Alifia Oktrina Fayardi and Eduard Lukman

  121-126 LEGAL PROTECTION ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS FROM BLOOD RELATIONS MARRIAGE (INCEST) IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Amnawaty Hamid, Dina Juliana Anwari, Siti Nurhasanah REPRESENTATION OF SPEECH POLITENESS CULTURE 127-136 THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF HATE

SPEECH INDONESIA NETIZEN TOWARD PRESIDENT JOKOWI IN CYBERSPACE)

  Annisa Nur Muslimah Koswara , Eduard Lukman THE POSITION OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE 137-143 POSITIVE LAW OF INDONESIA

  Bayu Sujadmiko, Dheka Ermelia Putri and Bismo Jiwo Agung

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

  IN ARMED CONFLICT 144-152 ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Desy Churul Aini, Desia Rakhma Banjarani 153-160 THE PREFERENCE OF MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION ON BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT : IDENTIFICATION AND QUALITY CONSTRUCTED REPRESENTATION Dewi Lengkana, Fransisca Tapilow, Ana Ratnawulan 161-167 THE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR APPARATUS THROUGH NEW GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP COOPERATION

IN LAMPUNG TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM PUBLIC SERVICE

  Dian Kagungan, Devi Yulianti viii

  168-178 THE EFFECTS OF THE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ON THE MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE (AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON BPR IN BANYUMAS REGENCY, INDONESIA) Dona Primasari, Abdul Rohman, Fuad

  179-189 EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND LOYALTY SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ACEH INDONESIA AS THE WORLD’S BEST AIRPORT FOR HALAL TRAVELLERS Dorothy Rouly Haratua Pandjaitan

THE CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST CRIMINAL ACTS 190-201

  Eddy Rifai, Heni Siswanto, M. Farid, Anisa Cahaya Pratiwi 202-207 CHEMICAL CASTRATED SANCTION ON SEXUAL CRIME IN CHILDREN REVIEWED FROM LAW AND HEALTH ASPECT Erna Dewi, Rozi Kodarusman Warganegara 208-215 CHAOS OF FOREST RESOURCE ACCESS REGULATION: STUDY ON MORO-MORO FARMERS AT REGISTER 45 LAMPUNG FX. Sumarja THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOCUS ON FORM AND FOCUS ON 216-222 MEANING INSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

  Gede Eka Putrawan, Rafista Deviyanti, Riyan Hidayatullah STRENGTHENING MODEL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT 223-229 CRIME SPOLIATION BY THE APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL AND

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES

  Heni Siswanto, Maroni, Fathoni LEGAL ASPECT OF THE COOPERATION ON TRIPLE HELIX 230-243 MODELS IN MITIGATION ANAK KRAKATAU MOUNTAIN Heryandi WASTE BANK: THE STRATEGY AND COMMUNITY-BASED 244-249 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE Intan Fitri Meutia

  250-258 THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM ON MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE : TASK UNCERTAINTY UNCERTAINY TASK AS MODERATING VARIABLE Lego Waspodo, Rini Widianingsih, Dona Primasari 259-266 CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION OF KOREAN BEAUTY TREND WITH HALAL-CERTIFIED LOCAL COSMETICS (ANALYSIS OF “KOREAN MAKEUP LOOKS” TUTORIAL VIDEOS ON YOUTUBE) Lidya Agustina, Eduard Lukman ix

  THE USE OF IMPORTED INPUT AND MANUFACTURING 267-276

INDUSTRY PRODUCTIVITY

  Lies Maria Hamzah, Dian Fajarini THE LEGAL POLITICS OF RECALL RIGHT OF POLITICAL PARTIES 277-287 RELEVANCE WITH THE SYSTEM OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN

DYNAMICS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDONESIA

  Malicia Evendia, Armen Yasir, and Yulia Neta STRENGTHENING THE INTEGRITY OF LOCAL LEADERSHIP 288-295 AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE EFFORT TO RUN A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

  Maulana Mukhlis, Idil Akbar

  NONPENAL EFFORT IN ADDRESSING ILLEGAL FISHING IN THE 296-304 LAMPUNG PROVINCE Maya Shafira REGULATION OF THE COOPERATION LAW INTER-REGIONAL IN 305-311 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE Muhammad Akib, FX. Sumarja, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Hieronymus Soerjatisnanta HOW FAR IS THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE CONSIDERED IN 312-322 THE BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

WORLD WIDE?

