Greed and passion in Eugene O'Neill's Desire under the ELMS - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository
APPENIDD(ES
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DESIRE UNDER THE ELMS PIay Notes
BIOGRAPHY
Born in a goddam hotel room and dying in a hotel room!
l-ast words of Eugene O'tr|eill-From Louis Shaeffer, O,Neilt: Sonand Artist
Eugeneo Neill remains,years after his death,one of America'sgreatestplayr,vrights.
He won
four Pulitzerprizesfor literature,and also a Nobelprize.His work has proveclhighlyinfluential
in developingthe great literarylegacyof twentiethcenturyAmericantheatre.O'Neilloften used
his wide and varied experiencesamongmany classesof Americansas the inspirationfor his
plays. His biographyis that of an artist torturedby his profoundemotionalattachmentto his
familyand burdenedby an e)'.tremely
perceptivepsycfrologicat
insightinto other people.
The Eady Years
On October16, '1888in New York City,Ella Quinlainand JamesO'Neillhad their third son,
EugeneO'Neill.JamesO'Neillwas one of the nineteenthcenturys foremostAmericanactors.
He spent the best yearsof his actingereer touringin an adaptationof AlexandreDumas,Ihe
Count of Monte Chisto. The O'Neill family had been having troubles-their second son,
Edmund,diedin 1885afterbeinginfectedwiththe measlesby theiroldestson,JamesJr.-and
Eugene'sbirth brought more problems.Having had a painful childbirth,Ella was prescribed
morphineand soon becameaddicted.After Eugene'sbirth, JamesJr. went to a boarding
school in South Bend, Indiana,and Ella and Eugenewent on tour with James.A nanny \flas
hired to take care of O'Neilluntil he was seven and sent to MountSaint VincentAcademy,a
Catholicboardingschoolin upstateNewYork.
ln the summer of 1902 when Ella attemptedto drown hersell O'Neill leamed about his
mothedsmorphineaddictionand its origin.This discoveryset off a decade{ongbangeof setfdestructivebehavior.O'Neill(fourteen)convincedhis father to transferhim from Mount Saint
VincentAcademyto the less stricl, secularBetts Academyin Stamford,Connecticut.Atthough
O'Neillmaintained
a goodacademicstanding,he begandrinkingheavilyand was suspectedto
be an alcoholicby the age of fifteen. His fathe/s fame as an ador gave him acc€ss to the
backstage of New York theatre where he caroused with showgirls, prostitutes, and
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mostof his classesand droppedout beforethe end of the springterm. For the next two years,
he spent his time having casual afiairs and drinkingwith his brother,James (wtro also had
alcoholictendencies),and otherwild friends.
ln 1909, O'Neilfbecameinvolvedwith KathleenJenkins,the daughterof a prominentfamily.
Kathleensoon becamepregnant.James O'Neill,fearing Kathleen'sfamilywould sue him,
ananged for o'Neill to leave the country on a gold prospectingexpeditionto Honduras.
Although he never planned on being an active husband or fether, o'Neill secre y manied
Kathleenbeforeleaving.sailing to BuenosAires as a memberof the ship'screw after leaving
Honduras,o'Neill did not retum to the united states until '1911.At this time,Kathleensued
o'Neill for a divorce,requestingneitherchitdsupportfor Eugene,Jr. or alimony.ovenrhelmed
by guilt for disregardingthe institutionof maniage and for his role in his mothe/s drug
addiction,o'Neill attemptedsuicide with veronal. A friend found o'Neill unconsciousin his
room at a Fulton Street flophouseand took him to BellevueHospitalwhere his stomacnwas
pumpedand wherehe remainedseveraldaysfor observation.
In 1912,O'Neilldevelopedtuberculosis
and enteredGaylordFarmSanitarium
for six monthsof
treatrnent.Here, he began writing one-actplays. Within a year, he had finishedat least ten,
indudingBound Eastfor Cardiff,Whicnis still frequentlyrevived.ln 1914,O'Neillpersuadedhis
father to send him to Harvardwhere he attendedGeorge Pierce Bakefs playwritingcourse.
Thirst,and OtherOne-ActPlayswas published.Beforehis secondyear at Harvard,O'Neillhad
a fallingout with his father and movedto New Yorkwhere he supportedhimsetfwith odd jobs
and charityfromfriends.When O'Neillwasn'tdrinking,he was writing.
In 1916, O Neill joined The ProvincetownPlayers,theatre group that definedthemselvesas
"anticomercial"
in Provincetown,Massachusetts.
The ProvincetownPlayerswas led by George
Cook and attracled the leading pla),wrightsand intellec{ualsof their generation,induding
O'Neill,Jack Reed, LouiseBryant,SusanGlaspelland many others.On July 28, Bound East
for Cardiffwas producedon a makeshifttheatre on the end of a pier in Provincetoum.For the
next ten years, O'Neill worked with the Players in Massachusettsand in New York. The
Pfayers produced many of his early plays, inctudingThe Emperor Jones, The Hairy Ape,
BeforeBreakfast,ln the Zone, and The Long VoyageHome.As O'Neill'sprofessionallife took
off, so did his personallife. ln 1917, he met Agnes Boultonand manied her on April 12. On
October30, 1919,their son Shanewas bom. Shortlyafter,on February2, 1920,came the
premiereol Beyondthe Horizon.This was O'Neill'sfirst majorptayand his first performanceat
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Puliuer Prize.
