STUDENTS’ COMPETENCE OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN WORD CLASSES (A Descriptive Study on the Second Semester Students of the English Education Department of Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto in Academic Year 2013/2014) - repository perpustakaan

THEORETICAL REVIEW A. World Classes/ Part of Speech

  6 CHAPTER II

  Terms used to classify words based on their function categories are called parts of speech which include Noun, Verb, Adjective, and Adverb.

  (Brown, 1995: 218). In addition to these major classes, there are pronouns, prepositions, conjunction, etc. But based on the topic of this study, it will be discussed the major classes, namely part of speech such as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb as what the writer observes concern with their formation.

  1. Noun Noun is name of anything. It may be the name of a person, an object, a quality, or condition, a weight or quantify of something, a measure, an action, a state an occurrence, a sense impression and a great many other things. The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb will help to form the sentence core with essential to every complete.

  a. Types of Noun Noun in English is divided into meaning and form 1) Noun classified by meaning a) Proper noun. It begins with a capital letter in writing (Mr.

  John Smith, Paris, Christianity, Thanksgiving, Day, Saturday, Nature) b) Concrete or abstract Noun Concrete noun is a word physical object that can be perceived by the sense (we can see, touch, and smell the object). For example flower, girl. While an abstract noun is word for a concept. It is an idea that exists in our mind only, for example beauty, democracy, philosophic.

  c) Countable or uncountable Noun A countable noun can usually be made plural by the action of

• –s (one girl- two girls) while uncountable noun may also be used in countable sense and will be plural form.

  d) Collective noun A collective noun is a word for group of people, animals, or object considered as single unit for example (audience, class, and faculty). 2) Noun classified by Form

  a) Noun compound Noun compound refers to a group of words, usually two, but sometimes more joined together into one vocabulary unit that functions a single part of speech. It consist of

  : bathroom, department store  N + N  Possessive Noun + Noun : artist’s model. Women’s collage  Adjective + Noun : blackbird, common sense

   Verb + Noun : pickpocket, dance team  Gerund + Noun : dining room, pouncing bag  Noun + Gerund : fortune telling, house cleaning  Preposition + Noun : overall, down pour  Verb + Preposition : break down, grown up  Noun +Prepositional phrase: son-in low

  b) Simple Noun A simple noun is noun, which is not formed by combining two separate words (book, cat).

  c) Plural Noun 1) The general rule for writing the plural of English noun is, by adding

• –s to the singular form book books girl girls friend friends

  2) There are noun plural form by adding

• –es, and –ves to the singular noun adding s, ch, sh, x, ss, o, when the root end hissing sound class classes box boxes church churches tomato tomatoes dish dishes Negro Negroes leaf leaves wife wives

  3) Noun plural form by ending the

• –y is changed to –i and
• –es (after –y precede by consonant)

e.g.: lady ladies Country Countries

  If final

• –y is preceded by a vowel, no change is made e.g.: attorney attorneys valley valleys

  4) Noun plural form by ending

• –fe become ves in one syllable word. e.g.: life lives leaf leaves

  However some words take the regular

• –s ending e.g.: chief chiefs roof roofs

  After few words have either form for the plural e.g.: whaft wharves/ wharfes scarf scarves/ scarfes

  5) Few noun plural form have phonemic modification e.g.: woman women man men foot feet ox oxen child children mouse mice

  6) There are some nouns which do not change for their plural e.g.: sheep sheep deer deer advice advice furniture furniture knowledge knowledge

  7) The singular noun has same form as plural e.g.: series, glasses, scissors, police, and clothes.

  b. Function of noun The following are the function of noun in the sentence: 1) Subject of verb e.g.: John loves Mery.

  The girls are swimming in the swimming pool. 2) Object

  a) Direct object e.g.: John loves Mary.

  I need you.

  b) Indirect object e.g.: She gives me money.

  He sends him a letter.

  c) Object complement The object complement may be introduced by at appoint, consider, elect, name, nominate, select, think. e.g.: Students elected John a leader Mother named me Riri.

  d) Object preposition e.g.: I took it from John.

