The Reason For Dr. Hanibal To Kill The 9 People In Thomas Harris’s Novel “The Silience Of The Lambs”
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Literature
Literature as the core of artistic writing always becomes the object of
analysis or research for those related to the scope of academics. The analysis of
the literature can be very wide; then people attempt to analyze it through its
genres.
Commonly, many people know that literature genres can be divided into
three parts, they are: poetry, prose, and drama. But, this is not proper to be a
reference in a scientific analysis, since the division does not cover all forms of
literary genres universally. Robert (1995:2) said that “Literature may be classified
into four categories or genres: (1) prose fiction, (2) poetry, (3) drama, and (4) non
fiction prose. Usually the first three are classed as imaginative literature.”
Based on quotation above, the literary genres can be divided into four
genres, they are: prose fiction, poetry, drama, and non fiction prose. The prose
fiction itself, has some sub-genres, just as stated by Robert(1995:2) that“There
are: prose fiction, narrative fiction, includes myths, parables, romances, novels,
and short stories”. While, the complete division of prose fiction’s genres as stated
by Taylor (1981:32) said that there are a great many sub divisions of narrative
fiction but they group themselves roughly into antique or outmoded forms: the
folktale, epic, romance, allegory, and satire on the other hand; and contemporary
forms: the short story and novel on the other hand.
5
Shortly, Taylor (1981: 50) divided the prose fiction into seven sub
division, they are: the folk tale, the romance, allegory, satire novel, epic, and short
story. Through the quotations above, it is known that the prose fiction is divided
into some sub divisions; one of them is the short story.
2.2 Novel
Taylor said that novel is a prose work of quite some length and
complexity, which attempts to reflect and express the quality or value of human
experience or conduct. It means novel as a genre of literature isn’t merely an
irrational imagination but it is a reflection of human experience to learn the value
of human experience itself. There are number of elements in a novel. They are
plot, character, setting, point of view, and style. Plot is event and their sequence of
occurrence; character is agent of motivation and reactions to events; setting is
point of reference for character and action; point of view focus of the narrator’s
knowledge and values; style focus of the author’s attitudes and values.
Since, the writer will analyze the description of characters. This paper
only focuses on characters. A character in a novel is not a real human being and
has no life outside the literary composition, how well the author has created the
illusion of reality. A character (Taylor, 1981: 62) is a mere construction of words
meant to express an idea or a view experience and must be considered in relation
to other features of the composition, such as action/plot, before its full
significance can be appreciated. It means that it is impossible to have action
without characters; events are determined by character and character is also
6
defined by events. The conception and presentation of character therefore has a
great effect on the significance of a novel as the selection of events and their
ordering.
Taylor (1981:77) said that there are some methods of characterization. The
rendering of creation of character far more than the commonplace ideas of direct
description and reported dialogue: what the character says and does or what others
say about him. Directs statement of character analysis and motive are often stated
by authors or narrators, but more subtle methods are also used in every work of
fiction. The simple fact of choosing a name is a real indication of character.
Repeated mannerisms, such as oddities of speech and movement or an obsession,
which is peculiar to one figure alone, also tend to characterize people, as do their
clothes or possessions. The faces and physiques of individuals are generally
explicit indications of character or personality and an author may even include
physical elements, which have conventional associations or meanings in order to
build up the desired qualities of personality. Characterization through association
with physical setting is another effective method for authors who wish to imply
and suggest qualities of personality, while the use of figurative language and
patterns of images associated with different character is still another indirect way
of investing a fictional creation with character. Regardless of what methods are
used in characterization, all characters are not developed to the same degree or
depth. For the purpose of a particular plot and theme, the author may need a
character or characters of great psychological complexity, or, on the other hand,
characters of great are of little interest in themselves but who represent a
7
particular attribute or quality. Taylor (1981: 78) also stated that there are two
kinds of character. The first include those fictional creations who have complex
many-faceted personalities and an independent inner life which invites the
reader’s interest, while flat characters are those who exhibit only one character
trait or motivation and whose main claim to the reader’s interest is in the actions
they perform or the quality they represent.