Althougho'Neill succeededin establishinghimsetfas a playwright,his personallife beganto
unravelin 1920when his father died. ONeill becameestrangedfrom his brotherafter James
Jr. movedwith their motherto Los Angelesand attemptedto swindleO'Neill out of his part of
their fathe/s estate. Besidesthe attemptedswindle,JamesJr- proved unableto care for EIla
especiallyas her health deterioratedand James' drinking increased-O'Neill's mother died
suddenlyfrom a brain tumora year and a half afier her husbandand JamesJr. drank himself
to death twentymonthslater. ovenivhelmedwith grief,o'Neill begandrinkingas heavilyas he
did beforehe met Agnes.His maniagenever re@vered.Five yearsafter havinganotherchild,
Oona, O'NeilldivorcedAgnes in 1931and manied the actressCadottaMonterey,his mrstress
since1926.
Writingbecamean outletfor O'Neill'sgrief.After 1920,nearlyeveryO'Neillplayis aboutdeath,
loss, and mouming.In 1921,Anna Chis.F-was producedand won O'Neiilhis secondpuliber
Prize-AlthoughO'Neillwrotewhen he was sober,his writingbecameenatic. Realizingthat his
writingwas suffering,he madeseveralattemptsto quit drinkingand saw doctors,psycfriatrists,
and analystsfor his depression.His most successfulplay during the mid-1920'swas Des/re
Under the E/ms, which he wrote just after his brother's death. DesrTereceived its Broadrvay
premierein 1924. lt proved an immediateand lastingsuccess,and moved O'Neillfrom the
expressionistand theatricalexperimentalplays of his early career into psychologicaland
characlerdrivenwork.
The MiddleYears
As O'Neillstoppeddrinkingand tried to accepthis losses,he focusedintenselyon his writing.
His plays presented a view of the world influenced by the German nineteenth century
philosopherFriedrichNietzsche,psychoanalysis,
and the ancient Greeks.O'Neillread about
philosophies.Playsin the late 1920'slike
mythologies,ancientcultures,and pre-Pythagorean
Stnnge lnterlude,LazarusLaughed, and Dynamorefleotedthese interests.ln 1928,Stnnge
lntelude won O'Neillhis third PulitzerPrize.
MourningSecomesE eclra,whichO'Neillbeganin 1929and finishedin 1931, begana tuming
point in his Miting and his state of mind. AlthoughMouming EecomesElecln was another
play about bereavement,it was the first O'Neill play to end with a characteracceptingthe
permanen@of fossand surviving.AfterMoumingBecomesElecIn, O'Neillexperimentedwith
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religiousdrama.Days without End was an artisticfailure.At the same time, o'Neill's mental
healthcollapsed.Underhis doctois orders,O'Neillstoppedwritingfor six months.
ln 1935,o'Neill beganwritingagain. His projectwas an epic of lrish immigrantlife in America
from the mid-eighteenthcenturythrough1931.He plannedto write elevenplaysand c€lledhis
project, 'A Tale of Possessors,Self-Disposed",which is often refened to as the ,'Cycle,,.
struggling with various illnesses,depression,and an attack of appendicitis,o'Neill worked
erratically
on the "Cycle"until1939.Buthe was in and out of hospitalsor sometimes
transient.
\lVhenhe won the NobelPrize in 1936,it was broughtto his hospitatbed. Only one play from
the Cycle,A Touchof the Poet,was finishedto the pointof being performable.A draft of Morc
StatelyMansionshas survived,but mostother materialfrom the "Cycle,,was destroyed_
The Late Years
In 1937,O'Neillmovedwith Carlottato Dansville,Califomiawhere he stoppedworkingon the
"Cycfe"and wrote his last four plays-The l@man Cometh (1939), tong Day's Journeyinto
Nght (1940),A Moon for the Misbegotten(1943), andHughie(1943).For these last plays,he
lookedto his life for inspiration.The charactersin Long Dals Joumeyinto A/t7ttrepresentthe
O'Neillfamily.Only two of thes€ playswere producedin O Neill'slifetime-Ihe tcemanCometh
in 1946 and A Moon for the Misbegoftenin 1947 in Columbus,Ohio. After O'Neiil'sdeath in
1956, CarlottaallowedLong Days Journeyinto Ntghtto be producedin Stockholm,Sweden
and then in NewYork. ONeill won his fourth PuliEerPrizeposthumously.
After the breakdownof 1937, O'Neill'sheatth graduallydedined. He sufferedfrom a rare,
hereditary,neurologicalconditionthat afiectedhis motorcoordination.As O'Neill'shealthand
abilityto write disintegrated,so did his maniagewith Carlotta.Therewere dreadfulfights and
separations.On November27, 1953,O'Neiltdiectalonein a Bostonhotel room.