  The baby cries in his box.

  e) Appositive Appositive means a second noun used after a first one to reidentify the first one. e.g.: John, president of his club is handsome.

  Mr. Johnson, my lawyer is very smart.

  f) Vocative Usually a proper noun used to draw the attention of person being spoken to. e.g.: John please comes here.

  Open the door Mary.

  g) Noun adjunct A noun used in adjective position before another noun, the two together forming is noun compound. e.g.: She is going to the grocery store.

  They have swimming pool.

  c. Derived Noun Noun however can be formed from verb or adjective by adding derivational suffixes to their stems, here are some forming suffixes.

  1) The suffixes

• –ant, -ent, -er, -or, -ist indicating person who ( a person who is active in, or person who come from )

  2) The suffixes

• –ance, -al, -ment, -age, -tion, /-sion, changing verbs to noun indicating the state being.

  3) The suffixes

• –ness, -th, -ty changing adjective to nouns, which indicate the state being.

  2. Verb A verb is a word that denoted action (run, steal, kill, be, become) or state of being (suffer, rejoice) (Brown 1995: 222) a. Verb classified by complement and form (Frank, 1972: 42-51) 1) Verb classifies by complement

  a) Predicating or linking verb Predicating verb is verb in the predicate that says something about the subject (a baby cries, she writes a letter) and linking verb is incomplete prediction; it merely announces the real predicate follows. The important word in the complement usually an adjective or a noun. The more common linking verb are become, get (in the sense of become) look, remain, seem, smell, taste. Example:  The boy is handsome  The rose smell fragrant  It seems beautiful

  b) Transitive or intransitive verb A transitive verb takes a direct object (he is walking in the park). Only transitive verb may be used in the passive voice. If in the active voice, the subject is actor and the object is receiver of the action (verb) conversely, in the passive voice the subject receives the action Example:  Active voice: He returns the book.

   Passive voice: The book is return by him.

  Many verb are used in either transitively or intransitively Example:  She cooks rice (transitive)  She cooks in the kitchen (intransitive) Some transitive verbs may be used intransitively to express a passive idea. Their subject usually denotes things rather than persons. Example:  The books sold out (was sold out) in the week.

   The breed baked (was baked) too long.  Such houses rent (are rent) easily.

  b. Reflexive verb A reflexive verb requires one of the compound with self, (reflexive pronoun) as its object.

  Example: She dresses herself quickly. He doesn’t like himself. 1) Verb classified by form

  a) Regular verb A regular verb is verb, which forms its past participle by adding suffixes

• –ed, -d, or –t to the infinitive form.

For example:

  

Present past past participle

  want wanted wanted hate hated hated burn burnt burnt

  b) An irregular verb An irregular verb is one, which doesn’t form past and past participle by adding

• –ed, -d, or –t to the stem. For example:

  

Present past past participle

  take took taken go went gone get got gotten

  c. Function of verb The verb functions as grammatical centre for prediction about the subject; it may be grammatical centre expressing language.

  d. Derived verb Derived verb consist chiefly of suffixes –ize, -fy, -ate, and –en.

  1) Suffix

• –ize, -(I) fy change noun into verb: economize, memorize, classify.

  2) Suffix

• –ate, -en added to adjective to make verb: activate, deaden, and brighten.

  3. Adjective Adjective is a word, a noun, or other substantive as modified to describe or define it. There are two types of adjective namely determiner and descriptive adjective (Frank, 1972: 100) a. Types of Adjective 1) Determiner

  Determiners consist of small group of structure words which can be divided into some kind: a) Article : the, a, an

  b) Demonstrative adjective : this, that, these, those (plural)

  c) Distributive adjective : each, every, either, neither, etc.

   e) Numeral adjective :  Cardinal: four, twenty, five, one hundred.

  From noun: John’s, the girl’s etc.

