Keanekaragaman Jenis Pohon dan Produktivitas Buah Pakan Orangutan di Cagar Alam Jantho
70
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anwar J., Damanik, S.J, dan Hisyam, N. 1984. Ekologi Ekosistem Sumatera.
Gadjah Mada University Press.
Arief, A. 1994. Hutan : hakikat dan Pengaruhnya terhadap lingkungan. Jakarta:
Penerbit Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Alikodra, H.S. 1997. Teknik Pengelolaan Satwa Liar dalam Rangka
Mempertahankan Keanekaragaman Hayati
Abdullah, Dahlian, dan Mukhlisin. 2006. Preferensi Makan Gajah Sumatera
(Elephas maximus- sumatranus) di Kawasan Hutan Cagar Alam Jantho.
Ashari. 2006. Meningkatkan keunggulan Bebuahan Topis Indonesia. Penerbit
Andi, Yogyakarta.
Bustamante, E. dan Burquez, A. 2008. Effects of Plant Size and Weather on the
Flowering Phenology of the Organ Pipe Cactus (Stenocereus thurberi).
Annals of Botany Journal, Vol. 102 (6) :1019-1030.
Braza, F., alvarez, F., Azcarate, T. 1983. Feeding Habits of the Reds Howler
Monkeys (Alouatta senichus) in the Llanos of Venezuela. Mammalia
47: 205 – 214.
Borchert, R. 1994. Soil and Stem Water Storage Determine Phenology and
Distribution of Tropical dry Forest Trees. Ecology 75: 1437 – 1449.
Blouch, R.A. 1997.Distribution and Abundance of Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
and Other Primates in the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak,
Malaysia. Tropical Biodiversity 4(3): 259 – 274.
Beaubien, E. G., and Freeland, H.J. 2000. Spring Phenology Trends in Alberta,
Canada: links to Ocean Temperature. Int. J. Biometeorol. Vol 44: 53-59.
Borchert, R dan Rivera, G. 2001. Photoperiodic Control of Seasonal Development
and Dormancyin Tropical Stem-Succulent Trees. Tree Physiol, 21: 213
– 221.
Bawa, K.S., Kang, H., dan Grayum, M.H. 2003. Relationships among Time,
Fequency, and Duration of Flowering in Tropical Rain Forets Trees.
Americal Journal of Botany.
Begon, M., Townsend C.R., dan Harper, J.L. 2006. Ecology from Individual to
Ecosystem. Forth Edition. Malden. Blackwell Publishing.
71
Barlow, J., Mestrec LAM., Gardnera, T.A., dan Teresa, J.A. 2007. The Value of
Primary, Secondary and Plantation Forest for Amazonian Birds. Biological
Conservation 136 : 212 – 231.
Chapman, C.A., L.J, Chapman., R. Wangham., K. Hunt., D. Gebo., dan L.
Gardner. 1992. Estimator of Fruit Abundance of Tropical Forest.
Biotropica 24(4): 527 – 531.
Chapman, C.A., R. Wrangham., L.J. Chapman. 1994. Indices of Habitat-Wide
Fruit Abundance in Tropical Forest. Biotropica 26 (2): 160-171.
Chapman, C.A., wrangham, R.W., Chapman, L.J., Kennard, D.K., dan Zanne,
A.E. 1999. Fruit and Flower Phenology at two sites in Kibale National
Park, Uganda. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15: 189 – 211.
Chambers, J.C. 1995. Disturbance, Life History Strategies and Seed Fates in
Alpine Herb Field Communities. American Journal of Botany 82:
421 – 433.
Chowdhury, M.A.M., M.K Auda., dan A.S.M.T. Iseam. 2000. Phytodiversity of
Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F. (Garjan) undergrowths at Dulahazara
Garjan Forest CosB Bazar, Bangladesh. Indian Forester 126: 674 – 684.
Colautti, R.I. dan Barret, S.C.H. 2010. Natural Selection and Genetic Constraints
on Flowering Phenology in an Invasive plant. International Journal of
Plant Sciences , 171: 960 – 971.
Ewusie, J.Y. 1990. Pengantar Ekologi tropika. Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Bandung.
French, K. 1992. Phenology of Fleshy Fruits in a wet Sclerophyll Forest in
Southeastern Australia : Are Birds an Important Influence?. Oecologia, 90:
366 – 373.