LIST OF MAJORWORKS
1914
One-Act Plays: Ihrsl, Fog, Warnings,The Web, Recklessness
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1919
The Moon of the Caibbees, BouN Eastfor Cadiff, ln the Zone, The Long VoyageHome, tte,
Where The Crossis Made, The Rope
1920
Beyondthe Horizon, The Emreror Jones, Diff rent
1921
Gold, The Straw
1922
TheHairy AcF-,AnnaChristie,The FirstMan
1924
Ail God's ChillunGot Wings, Wekled, The Dreamy Kd, DesiretJnder the EIms
1925
The Fountain
1926
TheGreat God Brown
1927
Screenplaysfor TheHairyAN and DesireUnderthe EIms
1928
Macro Millions,Sfrarge Intedude,Lazarus Laughed
1929
Dynamo
1931
MourningBecomesElectn
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1933
Ah, Wtldemess!
1934
Days WithoutEnd
1946
The lceman Cometh
1947
A Moon for the Misbgotten
1956
Long Day's Joumey lnto Night
1959
Hughte
Note: These dates are based around the year of the first production,although sometimes
publicationdates were used. The list is meant rnerelyas a historicalframeworkfor O'Neill's
majorworks.
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SYNOPStS
The followingsynopsisfot DesiretJnderthe E/rnsreflectsthe play, as it will be producedat
court rheatre and FreedomTheatre.The setting,time period, and intenacialcasting of the
Cabotfamilyhave been adaptedfor this produdion.
Characters
EphraimCabot,tall, gaunt,75
SimeonCabot,a son from Ephraim'sfirst maniage,plain,robust,and 39 yearsold
PeterCabot,a son from Ephraim'sfirst maniage,plain,robust,and 37 yearsold
Eben Cabot,a son from Ephraim'ssecrnd marriage,tall, goodJooking,sinewy.and 2g years
old
Abbie Putnam,Ephraims'snew wife, buxom,full of vitality,and 35 yearsold
Young Girl, Two Farmers,The Fiddler,and other folk from the neighboringfarms and of
variousraces
The action of the entire play takes place in, and immediatelyoutside of, the cabot farmnouse
in Milner, Georyia in the year 1935. Two enotmous elmsare on each side of the housF-.They
appear to protect and at the same time subdue. There is a sinislermaternity in theh aspect,a
crushing, jealousaDsorpfion.They are likeexhauged wonen restingtheir sagging breastsand
hands and hair on its roof, and when it rainstheir tearstrickledown monotonouslvand rot on
the shingles.
EphraimCabot left the farm two monthsearliertellinghis sons he was on a "spiritualjoumey.,,
As the play opens, it is the end of a long workday,and Cabofs three sons discuss the
possibilityof their fatheis retum. Simeonand Peter hope their father will never return slnce
they are readyto makethe farm that theyhave workedon for yearstheir orvn.Theyargueover
the ownershipof the farm with Eben,who believesthe farm is his alone. The farm came Into
Ephraim'shands throughEben'smotherand ownershipof the land remainsundercontention.
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Simeonand Peter object to Eben's accusationagainsttheir father. They insist that everyone
has slaved over the farm. All three sons wish their father dead. Tired of waitingand doubtful
that the farm will ever be theirs,Simeonand Peter dream of a better life in Califomiawith its
promiseof gold and fteedom.Eben leaves to go see Minnie,the village prostitute,who, his
brothersteasehim,has entertained
his wholefamily.But Eben,a romantic,claimsher as ,,his"
and embarkson his visitwith lustfuljoy.
Just beforedawn,Ebenretumsto the farm.cursing and upset,he wakesup his brothersto tell
them that their father has remaniedand will soon retum to the farm with his new wife. Simeon
and Peter wony that their father will give the farm to his new wife insteadof his sons; Eben
views the new wife as an insult to his mother and is more determinedthan ever to regarn
possessionof the farm. He offers Simeonand Peter $300 each for their sharesof the farm.
Realizingtheir fathe/s remaniageeliminatestheir cfances of inheritingthe farm, Simeonanct
PeteracceptEben'soffer and cease to work on a farm they will never own. Relaxed,and free
from the burdensof work,Simeonand Peterdrink"likkef'and dreamof their lives in Califomia.
The also watchEben,who is proud and excitedto be workingtlrsfarm,strugglealonewith the
momingchores.
while working, Eben notices his fathe/s buggy coming down the road and announceshis
fatheis anival. simeon and Peter grab their bags and wish Ephraimand his new bride,Abbie,
a rude farewellas they leave for Califomia.While Ephraimwatcheshis older sons leave the
farm, Abbiesedudivelyintroducesherselfto Eben.He remainsimmune(at first) to her charms.
BothEben and Ephraimare both uneasyby Abbie'sconstantrefenalto the farm as rers.
Two months later on a Sunday aftemoon,Abbie catcfies Eben sneakingofi to town. She
teases him, hintingat his attractionfor her. Unsettledand angry by Abbie'ssuggestion,Eben
comparesher to Minnie,the town whore-+xceptthat Abbie is sellingherselfto an old man in
order to steal hrsfarm. Insulted,Abbie threatensto kick Eben oft herf€,rmand screamsat him
to leave. Eben walks away toward town and to a night with Minnie. Hearing the shouting,
EphraimapproachesAbbie.She tells Ephraimthat Eben is attractedto her. Ephraimexplodes
with anger, threateningto physicallyharm Eben and to throrvhim off the farm. Fearfulof her
husband'sviolence,Abbie regretsher scheming.She tells Ephraimthat she wantsto bear him
a fourth sorHf Ephraimagreesto leave the farm to Abbie and the new baby_Ephraimagrees,
placinghis hopesfor himselfand the farm in Abbieand the son theyplan to conceive.