   Ordinal: fourth, fifth, one hundredth

  f) Relative and interrogative adjective: Whose, what, which

  2) Descriptive of Adjective Descriptive adjective usually indicate inherent quality

  (beautiful, intelligent) or physical state such as age, size, colour, some descriptive adjective take the form of: a) Proper adjective : Catholic church, a French design. b) Participle adjective : an interesting book, a charming view c) Past participle : a bored students, a tires housewife

  3) Adjective compound With participle

  a) Present participle : a good-looking girl, a Spanish- speaking student.

  b) Past participle : a broken down house, ready-made clothes.

  b. Function of Adjective Adjective can modify noun (the small boy) or pronoun

  (everybody else). Words that generally function as adjective sometime serve as other part of speech.

  1) As noun : the rich 2) Object of preposition : in general, at random 3) As adverb, these modify :

  Verb : make uneasy, hold tight Adverb better of : straight ahead

  c. Derived adjective Derived adjectives are formed by the addition of the adjective forming suffixes to free or bound stems. The following are suffixes, which form adjective:

  1) The suffixes

• –ful and –less are added to nouns: useful, useless, careful, and careless.

  2) The suffixes

• –al, -ic, -ous are added noun and bound root stem: central, educational, heroic, victorious, dangerous.

  3) The suffix

• –y is added nouns and bound root stem: angry, cloudy, healthy, noisy, muddy.

  4) The suffixes-or, -ary, -ish, and are added to noun and bound root stem: scholar, legendary, reddish, and childish.

  5) The suffix

• –able is added to verbs and this is very common suffix, which can be added to virtually any verb: acceptable, adaptable, and arguable.

  6) The suffix –en is added to noun: waxen, wooden. 7) The suffixes

• –ent, and –ive are added to verb and bound root stem: convenient, innocent, active, attentive, and emotive.

  8) The suffix –ing is added to verb: interesting, exciting. 9) The suffix –ly is added to noun: friendly, homely.

  4. Adverb Most adverbs are formed by ending

• –ly after adjective: national (nationality), selfish (selfishly), immediate (immediately), (Hidayat, 1996: 148).

  a. Type of Adverb 1) Adverb of manner : quickly, happily, fast, well, etc.

  2) Adverb of place : here, there, down, near, by, etc.

  3) Adverb of time : now, soon, yet, still, today. 4) Adverb of frequency : twice, often, occasionally, seldom, etc.

  5) Adverb of certainly : certainly, surely, definitely. 6) Adverb of degree : very, too. 7) Interrogative adverb : when?, where?, why?. 8) Relative : when, where, why.

  b. The Comparison of Adverb 1) With adverb of two or more syllable putting more before the adverb and the superlative (most) the adverb form the comparative.

  Example:

Positive comparative superlative

  Beautifully more beautifully most beautifully Quickly more quickly most quickly Excellently more excellently most excellently

  2) Single syllable adverbs however and the adverb early, add er, -est.

  Example: Positive comparative superlative

  High higher highest Smart smarter smartest

  3) Irregular Comparison

  Example: Positive comparative superlative

  Well better best Much more most little less least far farther farthest B.

Derivational Suffixes

  1. Definitions of Derivational Suffixes Since vocabulary plays such a big role in English, students have to master well the vocabulary, as we know the vocabularu contains many lexical word that can be inflextional and derivational words. Drivational words are result from the derivational suffix. Derivational suffixes are part of morphology lesson. In linguistics, derivational is word formation that creates the new meaning and part of speech by edition. For examples the suffix that form noun that obtained from the verb, adverb that obtained from adjective and adjective that obtained from noun. If suffixes change the part of speech of the base, it is derivational.

  2. Classification of Derivational suffixes According to Macmillan (1996: 25), there are kinds of derivational suffixes such as:

  a.

  

Noun- Forming suffix. Noun that obtained from verb.