Both round and flat characters are equally capable of changing their
natures, depending on what happens to them, but no one of these types is required
to undergo such a development in order to be considered a successful creation.
The more fully developed characters will always draw attention to inner conflict
and psychological complexities, while the flatter creations will direct attention
away from themselves towards the ideas and forces at work in that particular
fiction.
2.3 Character
Characters are the persons presented in works of narrative (such as a
novel, drama, or film) who convey their personal qualities through dialogues and
actions by which the reader or audience understand their thoughts, feelings,
intentions and motives.
Abram (1981:76) says that character is people who are appeared in a
narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has
moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and
what they do.
8
Novelists try to create fictional people whose situations affect the reader as
the situation of real people. Authors describe the more simple characters in novels
with no more than few phrases that identify the character’s most important traits.
In their book An Introduction to Reading and Writing about Literature, Roberts
and Jacobs describe that in analyzing a literary character, the writer begins to
determine the character’s outstanding traits. A trait is a quality of mind or habitual
mode behavior, such as never repaying borrowed money, avoiding eye contact, or
always thinking oneself the center of attention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we
encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a person’s
primary characteristic (not only in fiction but also in life). Thus, characters may be
ambitious, lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful, thoughtful or
inconsiderate, open or secretive, confident or self-doubting, kind or cruel, quiet or
noisy, visionary or practical, careful or careless, impartial or biased,
straightforward or underhanded, “winner or loser”, and so on (1995: 132).
Foster (1927) says, “There are two basic types of characters “round
character” and “flat character.”
Round character is a major character in a work of fiction that encounters
conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed
and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you
most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real
life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number
of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round,
including description and dialogue.
9
Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction that does not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as
"two-dimensional characters" or "static characters," flat characters play a
supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we
don't generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story,
along with round characters.
2.4 Plot
Foster (1927) defines plot as a literary term used to describe the events that
make up a story or the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a
pattern or a sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of
events in the plot of the story.Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story
which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize
information and events in a logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of
literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of
the story.
Foster (1927) classifies plot into five main elements. The first is the
exposition or the introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where
characters and setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced
as well. The second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs
when a series of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are
established by the time the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time,
events begin to get complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement,
10
tension or crisis is encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax
or the main point of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to
be the moment of highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going
to happen next. The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the
winding up of the story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result
of actions of the main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the
resolution or the conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy
or a tragic ending.
2.5 Setting
According to Roberts and Jacobs (1995:158), setting is concerned with the
places where story take a place. Setting refers to geographical location of the
story, time period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story.
Background elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place,
time, and social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence
of the events recounted in a work of fiction. The setting is important to give
realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really
happened.
The setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters. It
often can symbolize the emotional state of characters. Stories actually have two
types of setting: Physical and Chronological. The Physical setting is of course
where the story takes place. Likewise, the chronological setting, the “when” can
be equally general or specific.
11
From above the statement, it can be concluded that setting is the place or
location of action. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time period,
daily lifestyle of the characters. The setting provides the historical and cultural
context for characters.
2.6 Intrinsic Approach
In analyzing a literary work, such as a novel, we need to apply some
approaches to get the better ideas of understanding of how to analyze this literary
work. These approaches can be applied to analyze a literary work from the inside,
or from the both sides of aspects of literary work itself. In this case, the writer
applies intrinsic approach to analyze a novel from the inside of its text.
Intrinsic approach is introduced by Rene Wellek and Austin (1977:139141). They define intrinsic approach as an approach of literary analysis that builds
literary works from the inside of the text. Intrinsic approach uses no other
materials of information from the outside field of study, but the literary work
itself. When we study a novel, for example, we focus the analysis only the text of
the novel. Thus, the analysis of intrinsic approach purely uses the information
contained inside of the text which deals with the analysis of the content which
implies some elements of form: plot, character, setting and style. These elements
support each other to create a story.