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That eveningin bed, Ephraimopens up to Abbie, explaininghow the importanceof both the
farm and hard work tie into his conceptionof a hard and demandingGod. However,Abbie is
distrac;ted
and ignoresEphraim'sspeech.Hurt by Abbie'sdisinterest,Ephraimleavesto sleep
in the bam withthe cows_
with Ephraimgone,Abbierushesto Eben'sroom.He hearsher and openshis bedroomooor
when she anives. she kisses him, and although he initially respondsto her caresses,he
breaksaway.Abbie offers herselfand her love to Eben,but he rejecls her with insults.Hurt,
Abbie mocksEben'sdesirefor her and refersto him as the hr'redhelp.Abbiethen dares Eben
to act on his desire,and strengthensthe dare by goingdownstairsto openthe parlorwhichhas
been closedoff since Eben'smothe/s death.Ebenfollowsher.
In the parlor,the mood changesto one of ghosflyintensitytinged with deep sexualpassion.
Both Abbie and Eben belaevethe spirit of Eben's mother haunts the parlor. Eben blames
Ephraimfor working his mother to death and breaks down into sobs. Abbie comfortsEben,
empathizingwith him and his mother.she promisesto be a motherand much more to him.
She kisseshimagaln.Thistime Ebensuccumbsto his desireand declareshis lovefor Abbie.
He feels his mothefs complicityin hasaci and realizesthat having an affair with Abbie will
prove to be his motheds revenge! The next morning,the lovers separatewith kisses and
promises.They retum to the normal routine of the farm before Ephraimcomes up from the
bam. Eben joins his father for work and surprises Ephraimwith his cheerful attitude and
friendlyovertures.
In the springof the followingyear, Ephraimhas a partyto celebratethe birth of Abbie'sson. At
the party, Ephraim'sneighborsmake innuendoesto each other about Abbie and Eben'saffair
and about the patemityof the newestCabot.Eben is boycottingthe party,and Abbiecan only
think of him and strugglesto find him. Drunkand happy,Ephraimis obliviousto his neighbors
frequentwisecracksand to Abbie's searchfor Eben. when Abbie goes upstairsto check on
the baby, she finds Eben huncftedover the cradteadmiringthe baby he knows is his son.
Eben tells Abbie that he is uncomfortableallowing his father to have what is his. Abbie
comfortsEbenwith her love and the dreamof a futurewithoutEDhraim.
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A half an hour later near the bam, EphraimstumblesacrossEben.He tells Ebento join the
party-all the ladieshave been askingfor him and its about time he found a wife and a farm of
his own. Eben is not interestedin his fathedssuggestions-healreadyis entifleda farm, this
farm. Ephraimlaughsat Eben'sanoganceand tells him that he made a deal with Abbie. He
promisedto cut Eben out of his inheritanceand leavethe farm to Abbie if she gave him a son.
BelievingAbbie has double-crossedhim, Eben threatens to kill her and tums toward the
house.EphraimknocksEben to the ground.Abbie finds themfightingand gets betweenthem.
Proud of being a worthyopponentto his son and no longerfearful of Eben'sthreat, Ephraim
retums to the party leavingAbbie and Eben alone. Eben accusesAbbie of having steptwith
him only in order to becomepregnantwith a son to steal the farm out from underhim. Despite
Abbie's explanationand much protest,Eben remainsconvincedof her betrayaland wishes
their son dead.Abbiepromisesto proveto Ebenthat she doesn'twant the farF{ntv him.
Just before dawn, Abbie rushesto Eben'sroom and throws herselfat him. She explainsthat
they can be togetheragain-thereis nothingbetweenthem now-the baby is dead-murderedby
his own motheras an expressionof her lovefor Eben.Eben is appalledby Abbie'sconfession_
He accusesAbbie of stealingffom him yet again, and leavesto get the sherifi. while Eben is
gone,Abbietells Ephraimthe baby is deadand that he was Eben'sson. Now bitterlylonely
and leamingthat Eben has alreadygonefor the Sheffi, Ephraimretumsto work.
Eben retums to run away with Abbie beforethe Sheriffs men anive, and Ephraimthreatensto
kill him if he does not leave.Ephraimthen tries to leavefor Califomia,releasingthe cattleand
abandoningthe farm. However,Ephraimdiscoversthat his two oldest sons stole his savings.
He is moored,aloneand betrayed,to the land.
lgnoringhis father,Ebenrushesto Abbieand begsher to forgivehim.Abbiedoes,but insists
on stayingto face her punishment-Eben tells her that he loves her and that he is going to
share the blamefor the babys murder.The Sheriffs men (when they anive) allow the lovers
one last kiss.Then as Abbie and Eben are led off to jail, the sheriff admirescabofs farm and
wishesthat he ownedit.