  Orima Melati Davey, Ahmad Syofyan , Melly Aida RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: POSSIBILITY OF 323 -331

IMPLEMENTATION INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO PROTECT CIVILIAN

  Parulian Yusuf S, Rehulina THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COORDINATION OF FINANCIAL 332-338

SERVICES AUTHORITY AND DEPOSIT INSURANCE AGENCY (LPS) AND BANK INDONESIA TO THE TROUBLED BANK

  Ratna Syamsiar TRANSGENDER AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM: A FILM ANALYSIS OF 339-347

LOVELY MAN BY TEDDY SOERIAATMADJA

  Ria Hasna Shofiyya, Udi Rusadi TAX DEBT IN THE BANKRUPTCY DISPUTE: INDUSTRIES BADJA 348-359 GARUDA INC. V.S. TAX OFFICE OF MEDAN BELAWAN a

  Rilda Murniati ,Richmond Cosmas Tobias x

  360-366 SPREADING OF POOR HOUSEHOLD AROUND WAN ABDUL RACHMAN FOREST PARK AND MANGROVE FOREST IN SIDODADI VILLAGE (STUDY IN SIDODADI VILLAGE SUB DISTRICT OF TELUK PANDAN DISTRICT OF PESAWARAN) Rizki Bahagia Utama, Rommy Qurniati, Arief Darmawan 367-373

THE PROTECTION OF

  INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: CASE OF KASEPUHAN CIPTAGELAR Rudi Wijaya, Rudy

  374-383 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION THROUGH A SHIFT IN CROPPING AREA ONTO THE UPPER STREAM REGION: MEASURING COFFEE BEANS RESPONSE IN PHYSICAL QUALITY Samsul Bakri, Agus Setiawan, Ida Nurhaida 384-392 MARINE POLLUTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE AND SETTLEMENT DISPUTES Siti Azizah, Safira Salsabila Annisa Musthofa 393-397

LAW PROBLEM ON THE COASTAL VILLAGE

  Siti Khoiriah, Rudi Wijaya EFFECT OF SELF EFFICIENCY AND TRAINING TO CAREER 398-402 DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHER STUDENTS IN THE SUBJECT OF

BEKASI CITY

  Suherman, Dede Hamdani, Romlie Ardie THE ROLE OF CREATING SHARED VALUE (CSV) TO ENFORCE 403-411 SOCIAL WELFARE FOR STAKEHOLDER Sunaryo; I Ketut Dharma, Putra Yoga

  412-418 DRAMATURGY STUDY ON COMMUNICATIONS BY GAY IN BANDAR LAMPUNG Toni Wijaya

  419-426 THE ETHNIC

  IMMIGRANT LIVING IN SIDOWALUYO VILLAGE, SIDOMULYO SUBDISTRICT, SOUTH LAMPUNG DISTRICT Trisnaningsih, Buchori Asyik, Sudjarwo THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (FSA) 427-435 FUNCTION IN THE SUPERVISION OF THE GOOD CORPORATE

GOVERNANCE (GCG)

IMPLEMENTATION FOR BANKING

  Yulia Hesti, Nenny Dwi Ariani

  436-448 THE INFLUENCE OF SEGMENTING STRATEGY AND BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGY ON CONSUMER PURCHASING DECISION (STUDY AT SMARTPHONE SAMSUNG IN INDONESIA) Annisa Nurawalia, Faila Shofa xi

  449-455 RESOLUTION MODEL ON HORIZONTAL VIOLENCE CONFLICTS

  IN LOCAL MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE, INDONESIA Hartoyo, Abdul Syani LIVELIHOODS ASSETS CHANGES OF COMMUNITY FOREST 456-465 FARMERS ON PROTECTION FOREST Hari Kaskoyo, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Christine Wulandari, Rommy Qurniati, Irwan Sukri Banuwa

MAPPING THE INDIGENOUS CONFLICT OF INDONESIA: 1945-2017

  466-474 Budiyono, Meylina U.

  

Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Tourism Magazine

Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi

  

Faculty of Social Scirnce and Political Science, University of Lampung

amadea.dwi@alumni.ui.ac.id

Abstract

  Tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand with text, which shaped all forms of language including words and pictures. They are usually equipped with beautiful photojournalism to attract tourists. However, in contrast to their articles in general, there is an article featuring depressing photographs of Papuans who are perfunctory below the poverty line. This research is conducted to analyze the discourse of photojournalism in Manusia Rawa Papua article on

  National Geographic Traveler Indonesia magazine. The research was done by doing text

  analysis using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics theory. Based on the signs from the semiotics perspective, the result of this study shows a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor. This pathetic condition is then used as a commodification to attract the attention of magazine readers, who come from the upper middle class.