Fenner, M. 1998. The Phenology of Growth and Reproduction in Plants.
Perspective in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Vol. 1: 78 – 91.
Fitter, A.H. dan Fitter, R.S.R. 2002. Rapid Changes Flowering time in British
Plants. Science 296: 1689 – 1691.
Fukushima, M., Kanzaki, M., Hara, M., Ohkubo, T., Preechapanya, P., dan
Choocharoeen, C. 2007. Secondary Forest Succession After the Cessation
of Swidden Cultivation in the Montane Forest Area in Nothern Thailand.
72
Greenberg, C.H., D.J. Levey, dan D.L. lotfis. 2007. Fruit Production in Mature
recently Regenerated Upland and Cover Hardwood Forest of the Southern
Appalachians . Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 321-329.
Gimenez-Benavidez, L., Garcia –Camacho, R., Maria- Iriondo, J., dan Escudero,
A. 2011. Selection on Flowering Time in Mediterranian High Mountain
Plants Under Global Warming. Evolutionary Ecology, 25: 777 – 794.
Greenbergh, C.H., D.J. Levey., C. Kwitt., J.P Mccarty., S.F. Perason., S. Sargent.,
dan J. Kilgo. 2012. Long-term Pattern of Fruit Production in Five Forest
Types of the South Carolina Upper Coastal Plain. The Journal of Wildlife
Management 76 (5): 1036 – 1046.
Goltenboth, F., Langerberger, G, dan Widmann, P. 2012. Ekologi Asia Tenggara
Kepulauan Indonesia. Salemba Teknika.
Inouye DW, Saavedra F, dan W. L Yang. 2003. Environmental Influences on The
Phenology and Abundance of Flowering by Androsace septentrionalis
(Primulaceae). Americal journal of Botani. Vol 90. No 6: 905 – 910.
Indriyanto. 2006. Ekologi Hutan. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta.
Janson, C.H. 1987. Ecological Correlates of Aggression in Brown Capuchin
Monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 8: 431- 431.
Kimura, K. 1996. A Tropical Montane Forest in Borneo as a Source of Fruit
Supply for Furgivorous Bird. Institute of Nature and Environmental
Technology , Kanazawa University, Jepang.
Kusmana, C. 1997. Metode survey Vegetasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB).
Khera, N., A. Kumar., J. Ram dan A. Tewari. 2001. Plant Biodiversity Assesment
in Relation to Disturbance in Mid Elevation forest of Central Himalaya,
India. Tropical Ecology 42: 83 – 95.
Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton
University Press, New Jersey.
Milton, K. 1991. Leaf Change and Fruit Production in Six Neotropical Moraceae
Species. Journal of Ecology 79 : 1- 26.
Morellato, P.C. dan Leitaho- Filho, H. 1996. Reproductive phenology of Climbers
in a southeastern Brazilian Forest. Biotropica28: 180 – 191.
Mosser, L., Fonti, P., Buntgen, U., Esper, J., Lutherbacher, J., franzen, J., dan
Frank, D. 2010. Timing and Duration of European Larch Growing season
73
along Altitudinal Gradients in the Swiss Alps. Tree Physiol. 30(2): 225 –
233.
Ortiz, E.C., Homeier, J., Breckle, S.W., Bendix, J., Emck, P., Richter, M., dan
Beck, E. 2006. Seasonality in an Evergreen Tropical Mountain Forest in
Southern Ecuador. Ecotropica 12: 69 – 85.
Parado-Roselli, A. 2006. Fruit Avaibility and Seed Dispersal in Terra Firme Rain
Forest of Colombian Amazonia. Disertasi. University of Amsterdam.
Parachnowitsch, A.L. dan Caruso, C.M. 2008. Predispersal Seed Herbivores, not
Pollinators, Exert Selection on Floral Traits via Female Fitness. Ecology,
89:1802 – 1810.
Rikjsen, H.D dan Meijaard, E. 1999. Our Vanishing Relative : the Status of Wild
Orangutans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Backhays Publishers,
Leiden.
Reynolds-Hogland, M.J., M.S. Mitchell, dan R.A. Powell. 2006. Spatio-temporal
Availability of Soft Mast in Clearcuts in the Southern appalachians. Forest
Ecology and Management 237: 103 - 114.