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DESIRE UNDER THE ELMS PIay Notes
BIOGRAPHY
Born in a goddam hotel room and dying in a hotel room!
l-ast words of Eugene O'tr|eill-From Louis Shaeffer, O,Neilt: Sonand Artist
Eugeneo Neill remains,years after his death,one of America'sgreatestplayr,vrights.
He won
four Pulitzerprizesfor literature,and also a Nobelprize.His work has proveclhighlyinfluential
in developingthe great literarylegacyof twentiethcenturyAmericantheatre.O'Neilloften used
his wide and varied experiencesamongmany classesof Americansas the inspirationfor his
plays. His biographyis that of an artist torturedby his profoundemotionalattachmentto his
familyand burdenedby an e)'.tremely
perceptivepsycfrologicat
insightinto other people.
The Eady Years
On October16, '1888in New York City,Ella Quinlainand JamesO'Neillhad their third son,
EugeneO'Neill.JamesO'Neillwas one of the nineteenthcenturys foremostAmericanactors.
He spent the best yearsof his actingereer touringin an adaptationof AlexandreDumas,Ihe
Count of Monte Chisto. The O'Neill family had been having troubles-their second son,
Edmund,diedin 1885afterbeinginfectedwiththe measlesby theiroldestson,JamesJr.-and
Eugene'sbirth brought more problems.Having had a painful childbirth,Ella was prescribed
morphineand soon becameaddicted.After Eugene'sbirth, JamesJr. went to a boarding
school in South Bend, Indiana,and Ella and Eugenewent on tour with James.A nanny \flas
hired to take care of O'Neilluntil he was seven and sent to MountSaint VincentAcademy,a
Catholicboardingschoolin upstateNewYork.
ln the summer of 1902 when Ella attemptedto drown hersell O'Neill leamed about his
mothedsmorphineaddictionand its origin.This discoveryset off a decade{ongbangeof setfdestructivebehavior.O'Neill(fourteen)convincedhis father to transferhim from Mount Saint
VincentAcademyto the less stricl, secularBetts Academyin Stamford,Connecticut.Atthough
O'Neillmaintained
a goodacademicstanding,he begandrinkingheavilyand was suspectedto
be an alcoholicby the age of fifteen. His fathe/s fame as an ador gave him acc€ss to the
backstage of New York theatre where he caroused with showgirls, prostitutes, and
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mostof his classesand droppedout beforethe end of the springterm. For the next two years,
he spent his time having casual afiairs and drinkingwith his brother,James (wtro also had
alcoholictendencies),and otherwild friends.
ln 1909, O'Neilfbecameinvolvedwith KathleenJenkins,the daughterof a prominentfamily.
Kathleensoon becamepregnant.James O'Neill,fearing Kathleen'sfamilywould sue him,
ananged for o'Neill to leave the country on a gold prospectingexpeditionto Honduras.
Although he never planned on being an active husband or fether, o'Neill secre y manied
Kathleenbeforeleaving.sailing to BuenosAires as a memberof the ship'screw after leaving
Honduras,o'Neill did not retum to the united states until '1911.At this time,Kathleensued
o'Neill for a divorce,requestingneitherchitdsupportfor Eugene,Jr. or alimony.ovenrhelmed
by guilt for disregardingthe institutionof maniage and for his role in his mothe/s drug
addiction,o'Neill attemptedsuicide with veronal. A friend found o'Neill unconsciousin his
room at a Fulton Street flophouseand took him to BellevueHospitalwhere his stomacnwas
pumpedand wherehe remainedseveraldaysfor observation.
In 1912,O'Neilldevelopedtuberculosis
and enteredGaylordFarmSanitarium
for six monthsof
treatrnent.Here, he began writing one-actplays. Within a year, he had finishedat least ten,
indudingBound Eastfor Cardiff,Whicnis still frequentlyrevived.ln 1914,O'Neillpersuadedhis
father to send him to Harvardwhere he attendedGeorge Pierce Bakefs playwritingcourse.
Thirst,and OtherOne-ActPlayswas published.Beforehis secondyear at Harvard,O'Neillhad
a fallingout with his father and movedto New Yorkwhere he supportedhimsetfwith odd jobs
and charityfromfriends.When O'Neillwasn'tdrinking,he was writing.
In 1916, O Neill joined The ProvincetownPlayers,theatre group that definedthemselvesas
"anticomercial"
in Provincetown,Massachusetts.
The ProvincetownPlayerswas led by George
Cook and attracled the leading pla),wrightsand intellec{ualsof their generation,induding
O'Neill,Jack Reed, LouiseBryant,SusanGlaspelland many others.On July 28, Bound East
for Cardiffwas producedon a makeshifttheatre on the end of a pier in Provincetoum.For the
next ten years, O'Neill worked with the Players in Massachusettsand in New York. The
Pfayers produced many of his early plays, inctudingThe Emperor Jones, The Hairy Ape,
BeforeBreakfast,ln the Zone, and The Long VoyageHome.As O'Neill'sprofessionallife took
off, so did his personallife. ln 1917, he met Agnes Boultonand manied her on April 12. On
October30, 1919,their son Shanewas bom. Shortlyafter,on February2, 1920,came the
premiereol Beyondthe Horizon.This was O'Neill'sfirst majorptayand his first performanceat
a mrinslrp.m
thaafrF
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and
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Puliuer Prize.