  Keywords : commodification, photojournalism, semiotics, tourism magazine; 1.

   Introduction

  Tourism plays an important role in the economic sector. The increase of visit numbers will increase the profit for some types of business in the tourism industry and the employment opportunities in tourist destinations (Wahab, 1997: 13). However, there are three stimuli that usually affect these tourists’ decision to travel; one of them is symbolic stimulus. Symbolic stimulus is the word, sentence, and image that the travel industry propagates for media promotion, such as newspapers, general magazines, and tourism magazines (Ross, 1998: 69). The existence of a symbolic stimulus that can influence the tourists’ visit impacts the media industry; whose stakeholders are competing each other to feature interesting photojournalism.

  Basically, tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand

by text. Peter Garrett and Allan Bell in their book, Approaches to Media Discourse, mentioned that

texts are all forms of language, including words, speech, music, images, sound effects, and imagery

(1998: 3). But, as a promotion media of tourist destinations, tourism magazines would require

photojournalism in order to describe the destination’s condition more clearly to the readers.

  However, tourism magazines do not always featuring beautiful photojournalism. One of the proofs can be seen in the article Manusia Rawa Papua in National Geographic Traveler Indonesia

volume 7 number 7, which was published in July 2015. Contrast to other articles in the same

magazine or other tourism magazines, this article shows the depressing photographs of Papuans who

are perfunctory under the poverty line. From this article, it is safe to see that communities in Udagaga,

Kayobiro, and Adona (UKA) village in Papua fulfill their daily necessities from local in their village.

  Yet the fact that the article Manusia Rawa Papua became Editor’s Choice article in National

  Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7 makes it more interesting. is a reference for Indonesian readers who like to

  National Geographic Traveler Indonesia

travel, both inside and outside the country. The majority of its readers are groups of men and women

aged 20-35 years with Socioeconomic Status (SES) A+, A, and B and work as employees or

  1 ₁

employers . This reader group indicates that National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a magazine

Pasang Iklan Majalah National Geographic Traveler. (n.d.). August 21, 2017.

  

that consumed by upper middle class. This fact is also reinforced by the high rate of advertising on

National Geographic Traveler Indonesia as can be seen in the following table.

  Table 1. Rate card of

  National Geographic Traveler Indonesia 2015

  Source: Media content actually does not reflect events perfectly. It is a representation of a world that has been selected and translated by the media. It is very likely to be used as commodities in commodification practice (Mosco, 2009: 133). Based on this statement, Papuan poverty reflection that is featured in article

  Manusia Rawa Papua is then suspected of being deliberately commodified in

  commodification practice. Therefore, the research question that will be discussed in this research is “How the commodification process of poverty occurs in photojournalism in article Manusia Rawa

  

Papua, based on Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics analysis method?”. Regarding this research

  question, the purpose of this research is to analyze the commodification process of poverty in article Manusia Rawa Papua based on the study of meaning of icon, index, and symbol.

  Prior to this research, the author have found some previous research on photojournalism studying both non-tourism and tourism magazine, and the commodification of poverty in the mass media. One research that discusses photojournalism is a research entitled “Problems in Photojournalism: realism , the nature of news, and the humanitarian narrative” by John Taylor in 2010. Through this research, Taylor raised three problems that often arise related to the importance of photojournalism in the daily press. The first problem concerns to the compromised nature of photography as a foundation for authentic eye-witness reports. The second problem derives from the poor states of the newspaper industry as a reliable source of public record. Then, the third problem relates to how effective hard-hitting documentary record might be, given that readers are supposed to be quickly bored by images of suffering, unknown strangers. The result suggests that photography is not present as a medium that offers meaning in a transparent way. Then, it also suggests that depressing photos are allowed in the press, as long as it can lead readers to the truth and provide positive knowledges.

  Another research that discusses photojournalism in tourism magazine is a research entitled “Analisis Foto Jurnalistik Majalah Travel Xpose (Studi Analisis Semiotika Mengenai Foto Wisata Indonesia dalam Rubrik Domestik Majalah Travel Xpose)

  ” by Dawam Syukron in 2013. This research is conducted to gain the meaning of photojournalism in

  Travel Xpose magazine. The

  meaning includes denotation, co nnotation, and mythology and ideology based on Roland Barthes’ theory. The research was conducted by qualitative approach using semiotics analysis method. The result showed that photos, whether that records incidental events or planned and factually based on the field, had a hidden meaning behind them. The photos are shown to attract public sympathy.