Rood, E.J.J., Azmi, W., dan Linkie, M. 2008. Elephant Crop Raiding in a
Disturbed Environment: The effect Landscape Clearing on Elephant
Distribution and Crop Raiding Patterns in The North of Aceh, Indonesia.
Gajah 29: 17 – 23.
Soerianegara, I dan A. Indrawan. 1978. Ekologi Hutan Indonesia. Bogor:
Departemen Manajemen Kehutanan. Fakultas Kehutanan.
Sundarapandian, S.M dan P.S. Swamy. 2000. Forest Ecosystem Structure and
Composition along an altitudinal gradien in the Western Ghats, South India.
Journal of Tropical Forest Science 12(1): 104 – 123.
Singh, K.P., and Kushwaha, C.P. 2006. Diversity of Flowering and Fruiting
Phenology of Tress in a Tropical Deciduous Forest in India. Annals of
Botany Journal. Vol. 97. No. 2: 265-276.
Sherry, R.A., Zhou, X., Gu, S., Arnone, J.A., Schimel, D.S., Verburg, P.S.,
Wallace, L.L., dan Luo, Y. 2007. Divergence of Reproductive Phenology
Under Climate Warming. Proceedings of The National Academy of
Sciences. USA. 104:198 -202.
Stevenson, P.R., Castellanos, M.C., Cortes, A.I., dan Link, A. 2008. Flowering
Pattern in a Seasonal Tropical Lowland Forest in Western Amazonia.
Biotropica.
74
Sandring, S. dan Agren, J. 2009. Pollinator- mediated Selection on Floral Display
and Flowering Time in the Perennial Herb Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution,
63:1292 – 1300.
Thomas, S.C dan La Frankie, J.V. 1993. Sex, Size and Interyear Variation in
Flowering Dioceous Trees of the Malayan Rain Forest. Ecology, 74(5):
1529 – 1537.
Tooke F dan Battey NH. 2010. Temperate of Flowering Phenology. Journal of
Experimental Botany.Oxford Journal. Vol.61.Issues 11: 2853–2862.
Uma shanker. 2001. A Case of High Tree Diverrsity in Sal (Shorea robusta)
Dominant Lowland Forest of Eastern Himalaya: Floristic Composition ,
Regeneration and Conservation. Current Science 81: 776 – 786.
Venterink, H.O., Wassen, M.J., Vekroost, A.W.M., dan de Ruiter P.C. 2003.
Species Richness- Productivity Patterns Differ Between N, P and K
Limited Wetlands. Ecology 84: 2191 – 2199.
Visser, M.E., Caro, S.P., Van, Oers, K., Schaper, S.V., dan Helm. 2010.
Phenology, Seasonal Timing and Circ-Annual Rhytms: Towards a Unified
Framework . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365: 3113 – 3127.
Whitmore, T.C. 1984. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Second Edition.
Oxford University Press.
Winn, A.A., dan Warener, P.A. 1987. Regulation of Seed Yields Within and
Among Population of Prunella Vulgaris. Ecology 68: 1224 – 1233.
Whittaker, R.J., willis, K.J., dan Field R. 2003.Climatic-energetic Explanation of
Diversity: a Macroscopic Perspective in Macroecology : Concept and
Consequences. pp 107 – 129. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Wilczek, A.M., Burghardt, L.T., Cobb, A.R.,Cooper, M.D., Welch, S.M., dan
Schmitt, J. 2010. Genetic and Physiological base for Phenological
Responses to Current and Predicted Climates. Phil. Trans.R. Soc. B. 365:
3129 – 3147.
Wich, S.A. 2009. Survey Kesesuaian Cagar Alam Jantho sebagai lokasi Pelepasan
Orangutan Sumatera di Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Wich, S.A., Vogel, E.R., Larsen, M.D., fredriksson, G., Leighton, M., Yeager,
C.P., Brearley, F.Q., Van schaik, C.P.., dan Marshall, A.J. 2011. Forest Fruit
Production is Higher on Sumatera than on Borneo. Plos one, Vol.6.
Issue 6: 1 – 9.
75
Zhao, M., Peng, C., Xiang, W., Deng, X., Tian, D., Zhou, X., Yu, G., He, H., and
Zhao, Z. 2013. Plant Phenological Modelling and its Application in Global
Climate Change Research: Overview and Future Challanges. Environ.
Rev. 21: 1-14.