12
2.1 Literature
Literature as the core of artistic writing always becomes the object of
analysis or research for those related to the scope of academics. The analysis of
the literature can be very wide; then people attempt to analyze it through its
genres.
Commonly, many people know that literature genres can be divided into
three parts, they are: poetry, prose, and drama. But, this is not proper to be a
reference in a scientific analysis, since the division does not cover all forms of
literary genres universally. Robert (1995:2) said that “Literature may be classified
into four categories or genres: (1) prose fiction, (2) poetry, (3) drama, and (4) non
fiction prose. Usually the first three are classed as imaginative literature.”
Based on quotation above, the literary genres can be divided into four
genres, they are: prose fiction, poetry, drama, and non fiction prose. The prose
fiction itself, has some sub-genres, just as stated by Robert(1995:2) that“There
are: prose fiction, narrative fiction, includes myths, parables, romances, novels,
and short stories”. While, the complete division of prose fiction’s genres as stated
by Taylor (1981:32) said that there are a great many sub divisions of narrative
fiction but they group themselves roughly into antique or outmoded forms: the
folktale, epic, romance, allegory, and satire on the other hand; and contemporary
forms: the short story and novel on the other hand.
5
Shortly, Taylor (1981: 50) divided the prose fiction into seven sub
division, they are: the folk tale, the romance, allegory, satire novel, epic, and short
story. Through the quotations above, it is known that the prose fiction is divided
into some sub divisions; one of them is the short story.
2.2 Novel
Taylor said that novel is a prose work of quite some length and
complexity, which attempts to reflect and express the quality or value of human
experience or conduct. It means novel as a genre of literature isn’t merely an
irrational imagination but it is a reflection of human experience to learn the value
of human experience itself. There are number of elements in a novel. They are
plot, character, setting, point of view, and style. Plot is event and their sequence of
occurrence; character is agent of motivation and reactions to events; setting is
point of reference for character and action; point of view focus of the narrator’s
knowledge and values; style focus of the author’s attitudes and values.
Since, the writer will analyze the description of characters. This paper
only focuses on characters. A character in a novel is not a real human being and
has no life outside the literary composition, how well the author has created the
illusion of reality. A character (Taylor, 1981: 62) is a mere construction of words
meant to express an idea or a view experience and must be considered in relation
to other features of the composition, such as action/plot, before its full
significance can be appreciated. It means that it is impossible to have action
without characters; events are determined by character and character is also
6
defined by events. The conception and presentation of character therefore has a
great effect on the significance of a novel as the selection of events and their
ordering.
Taylor (1981:77) said that there are some methods of characterization. The
rendering of creation of character far more than the commonplace ideas of direct
description and reported dialogue: what the character says and does or what others
say about him. Directs statement of character analysis and motive are often stated
by authors or narrators, but more subtle methods are also used in every work of
fiction. The simple fact of choosing a name is a real indication of character.
Repeated mannerisms, such as oddities of speech and movement or an obsession,
which is peculiar to one figure alone, also tend to characterize people, as do their
clothes or possessions. The faces and physiques of individuals are generally
explicit indications of character or personality and an author may even include
physical elements, which have conventional associations or meanings in order to
build up the desired qualities of personality. Characterization through association
with physical setting is another effective method for authors who wish to imply
and suggest qualities of personality, while the use of figurative language and
patterns of images associated with different character is still another indirect way
of investing a fictional creation with character. Regardless of what methods are
used in characterization, all characters are not developed to the same degree or
depth. For the purpose of a particular plot and theme, the author may need a
character or characters of great psychological complexity, or, on the other hand,
characters of great are of little interest in themselves but who represent a
7
particular attribute or quality. Taylor (1981: 78) also stated that there are two
kinds of character. The first include those fictional creations who have complex
many-faceted personalities and an independent inner life which invites the
reader’s interest, while flat characters are those who exhibit only one character
trait or motivation and whose main claim to the reader’s interest is in the actions
they perform or the quality they represent.