  Meanwhile, the research that discuss commodification in mass media can be seen from a research entitled “Komodifikasi Kemiskinan dalam Acara Televisi (Analisis Semiotika John Fiske Mengenai Komodifikasi Kemiskinan dalam Acara “Orang Pinggiran” yang Ditayangkan di Trans 7)” by Anis Haifa K. Nisa in 2014. This research raised the poverty that became a media product and a popular show to attract the attention of the audience or advertisers. The purpose is to determine the process of commodification poverty that occurred in the show Orang Pinggiran. The research was conducted with qualitative approach using John Fiske’s semiotics analysis method, with level of reality, representation, and ideology. The result showed that at the level of reality, the signs of poverty are clearly displayed through the shabby clothes, the expression of sadness, and the house that is not feasible. At the level of representation, editing techniques can make the show more dramatic and moving. At the ideological level, it is clear that this show has a close relationship with capitalist ideology. Poverty is seen as a high-value commodity. Then, the characteristics of audience that tend to accept what they see without seeing what happens behind the text are exploited by the capitalist by designing a product that has the greatest potential to profit as much as possible using the smallest capital.

  Based on the aforementioned research studies, the author have not found a study that focuses on researching the commodification of poverty in tourism magazine using photo semiotics analysis method. Thus, the result of this research are expected to complement some previous research on commodification, semiotics, or photojournalism in tourism magazines.

  1.1 Commodification

  Vincent Mosco, in his book entitled

  The Political Economy of Communication, wrote that

  commodification is the process of transforming use values into exchange values. Based on Adam Smith’s explanation, the use values and exchange values are two values that can distinguish a product. The use values come from human satisfaction of a particular want or need, while the exchange values is based on what the product produces in exchange (2009: 129). More specifically, Mosco defines commodification as the process of transforming goods and services, including communication, which are valued for what they will bring in the marketplace. Meanwhile, commodities are a form of production that is regulated through the exchange process. Commodities are a special form of product when their production is organized through the exchange process (2009: 156).

  Communication is mentioned as a potential arena as a place of commodification. Speaking of communication, Mosco discloses three types of commodification that are important for communication. The first type is commodification of content. This commodity is at the center of the

  

study of the political economy of media and communications. This commodity occurs when the

message or content of the communication is treated as a commodity. The second type is the

commodification of audiences. In this commodification, the political economy puts some attention on

the audience, especially in an attempt to understand the general practice in the way advertisers pay for

the size and quality (the trend for consumption) of audiences, magazines, websites, radio, or television

programs. The third type is the commodification of labor. Communications workers who are also

commodified as wage labor have grown significantly in the media job market (Mosco, 2009: 133-

141).

  1.2 Market-Driven Journalism John H. McManus, in explaining market-driven journalism, reveals that market advantage

should apply very well to commercially produced journalistic products. The journalistic product can

trade on four different types of markets at the same time. It starts from the market for audiences,

where media companies can sell a certain number of newspapers or parts of television viewing. Then,

the stock market, where the company's shares can be bought and sold. Furthermore, the advertising

market, where companies can sell the attention of audiences. Not to be missed, a market for resources,

where companies trade valuable information. However, market-based journalism can work well if

trading with three types of markets, with stock markets, with raw product suppliers, and with

consumers. The journalistic product can be a commodity of the media company if each market is

operating well (1994: 5).

  1.3 Photojournalism

  According to Edwin Emery Slosson, a well-known journalist from United States, photojournalism has a function like words. It serves to inform, persuade, and entertain media consumers. The effectiveness of the use of photojournalism depends largely on how the photograph was taken by a photographer and precisely placed and combined by the editors in the mass media. Moreover, in the technique of placement and arrangement of photographs or images, each media has different characteristics. Sometimes, beauty is not the main consideration that determines whether or not a photo is loaded in the mass media. Meaning and story can also be a decisive consideration of whether or not a photo is published in the mass media (Muhtadi, 1999: 102-103).

2. Representation

  In his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, Stuart Hall mentioned that representation is the production of the meaning of concepts in the mind through language. Representation connects concepts and languages that allow humans to refer to things, people, or events in both the real world and the fictional world. According to Hall, representation arises because of the principle of similarity and difference to build relationships between concepts or differentiate them from one another. In order to successfully elicit representation, humans need a common conceptual map. However, the conceptual map also needs to be translated into a common language so that people can connect concepts and ideas with some written words, spoken voices, and meaningful visual images called “signs” (1997: 17-18).