Zweifel, N. 2012. Phenology sampling Protocol. Universitat Zurich, Swiss
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anwar J., Damanik, S.J, dan Hisyam, N. 1984. Ekologi Ekosistem Sumatera.
Gadjah Mada University Press.
Arief, A. 1994. Hutan : hakikat dan Pengaruhnya terhadap lingkungan. Jakarta:
Penerbit Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Alikodra, H.S. 1997. Teknik Pengelolaan Satwa Liar dalam Rangka
Mempertahankan Keanekaragaman Hayati
Abdullah, Dahlian, dan Mukhlisin. 2006. Preferensi Makan Gajah Sumatera
(Elephas maximus- sumatranus) di Kawasan Hutan Cagar Alam Jantho.
Ashari. 2006. Meningkatkan keunggulan Bebuahan Topis Indonesia. Penerbit
Andi, Yogyakarta.
Bustamante, E. dan Burquez, A. 2008. Effects of Plant Size and Weather on the
Flowering Phenology of the Organ Pipe Cactus (Stenocereus thurberi).
Annals of Botany Journal, Vol. 102 (6) :1019-1030.
Braza, F., alvarez, F., Azcarate, T. 1983. Feeding Habits of the Reds Howler
Monkeys (Alouatta senichus) in the Llanos of Venezuela. Mammalia
47: 205 – 214.
Borchert, R. 1994. Soil and Stem Water Storage Determine Phenology and
Distribution of Tropical dry Forest Trees. Ecology 75: 1437 – 1449.
Blouch, R.A. 1997.Distribution and Abundance of Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
and Other Primates in the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak,
Malaysia. Tropical Biodiversity 4(3): 259 – 274.
Beaubien, E. G., and Freeland, H.J. 2000. Spring Phenology Trends in Alberta,
Canada: links to Ocean Temperature. Int. J. Biometeorol. Vol 44: 53-59.
Borchert, R dan Rivera, G. 2001. Photoperiodic Control of Seasonal Development
and Dormancyin Tropical Stem-Succulent Trees. Tree Physiol, 21: 213
– 221.
Bawa, K.S., Kang, H., dan Grayum, M.H. 2003. Relationships among Time,
Fequency, and Duration of Flowering in Tropical Rain Forets Trees.
Americal Journal of Botany.
Begon, M., Townsend C.R., dan Harper, J.L. 2006. Ecology from Individual to
Ecosystem. Forth Edition. Malden. Blackwell Publishing.
71
Barlow, J., Mestrec LAM., Gardnera, T.A., dan Teresa, J.A. 2007. The Value of
Primary, Secondary and Plantation Forest for Amazonian Birds. Biological
Conservation 136 : 212 – 231.
Chapman, C.A., L.J, Chapman., R. Wangham., K. Hunt., D. Gebo., dan L.
Gardner. 1992. Estimator of Fruit Abundance of Tropical Forest.
Biotropica 24(4): 527 – 531.
Chapman, C.A., R. Wrangham., L.J. Chapman. 1994. Indices of Habitat-Wide
Fruit Abundance in Tropical Forest. Biotropica 26 (2): 160-171.
Chapman, C.A., wrangham, R.W., Chapman, L.J., Kennard, D.K., dan Zanne,
A.E. 1999. Fruit and Flower Phenology at two sites in Kibale National
Park, Uganda. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15: 189 – 211.
Chambers, J.C. 1995. Disturbance, Life History Strategies and Seed Fates in
Alpine Herb Field Communities. American Journal of Botany 82:
421 – 433.
Chowdhury, M.A.M., M.K Auda., dan A.S.M.T. Iseam. 2000. Phytodiversity of
Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F. (Garjan) undergrowths at Dulahazara
Garjan Forest CosB Bazar, Bangladesh. Indian Forester 126: 674 – 684.
Colautti, R.I. dan Barret, S.C.H. 2010. Natural Selection and Genetic Constraints
on Flowering Phenology in an Invasive plant. International Journal of
Plant Sciences , 171: 960 – 971.
Ewusie, J.Y. 1990. Pengantar Ekologi tropika. Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Bandung.
French, K. 1992. Phenology of Fleshy Fruits in a wet Sclerophyll Forest in
Southeastern Australia : Are Birds an Important Influence?. Oecologia, 90:
366 – 373.
Fenner, M. 1998. The Phenology of Growth and Reproduction in Plants.