_,

  1) always with weak stress. Very productive. Usually

• –ment occur with little or no change in the base verb.

achieve acknowledge amaze amend amuse assign attach attain bewilder command commence commit conceal confine disappoint discourage enforce equip establish fulfill govern improve invest judge manage move nourish place punish replace resent settle ship state achievement acknowledgment amazement amendment amusement assignment attachment attainment bewilderment commandment commencement commitment concealment confinement disappointment discouragement enforcement equipment establishment fulfillment government improvement investment judgment management movement nourishment placement punishment replacement resentment settlement shipment statement

  2)

  

Verb Noun

  always with weak stress. Not very productive. Very little change in the base except occasionally in spelling.

• –al ^,

  

Verb Noun

  bestow betray dispose refer renew reverse survive withdraw bestowal betrayal disposal referral renewal reversal survival withdrawal

  3) –t, Rare. Except when the base ends in a vowel, always requires a change in the final sound of the base.

  

Verb Noun

  ascend extend pursue restrain ascent extent pursuit restraint

  4) –ance or –ence, moderately productive. Sometimes produce a stress change in the base.

  

Verb Noun

  acquaint assist confer convey emerge inherit maintain resemble acquaintance assistance conference conveyance emergence inheritance maintained resemblance

  5)

• –(t)ure, there is almost always some change in the base when

  this suffix is added.

  

Verb Noun

  fix fixture mix mixture press pressure proceed procedure

  6)

• –sion, not very productive, but occur in number of words

  derived from Latin, usually ending in/d/. There is almost always a change in the base.

  

Verb Noun

  conclude conclusion exclude exclusion include inclusion divide division provide provision collide collision deride derision corrode corrosion erode erosion revise revision incise incision ascend ascension scan scansion

  7)

• –ssion. Used with bases ending in /t/ or /d/. Final consonant is

  dropped before this suffix.

  

Verb Noun

  admit admission commit commission permit permission remit remission submit submission proceed procession recede recession succeed succession

  8)

• –tion. Very productive. Various changes occur when this

  suffix is added to bases. Words with this suffix are stresses on the next to the last syllable.

  a) Based ending in /t/

  Verb Noun

  appreciate appreciation assert assertion celebrate celebration communicate communication complete completion concentrate concentration construct construction constitute constitution contribute contribution cooperate cooperation create creation decorate decoration delegate delegation delete deletion

• distribute distribution
• edit edition elaborate elaboration erect erection estimate estimation execute execu
• exhibit exhibition fabricate fabrication federate federation generate generation graduate graduation humiliate humiliation illustrate illustration institute institution instruct instruction intimate intimation legislate legislation liberate liberation motivate motivation obligate obligation prohibit prohibition project projection react reaction

regulate regulation relate relation violate violation

• These words have noticeable changes in sound when suffix –tion is added.

  b) Base ending in /b/, /m/, and sometimes /v/: there is a change to /p/, or /mp/. There are usually other sounds changes as well.

  Verb Noun

  absorb absorption assume assumption conceive conception consume consumption deceive deception perceive perception receive reception resume resumption c) Base ending in /n/ or /nd/: the suffix is spelled

• –sion or – tion.

  

Verb Noun

  ascend ascension extend extension pretend pretension retain retention suspend suspension

  d)

• –ation. Very productive. Always stressed on the /ey/ syllable. Very little change when added to bases.

  

Verb Noun

  adapt administer adore alter condemn condense conserve continue derive form incline inspire occupy proclaim reform register restore starve tempt transport adaptation administration adoration alteration condemnation condensation conservation continuation derivation formation inclination inspiration occupation proclamation reformation registration restoration starvation temptation transportation e) -ition. Always stressed on /i/. Not much change in bases.

  

Verb Noun

  compete depose expose impose propose acquire competition deposition exposition imposition proposition acquisition f) -ification. Very productive. Almost verb ending in

• –ify have related noun ending in
• –infication. These the examples:

  

Verb Noun

  amplify beautify certify clarify deify fortify identify amplification beautification certification clarification deification fortification identification justify notify purify qualify ratify justification notification purification qualification ratification g) -er. This suffix change the verb into noun.