2.1 Charles Sanders Peirce’s Semiotics Theory

  Something can be called as a sign if it represents something. Charles Sanders Peirce explained, semiotics depart from three main elements called triangle meaning theory. This theory consists of sign, object, and interpretant (Kriyantono, 2006: 263). The object is something referencend by a sign. Then, interpretation is a sign that is in someone’s mind about the object being referred to a sign (Sobur, 2012: 115). These signs are identified by Peirce into 66 different types of signs. Three of them commonly used for studying semiotics are: (1) icon, this sign is designed to represent a reference source through a form of replication, simulation, imitation, or equation, (2) index, this sign representing a reference source by pointing to it (explicitly or implicitly) with other reference sources, (3) symbols, this sign representing the object by agreement in a specific context (Danesi, 2012: 33).

  3. Research Methods

  This research applies qualitative research. There are three methods that can be used in qualitative research (Baxter, 2004: 348). One of them is social text analysis. Something can be called a social text, as long as it contains symbols and meanings: varies from conversations at home or at work, to photos and movies. Baxter mentioned that the semiotics approach is included in social text analysis (2004: 353).

  The source of research data was collected from

  Manusia Rawa Papua article in National

Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7, published by Kompas Gramedia in July 2015.

  The ten pages-article consists of written text and ten photos. The primary data used are the ten photos that featured in the article. But, this research does not ignore the written text to see the photo context. Literature review was also conducted to find out the larger content about poverty in Papua.

  After collecting the data, the research continued by identifying the signs of poverty commodification contained in the photo by analyzing the type of signs according to Peirce’s semiotic analysis perspective. All of the photos that featured were analysed one by one by considering three types of signs. Then, the research continued with the overall interpretation of the poverty commodification in

  Manusia Rawa Papua article. The final step is to draw the conclusion of the

  interpretation of the signs that has been identified previously and to give criticism of the results that have been obtained.

  4. Results and Concluding Discussion

  The analysis was conducted on ten photos that featured in Manusia Rawa Papua article using Peirce’s semiotics theory. Here are the results of analysis that has been done by the author.

  Figure 1. Photo from page 86-87 Table 2. Sign identification of Figure 1

  Type of sign Sign Object

  Icon Visualization of two Papuans Same with the sign Index Clothes Simple and shabby clothes Index Rowing boat Rowing boat that small and simple in poor condition

  Symbol The title of the article “Manusia Rawa di Tanah

  Papua ” (Human swamp in the land of Papua)

  Written text in the middle of the photo Symbol

  Photo caption “Menggunakan perahu

  sederhana, penduduk setempat ini baru kembali dari hutan rawa tempat mereka beraktivitas. Sungai adalah nadi transportasi utama bagi warga

  .” (Using a simple boat, these locals have just returned from the swamp forest where they do their activity. River is the main transportation route for the residents.)

  Written text in the lower left corner of the photo Overall, this photo of two Papuans was taken to illustrate the daily life of the people living in

  Papua. The Papuan are depicted as if very primitive with the writing of ‘manusia rawa’ (human swamp). In the photograph, the two Papuans are seen wearing clothes that simple and shabby. In addition, they are seen rowing small simple boat in poor condition to travel from one place to another.

  Indonesian Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Republik Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU) explained that two examples of poverty problems are the inability to meet basic consumption needs, such as clothes, and lack of access to other basic living needs, such as transportation (Susanto, 2006: 35). This shows that the Papuan still have poverty problems. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in

  Digital

Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of

  One center of interest and a clean background.

  Figure 2. Photo from page 88 Table 3. Sign identification of Figure 2

  Type of sign Sign Object

  Icon Visualization of male workers in port Same with the sign Index Loading and unloading cargo Loading and unloading cargo with hands and a small wooden board

  Symbol Photo caption “Suasana aktivitas di Pelabuhan

  Teminabuan, Ibukota Kabupaten Sorong Selatan. Pelabuhan ini menjadi titik awal perjalanan panjang menuju Kampung Udagaga, Kayobiro, dan Adona (UKA). ” (Activity atmosphere at

  Teminabuan Port, in the capital of South Sorong Regency. This port became the starting point of a long journey to Udagaga, Kayobiro, and Adona (UKA) village.)