Perspective in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Vol. 1: 78 – 91.
Fitter, A.H. dan Fitter, R.S.R. 2002. Rapid Changes Flowering time in British
Plants. Science 296: 1689 – 1691.
Fukushima, M., Kanzaki, M., Hara, M., Ohkubo, T., Preechapanya, P., dan
Choocharoeen, C. 2007. Secondary Forest Succession After the Cessation
of Swidden Cultivation in the Montane Forest Area in Nothern Thailand.
72
Greenberg, C.H., D.J. Levey, dan D.L. lotfis. 2007. Fruit Production in Mature
recently Regenerated Upland and Cover Hardwood Forest of the Southern
Appalachians . Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 321-329.
Gimenez-Benavidez, L., Garcia –Camacho, R., Maria- Iriondo, J., dan Escudero,
A. 2011. Selection on Flowering Time in Mediterranian High Mountain
Plants Under Global Warming. Evolutionary Ecology, 25: 777 – 794.
Greenbergh, C.H., D.J. Levey., C. Kwitt., J.P Mccarty., S.F. Perason., S. Sargent.,
dan J. Kilgo. 2012. Long-term Pattern of Fruit Production in Five Forest
Types of the South Carolina Upper Coastal Plain. The Journal of Wildlife
Management 76 (5): 1036 – 1046.
Goltenboth, F., Langerberger, G, dan Widmann, P. 2012. Ekologi Asia Tenggara
Kepulauan Indonesia. Salemba Teknika.
Inouye DW, Saavedra F, dan W. L Yang. 2003. Environmental Influences on The
Phenology and Abundance of Flowering by Androsace septentrionalis
(Primulaceae). Americal journal of Botani. Vol 90. No 6: 905 – 910.
Indriyanto. 2006. Ekologi Hutan. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta.
Janson, C.H. 1987. Ecological Correlates of Aggression in Brown Capuchin
Monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 8: 431- 431.
Kimura, K. 1996. A Tropical Montane Forest in Borneo as a Source of Fruit
Supply for Furgivorous Bird. Institute of Nature and Environmental
Technology , Kanazawa University, Jepang.
Kusmana, C. 1997. Metode survey Vegetasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB).
Khera, N., A. Kumar., J. Ram dan A. Tewari. 2001. Plant Biodiversity Assesment
in Relation to Disturbance in Mid Elevation forest of Central Himalaya,
India. Tropical Ecology 42: 83 – 95.
Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton
University Press, New Jersey.
Milton, K. 1991. Leaf Change and Fruit Production in Six Neotropical Moraceae
Species. Journal of Ecology 79 : 1- 26.
Morellato, P.C. dan Leitaho- Filho, H. 1996. Reproductive phenology of Climbers
in a southeastern Brazilian Forest. Biotropica28: 180 – 191.
Mosser, L., Fonti, P., Buntgen, U., Esper, J., Lutherbacher, J., franzen, J., dan
Frank, D. 2010. Timing and Duration of European Larch Growing season
73
along Altitudinal Gradients in the Swiss Alps. Tree Physiol. 30(2): 225 –
233.
Ortiz, E.C., Homeier, J., Breckle, S.W., Bendix, J., Emck, P., Richter, M., dan
Beck, E. 2006. Seasonality in an Evergreen Tropical Mountain Forest in
Southern Ecuador. Ecotropica 12: 69 – 85.
Parado-Roselli, A. 2006. Fruit Avaibility and Seed Dispersal in Terra Firme Rain
Forest of Colombian Amazonia. Disertasi. University of Amsterdam.
Parachnowitsch, A.L. dan Caruso, C.M. 2008. Predispersal Seed Herbivores, not
Pollinators, Exert Selection on Floral Traits via Female Fitness. Ecology,
89:1802 – 1810.
Rikjsen, H.D dan Meijaard, E. 1999. Our Vanishing Relative : the Status of Wild
Orangutans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Backhays Publishers,
Leiden.
Reynolds-Hogland, M.J., M.S. Mitchell, dan R.A. Powell. 2006. Spatio-temporal
Availability of Soft Mast in Clearcuts in the Southern appalachians. Forest
Ecology and Management 237: 103 - 114.
Rood, E.J.J., Azmi, W., dan Linkie, M. 2008. Elephant Crop Raiding in a
Disturbed Environment: The effect Landscape Clearing on Elephant
Distribution and Crop Raiding Patterns in The North of Aceh, Indonesia.