Althougho'Neill succeededin establishinghimsetfas a playwright,his personallife beganto
unravelin 1920when his father died. ONeill becameestrangedfrom his brotherafter James
Jr. movedwith their motherto Los Angelesand attemptedto swindleO'Neill out of his part of
their fathe/s estate. Besidesthe attemptedswindle,JamesJr- proved unableto care for EIla
especiallyas her health deterioratedand James' drinking increased-O'Neill's mother died
suddenlyfrom a brain tumora year and a half afier her husbandand JamesJr. drank himself
to death twentymonthslater. ovenivhelmedwith grief,o'Neill begandrinkingas heavilyas he
did beforehe met Agnes.His maniagenever re@vered.Five yearsafter havinganotherchild,
Oona, O'NeilldivorcedAgnes in 1931and manied the actressCadottaMonterey,his mrstress
since1926.
Writingbecamean outletfor O'Neill'sgrief.After 1920,nearlyeveryO'Neillplayis aboutdeath,
loss, and mouming.In 1921,Anna Chis.F-was producedand won O'Neiilhis secondpuliber
Prize-AlthoughO'Neillwrotewhen he was sober,his writingbecameenatic. Realizingthat his
writingwas suffering,he madeseveralattemptsto quit drinkingand saw doctors,psycfriatrists,
and analystsfor his depression.His most successfulplay during the mid-1920'swas Des/re
Under the E/ms, which he wrote just after his brother's death. DesrTereceived its Broadrvay
premierein 1924. lt proved an immediateand lastingsuccess,and moved O'Neillfrom the
expressionistand theatricalexperimentalplays of his early career into psychologicaland
characlerdrivenwork.
The MiddleYears
As O'Neillstoppeddrinkingand tried to accepthis losses,he focusedintenselyon his writing.
His plays presented a view of the world influenced by the German nineteenth century
philosopherFriedrichNietzsche,psychoanalysis,
and the ancient Greeks.O'Neillread about
philosophies.Playsin the late 1920'slike
mythologies,ancientcultures,and pre-Pythagorean
Stnnge lnterlude,LazarusLaughed, and Dynamorefleotedthese interests.ln 1928,Stnnge
lntelude won O'Neillhis third PulitzerPrize.
MourningSecomesE eclra,whichO'Neillbeganin 1929and finishedin 1931, begana tuming
point in his Miting and his state of mind. AlthoughMouming EecomesElecln was another
play about bereavement,it was the first O'Neill play to end with a characteracceptingthe
permanen@of fossand surviving.AfterMoumingBecomesElecIn, O'Neillexperimentedwith
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religiousdrama.Days without End was an artisticfailure.At the same time, o'Neill's mental
healthcollapsed.Underhis doctois orders,O'Neillstoppedwritingfor six months.
ln 1935,o'Neill beganwritingagain. His projectwas an epic of lrish immigrantlife in America
from the mid-eighteenthcenturythrough1931.He plannedto write elevenplaysand c€lledhis
project, 'A Tale of Possessors,Self-Disposed",which is often refened to as the ,'Cycle,,.
struggling with various illnesses,depression,and an attack of appendicitis,o'Neill worked
erratically
on the "Cycle"until1939.Buthe was in and out of hospitalsor sometimes
transient.
\lVhenhe won the NobelPrize in 1936,it was broughtto his hospitatbed. Only one play from
the Cycle,A Touchof the Poet,was finishedto the pointof being performable.A draft of Morc
StatelyMansionshas survived,but mostother materialfrom the "Cycle,,was destroyed_
The Late Years
In 1937,O'Neillmovedwith Carlottato Dansville,Califomiawhere he stoppedworkingon the
"Cycfe"and wrote his last four plays-The l@man Cometh (1939), tong Day's Journeyinto
Nght (1940),A Moon for the Misbegotten(1943), andHughie(1943).For these last plays,he
lookedto his life for inspiration.The charactersin Long Dals Joumeyinto A/t7ttrepresentthe
O'Neillfamily.Only two of thes€ playswere producedin O Neill'slifetime-Ihe tcemanCometh
in 1946 and A Moon for the Misbegoftenin 1947 in Columbus,Ohio. After O'Neiil'sdeath in
1956, CarlottaallowedLong Days Journeyinto Ntghtto be producedin Stockholm,Sweden
and then in NewYork. ONeill won his fourth PuliEerPrizeposthumously.
After the breakdownof 1937, O'Neill'sheatth graduallydedined. He sufferedfrom a rare,
hereditary,neurologicalconditionthat afiectedhis motorcoordination.As O'Neill'shealthand
abilityto write disintegrated,so did his maniagewith Carlotta.Therewere dreadfulfights and
separations.On November27, 1953,O'Neiltdiectalonein a Bostonhotel room.