  Written text in the outside the photo Overall, this photo of the harbour was taken to illustrate the profession of Papuan that living around Teminabuan Port. The Papuan is shown earning money by doing lower class jobs, such as being a longboat driver or unskilled laborers. Besides that, the activity of loading and unloading cargo seen in the photograph relies solely on hands and a small wooden board. This activity will certainly take a long time if done without the help of high-tech tools. Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) explained that one of the characteristics of the poor is not having the ability to conduct productive business activities (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, the Papuan are still classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in

  Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 72), the composition of this photo is included in the category of Leading lines.

  Figure 3. Photo from page 89 Table 4. Sign identification of Figure 3

  Type of sign Sign Object

  Icon Visualization of a child Same with the sign Icon Visualization of houses on stilts Same with the sign Icon Visualization of bridge Same with the sign Index Crossing the bridge Walking across the bridge without fear of falling Symbol

  Photo caption “Mentari menghangatkan Kampung

  UKA pagi itu. Di kampung ini, arah bangunan rumah menghadap ke sungai. Semua aktivitas dilakukan di atas rumah panggung dan jembatan yang menghubungkan satu rumah ke rumah lainnya .” (

  The sun warmed up UKA village that morning. In this village, the direction of the house building faces the river. All activities are carried out on stilts and bridges that connect one house to another.)

  Written text in the outside the photo Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate neighbourhood residents in UKA village. Residents live in houses on stilts whose condition looks easily damaged. The materials that used for the walls and roofs of these houses appear to have inferior quality compared to most urban houses. Besides that, residents have to cross the bridge that conditions is also fragile to move from one house to another. The bridge is made using small woods that are unable to withstand heavy loads. However, a child that featured in the photo is not afraid to cross the bridge without adult supervision. The photo shows that situation like that is commonly experienced by children in UKA village. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in

  

Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the

category of One center of interest and a clean background.

  .

  Figure 4. Photo from page 90 Table 5. Sign identification of Figure 4

  Type of sign Sign Object

  Icon Visualization of photos of former President and Vice President of Indonesia

  Same with the sign Icon Visualization of old electronic equipments Same with the sign Index House interior House interior that are not durable, dirty, and messy Symbol

  Photo caption “Interior rumah warga di Kampung

  UKA. Sebuah televisi, aki untuk sumber listrik, dan tak lupa foto Presiden Republik Indonesia

  Written text in the outside the photo

  SBY-Boediono yang belum diganti .” (The house

  interior of a resident in UKA village. A television, battery for power source, and photos of President of the Republic of Indonesia SBY-Boediono that has not been replaced.)

  Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate the house interior of Papuans. The condition of the house interior looks very different form the condition of the house interior in most urban areas. This interior uses materials that are not durable, such as bamboo walls and floor woods. The furniture in the house looks dirty and messy. This house also still has the old electronic equipment that is not widely used anymore. Besides that, this house displays photos of former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Boediono whose term has expired on October 20, 2014. The backwardness of Papuans in possessing the latest goods can be caused by two reasons, the slow distribution of goods in Papua and the inability of the Papuans to buy expensive goods. Because, Papua is a province located in the easternmost region of Indonesia and difficult to reach by other areas. This is consistent with John Kenneth Galbraith’s explanation that geographical location can be a major cause of poverty (Susanto, 2006: xxv).

  Figure 5. Photo from page 90 Table 6. Sign identification of Figure 5

  Type of sign Sign Object

  Icon Visualization of a woman Same with the sign Index Clothes

  Simple and shabby clothes Index Sago processing Sago processing with simple tools Symbol

  Written text in the outside the Photo caption “Sementara pria bekerja ke hutan

  rawa, kaum perempuan mengolah sagu photo

  .” (While men work in swamp forests, women process sago.) Overall, this photo of sago processing was taken to illustrate the activities of men and women in UKA village. The women in this village are described having the routine of sago processing using their own hands. Sago processing is done with simple tools, such as bamboo and coconut leaves. In addition, the men in this village are described having a routine to work in swamp forest. The research conducted by Soedarto explains that people in Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) live in subsistence life because of their socioeconomic and cultural environment, as well as their human resource capacity are still very limited (Soeradji, 1998: 333). That research can be said is still relevant to the condition of Papuan today. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in

  National Geographic Photography Field Guide: Travel (2005: 53), the composition of this photo is included in the category of The rule of thirds. Figure 6. Photo from page 90 Table 7. Sign identification of Figure 6