Both round and flat characters are equally capable of changing their
natures, depending on what happens to them, but no one of these types is required
to undergo such a development in order to be considered a successful creation.
The more fully developed characters will always draw attention to inner conflict
and psychological complexities, while the flatter creations will direct attention
away from themselves towards the ideas and forces at work in that particular
fiction.
2.3 Character
Characters are the persons presented in works of narrative (such as a
novel, drama, or film) who convey their personal qualities through dialogues and
actions by which the reader or audience understand their thoughts, feelings,
intentions and motives.
Abram (1981:76) says that character is people who are appeared in a
narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has
moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and
what they do.
8
Novelists try to create fictional people whose situations affect the reader as
the situation of real people. Authors describe the more simple characters in novels
with no more than few phrases that identify the character’s most important traits.
In their book An Introduction to Reading and Writing about Literature, Roberts
and Jacobs describe that in analyzing a literary character, the writer begins to
determine the character’s outstanding traits. A trait is a quality of mind or habitual
mode behavior, such as never repaying borrowed money, avoiding eye contact, or
always thinking oneself the center of attention. Sometimes, of course, the traits we
encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait may be a person’s
primary characteristic (not only in fiction but also in life). Thus, characters may be
ambitious, lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or fearful, thoughtful or
inconsiderate, open or secretive, confident or self-doubting, kind or cruel, quiet or
noisy, visionary or practical, careful or careless, impartial or biased,
straightforward or underhanded, “winner or loser”, and so on (1995: 132).
Foster (1927) says, “There are two basic types of characters “round
character” and “flat character.”
Round character is a major character in a work of fiction that encounters
conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed
and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you
most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real
life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number
of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round,
including description and dialogue.
9
Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction that does not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as
"two-dimensional characters" or "static characters," flat characters play a
supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we
don't generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story,
along with round characters.
2.4 Plot
Foster (1927) defines plot as a literary term used to describe the events that
make up a story or the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a
pattern or a sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of
events in the plot of the story.Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story
which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize
information and events in a logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of
literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of
the story.
Foster (1927) classifies plot into five main elements. The first is the
exposition or the introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where
characters and setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced
as well. The second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs
when a series of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are
established by the time the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time,
events begin to get complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement,
10
tension or crisis is encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax
or the main point of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to
be the moment of highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going
to happen next. The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the
winding up of the story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result
of actions of the main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the
resolution or the conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy
or a tragic ending.
2.5 Setting
According to Roberts and Jacobs (1995:158), setting is concerned with the
places where story take a place. Setting refers to geographical location of the
story, time period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story.
Background elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place,
time, and social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence
of the events recounted in a work of fiction. The setting is important to give
realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really
happened.
The setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters. It
often can symbolize the emotional state of characters. Stories actually have two
types of setting: Physical and Chronological. The Physical setting is of course
where the story takes place. Likewise, the chronological setting, the “when” can
be equally general or specific.
11
From above the statement, it can be concluded that setting is the place or
location of action. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time period,
daily lifestyle of the characters. The setting provides the historical and cultural
context for characters.
2.6 Intrinsic Approach
In analyzing a literary work, such as a novel, we need to apply some
approaches to get the better ideas of understanding of how to analyze this literary
work. These approaches can be applied to analyze a literary work from the inside,
or from the both sides of aspects of literary work itself. In this case, the writer
applies intrinsic approach to analyze a novel from the inside of its text.
Intrinsic approach is introduced by Rene Wellek and Austin (1977:139141). They define intrinsic approach as an approach of literary analysis that builds
literary works from the inside of the text. Intrinsic approach uses no other
materials of information from the outside field of study, but the literary work
itself. When we study a novel, for example, we focus the analysis only the text of
the novel. Thus, the analysis of intrinsic approach purely uses the information
contained inside of the text which deals with the analysis of the content which
implies some elements of form: plot, character, setting and style. These elements
support each other to create a story.
12