LIST OF MAJORWORKS
1914
One-Act Plays: Ihrsl, Fog, Warnings,The Web, Recklessness
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1919
The Moon of the Caibbees, BouN Eastfor Cadiff, ln the Zone, The Long VoyageHome, tte,
Where The Crossis Made, The Rope
1920
Beyondthe Horizon, The Emreror Jones, Diff rent
1921
Gold, The Straw
1922
TheHairy AcF-,AnnaChristie,The FirstMan
1924
Ail God's ChillunGot Wings, Wekled, The Dreamy Kd, DesiretJnder the EIms
1925
The Fountain
1926
TheGreat God Brown
1927
Screenplaysfor TheHairyAN and DesireUnderthe EIms
1928
Macro Millions,Sfrarge Intedude,Lazarus Laughed
1929
Dynamo
1931
MourningBecomesElectn
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1933
Ah, Wtldemess!
1934
Days WithoutEnd
1946
The lceman Cometh
1947
A Moon for the Misbgotten
1956
Long Day's Joumey lnto Night
1959
Hughte
Note: These dates are based around the year of the first production,although sometimes
publicationdates were used. The list is meant rnerelyas a historicalframeworkfor O'Neill's
majorworks.
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SYNOPStS
The followingsynopsisfot DesiretJnderthe E/rnsreflectsthe play, as it will be producedat
court rheatre and FreedomTheatre.The setting,time period, and intenacialcasting of the
Cabotfamilyhave been adaptedfor this produdion.
Characters
EphraimCabot,tall, gaunt,75
SimeonCabot,a son from Ephraim'sfirst maniage,plain,robust,and 39 yearsold
PeterCabot,a son from Ephraim'sfirst maniage,plain,robust,and 37 yearsold
Eben Cabot,a son from Ephraim'ssecrnd marriage,tall, goodJooking,sinewy.and 2g years
old
Abbie Putnam,Ephraims'snew wife, buxom,full of vitality,and 35 yearsold
Young Girl, Two Farmers,The Fiddler,and other folk from the neighboringfarms and of
variousraces
The action of the entire play takes place in, and immediatelyoutside of, the cabot farmnouse
in Milner, Georyia in the year 1935. Two enotmous elmsare on each side of the housF-.They
appear to protect and at the same time subdue. There is a sinislermaternity in theh aspect,a
crushing, jealousaDsorpfion.They are likeexhauged wonen restingtheir sagging breastsand
hands and hair on its roof, and when it rainstheir tearstrickledown monotonouslvand rot on
the shingles.
EphraimCabot left the farm two monthsearliertellinghis sons he was on a "spiritualjoumey.,,
As the play opens, it is the end of a long workday,and Cabofs three sons discuss the
possibilityof their fatheis retum. Simeonand Peter hope their father will never return slnce
they are readyto makethe farm that theyhave workedon for yearstheir orvn.Theyargueover
the ownershipof the farm with Eben,who believesthe farm is his alone. The farm came Into
Ephraim'shands throughEben'smotherand ownershipof the land remainsundercontention.
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Simeonand Peter object to Eben's accusationagainsttheir father. They insist that everyone
has slaved over the farm. All three sons wish their father dead. Tired of waitingand doubtful
that the farm will ever be theirs,Simeonand Peter dream of a better life in Califomiawith its
promiseof gold and fteedom.Eben leaves to go see Minnie,the village prostitute,who, his
brothersteasehim,has entertained
his wholefamily.But Eben,a romantic,claimsher as ,,his"
and embarkson his visitwith lustfuljoy.
Just beforedawn,Ebenretumsto the farm.cursing and upset,he wakesup his brothersto tell
them that their father has remaniedand will soon retum to the farm with his new wife. Simeon
and Peter wony that their father will give the farm to his new wife insteadof his sons; Eben
views the new wife as an insult to his mother and is more determinedthan ever to regarn
possessionof the farm. He offers Simeonand Peter $300 each for their sharesof the farm.
Realizingtheir fathe/s remaniageeliminatestheir cfances of inheritingthe farm, Simeonanct
PeteracceptEben'soffer and cease to work on a farm they will never own. Relaxed,and free
from the burdensof work,Simeonand Peterdrink"likkef'and dreamof their lives in Califomia.
The also watchEben,who is proud and excitedto be workingtlrsfarm,strugglealonewith the
momingchores.
while working, Eben notices his fathe/s buggy coming down the road and announceshis
fatheis anival. simeon and Peter grab their bags and wish Ephraimand his new bride,Abbie,
a rude farewellas they leave for Califomia.While Ephraimwatcheshis older sons leave the
farm, Abbiesedudivelyintroducesherselfto Eben.He remainsimmune(at first) to her charms.
BothEben and Ephraimare both uneasyby Abbie'sconstantrefenalto the farm as rers.