Gajah 29: 17 – 23.
Soerianegara, I dan A. Indrawan. 1978. Ekologi Hutan Indonesia. Bogor:
Departemen Manajemen Kehutanan. Fakultas Kehutanan.
Sundarapandian, S.M dan P.S. Swamy. 2000. Forest Ecosystem Structure and
Composition along an altitudinal gradien in the Western Ghats, South India.
Journal of Tropical Forest Science 12(1): 104 – 123.
Singh, K.P., and Kushwaha, C.P. 2006. Diversity of Flowering and Fruiting
Phenology of Tress in a Tropical Deciduous Forest in India. Annals of
Botany Journal. Vol. 97. No. 2: 265-276.
Sherry, R.A., Zhou, X., Gu, S., Arnone, J.A., Schimel, D.S., Verburg, P.S.,
Wallace, L.L., dan Luo, Y. 2007. Divergence of Reproductive Phenology
Under Climate Warming. Proceedings of The National Academy of
Sciences. USA. 104:198 -202.
Stevenson, P.R., Castellanos, M.C., Cortes, A.I., dan Link, A. 2008. Flowering
Pattern in a Seasonal Tropical Lowland Forest in Western Amazonia.
Biotropica.
74
Sandring, S. dan Agren, J. 2009. Pollinator- mediated Selection on Floral Display
and Flowering Time in the Perennial Herb Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution,
63:1292 – 1300.
Thomas, S.C dan La Frankie, J.V. 1993. Sex, Size and Interyear Variation in
Flowering Dioceous Trees of the Malayan Rain Forest. Ecology, 74(5):
1529 – 1537.
Tooke F dan Battey NH. 2010. Temperate of Flowering Phenology. Journal of
Experimental Botany.Oxford Journal. Vol.61.Issues 11: 2853–2862.
Uma shanker. 2001. A Case of High Tree Diverrsity in Sal (Shorea robusta)
Dominant Lowland Forest of Eastern Himalaya: Floristic Composition ,
Regeneration and Conservation. Current Science 81: 776 – 786.
Venterink, H.O., Wassen, M.J., Vekroost, A.W.M., dan de Ruiter P.C. 2003.
Species Richness- Productivity Patterns Differ Between N, P and K
Limited Wetlands. Ecology 84: 2191 – 2199.
Visser, M.E., Caro, S.P., Van, Oers, K., Schaper, S.V., dan Helm. 2010.
Phenology, Seasonal Timing and Circ-Annual Rhytms: Towards a Unified
Framework . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365: 3113 – 3127.
Whitmore, T.C. 1984. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Second Edition.
Oxford University Press.
Winn, A.A., dan Warener, P.A. 1987. Regulation of Seed Yields Within and
Among Population of Prunella Vulgaris. Ecology 68: 1224 – 1233.
Whittaker, R.J., willis, K.J., dan Field R. 2003.Climatic-energetic Explanation of
Diversity: a Macroscopic Perspective in Macroecology : Concept and
Consequences. pp 107 – 129. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Wilczek, A.M., Burghardt, L.T., Cobb, A.R.,Cooper, M.D., Welch, S.M., dan
Schmitt, J. 2010. Genetic and Physiological base for Phenological
Responses to Current and Predicted Climates. Phil. Trans.R. Soc. B. 365:
3129 – 3147.
Wich, S.A. 2009. Survey Kesesuaian Cagar Alam Jantho sebagai lokasi Pelepasan
Orangutan Sumatera di Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Wich, S.A., Vogel, E.R., Larsen, M.D., fredriksson, G., Leighton, M., Yeager,
C.P., Brearley, F.Q., Van schaik, C.P.., dan Marshall, A.J. 2011. Forest Fruit
Production is Higher on Sumatera than on Borneo. Plos one, Vol.6.
Issue 6: 1 – 9.
75
Zhao, M., Peng, C., Xiang, W., Deng, X., Tian, D., Zhou, X., Yu, G., He, H., and
Zhao, Z. 2013. Plant Phenological Modelling and its Application in Global
Climate Change Research: Overview and Future Challanges. Environ.
Rev. 21: 1-14.
Zweifel, N. 2012. Phenology sampling Protocol. Universitat Zurich, Swiss