Two months later on a Sunday aftemoon,Abbie catcfies Eben sneakingofi to town. She
teases him, hintingat his attractionfor her. Unsettledand angry by Abbie'ssuggestion,Eben
comparesher to Minnie,the town whore-+xceptthat Abbie is sellingherselfto an old man in
order to steal hrsfarm. Insulted,Abbie threatensto kick Eben oft herf€,rmand screamsat him
to leave. Eben walks away toward town and to a night with Minnie. Hearing the shouting,
EphraimapproachesAbbie.She tells Ephraimthat Eben is attractedto her. Ephraimexplodes
with anger, threateningto physicallyharm Eben and to throrvhim off the farm. Fearfulof her
husband'sviolence,Abbie regretsher scheming.She tells Ephraimthat she wantsto bear him
a fourth sorHf Ephraimagreesto leave the farm to Abbie and the new baby_Ephraimagrees,
placinghis hopesfor himselfand the farm in Abbieand the son theyplan to conceive.
www NovelGuide.com
That eveningin bed, Ephraimopens up to Abbie, explaininghow the importanceof both the
farm and hard work tie into his conceptionof a hard and demandingGod. However,Abbie is
distrac;ted
and ignoresEphraim'sspeech.Hurt by Abbie'sdisinterest,Ephraimleavesto sleep
in the bam withthe cows_
with Ephraimgone,Abbierushesto Eben'sroom.He hearsher and openshis bedroomooor
when she anives. she kisses him, and although he initially respondsto her caresses,he
breaksaway.Abbie offers herselfand her love to Eben,but he rejecls her with insults.Hurt,
Abbie mocksEben'sdesirefor her and refersto him as the hr'redhelp.Abbiethen dares Eben
to act on his desire,and strengthensthe dare by goingdownstairsto openthe parlorwhichhas
been closedoff since Eben'smothe/s death.Ebenfollowsher.
In the parlor,the mood changesto one of ghosflyintensitytinged with deep sexualpassion.
Both Abbie and Eben belaevethe spirit of Eben's mother haunts the parlor. Eben blames
Ephraimfor working his mother to death and breaks down into sobs. Abbie comfortsEben,
empathizingwith him and his mother.she promisesto be a motherand much more to him.
She kisseshimagaln.Thistime Ebensuccumbsto his desireand declareshis lovefor Abbie.
He feels his mothefs complicityin hasaci and realizesthat having an affair with Abbie will
prove to be his motheds revenge! The next morning,the lovers separatewith kisses and
promises.They retum to the normal routine of the farm before Ephraimcomes up from the
bam. Eben joins his father for work and surprises Ephraimwith his cheerful attitude and
friendlyovertures.
In the springof the followingyear, Ephraimhas a partyto celebratethe birth of Abbie'sson. At
the party, Ephraim'sneighborsmake innuendoesto each other about Abbie and Eben'saffair
and about the patemityof the newestCabot.Eben is boycottingthe party,and Abbiecan only
think of him and strugglesto find him. Drunkand happy,Ephraimis obliviousto his neighbors
frequentwisecracksand to Abbie's searchfor Eben. when Abbie goes upstairsto check on
the baby, she finds Eben huncftedover the cradteadmiringthe baby he knows is his son.
Eben tells Abbie that he is uncomfortableallowing his father to have what is his. Abbie
comfortsEbenwith her love and the dreamof a futurewithoutEDhraim.
w*rry.NovelGuide.com
A half an hour later near the bam, EphraimstumblesacrossEben.He tells Ebento join the
party-all the ladieshave been askingfor him and its about time he found a wife and a farm of
his own. Eben is not interestedin his fathedssuggestions-healreadyis entifleda farm, this
farm. Ephraimlaughsat Eben'sanoganceand tells him that he made a deal with Abbie. He
promisedto cut Eben out of his inheritanceand leavethe farm to Abbie if she gave him a son.
BelievingAbbie has double-crossedhim, Eben threatens to kill her and tums toward the
house.EphraimknocksEben to the ground.Abbie finds themfightingand gets betweenthem.
Proud of being a worthyopponentto his son and no longerfearful of Eben'sthreat, Ephraim
retums to the party leavingAbbie and Eben alone. Eben accusesAbbie of having steptwith
him only in order to becomepregnantwith a son to steal the farm out from underhim. Despite
Abbie's explanationand much protest,Eben remainsconvincedof her betrayaland wishes
their son dead.Abbiepromisesto proveto Ebenthat she doesn'twant the farF{ntv him.
Just before dawn, Abbie rushesto Eben'sroom and throws herselfat him. She explainsthat
they can be togetheragain-thereis nothingbetweenthem now-the baby is dead-murderedby
his own motheras an expressionof her lovefor Eben.Eben is appalledby Abbie'sconfession_
He accusesAbbie of stealingffom him yet again, and leavesto get the sherifi. while Eben is
gone,Abbietells Ephraimthe baby is deadand that he was Eben'sson. Now bitterlylonely
and leamingthat Eben has alreadygonefor the Sheffi, Ephraimretumsto work.
Eben retums to run away with Abbie beforethe Sheriffs men anive, and Ephraimthreatensto
kill him if he does not leave.Ephraimthen tries to leavefor Califomia,releasingthe cattleand
abandoningthe farm. However,Ephraimdiscoversthat his two oldest sons stole his savings.
He is moored,aloneand betrayed,to the land.
lgnoringhis father,Ebenrushesto Abbieand begsher to forgivehim.Abbiedoes,but insists
on stayingto face her punishment-Eben tells her that he loves her and that he is going to
share the blamefor the babys murder.The Sheriffs men (when they anive) allow the lovers
one last kiss.Then as Abbie and Eben are led off to jail, the sheriff admirescabofs farm and
wishesthat he ownedit.
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