  Verb

  consume convert entertain explore export flatter interview invade join keep labour lodge make observe offend pitch plot plunge point procure produce provide quit rattle reform restore retain skate sketch slay spray sprinkle sting tempt

  Noun

  consumer converter entertainer explorer exporter flatter interviewer invader joiner keeper labourer lodger maker observer offender pitcher plotter plunger pointer procurer producer provider quitter rattler reformer restorer retainer skater sketcher slayer sprayer sprinkler stinger tempter treasure treasurer weave weaver weep weepier

  h) -ant, -ent. These suffixes also form agent nouns. They are not very productive, but many of the words in which they occur are quite.

  Verb Noun

  assist assistant attend attendant consult consultant inhabit inhabitant occupy occupant preside president reside resident b.

Noun- Forming suffix. Noun that obtained from adjective

  1)

• –ness. This is an extremely productive suffix that form noun from adjectives. There are very few changes in the base, other than minor alterations in spelling, when this suffix is used.

  Adjective Noun

  aware awareness coarse coarseness eager eagerness fierce fierceness heavy heaviness keen keenness lame lameness loud loudness shy shyness odd oddness plain plainness queer queerness ready readiness remote remoteness sad sadness serious seriousness sharp sharpness sheer short shy silly slender steady steep stern stout submissive swift thorough tight ugly unexpected vague vicious weak wicked sheerness shortness shyness silliness slenderness steadiness steepness stamens stoutness submissiveness swiftness thoroughness tightness ugliness unexpectedness vagueness viciousness weakness wickedness

  2)

• –ity. Not quite so productive as –ness, but still found in quite a few words. Usually added to adjective bases. There is almost always a stress change, and usually other sound changes as well, when this suffix is used.

  Adjective

  acid captive extreme grave hostile odd secure sensitive fatal legal mental normal personal universal capable

  Noun

  acidity captivity extremity gravity hostility oddity security sensitivity fatality legality mentality normality personality universality capability possible possibility probable probability suitable suitability visible visibility brief brevity enormous enormity proper propriety sober sobriety

  3) The change of -t to -ce. There are many adjective ending in

• –ant or –ent that have related nouns ending in –ance or –ence.

  Spelling these words is troublesome, because the sound gives no clue to wheter they are spelled with a or e.

  Adjective Noun

  abundant abundance convenient convenience evident evidence ignorant ignorance innocent innocence intelligent intelligence magnificent magnificence prevalent prevalence resident residence c.

Verb Forming suffix. Verb that obtained from noun

  These are some suffixes that are added to Noun and Adjective to form Verb.

  1)

• –ize/ays/. This suffix is spoken with medium stress. It is extremely productive.

  Noun Verb

  agony agonize commercial commercialize crystal crystallizes drama dramatize economy economize harmony item philosophy sympathy terror vapor victim harmonize itemize philosophize sympathize terrorize vaporize victimize

  2) –ate/eyt/. Spoken with medium stress. Not very productive.

  Noun Verb

  captive facility luxury motive origin captivate facilitate luxuriate motivate originate

  3)

• –ify/ifay/. There is always medium stress on the last syllable

  Noun Verb

  beauty class fort person dignify grateful horror mystery terror beautify classify fortify personify dignify gratify horrify mystify terrify

  1)

• –en. This suffix forms verbs when added to many short adjectives. Its meaning is approximately

  “to make (or become) _____”, in which the blank is filled in by the base adjective.

  For example, harden means “make or become hard.”

  Adjective Verb

  black blacken bright brighten coarse coarsen dark darken fast fasten hard harden moist moisten quick quicken red redden sharp sharpen white whiten wide widen

  e.

  

Adjective - Forming suffix. Adjective that obtained from noun.

  1)

• –al, -ial/. This suffix always has weak stress. It is quite productive. There are often minor changes in the base.

  Noun Adjective

  agriculture agricultural ancestor ancestral bride bridal commerce commercial emotion emotional globe global incident incidental industry industrial instrument instrumental magic magical monument monumental occupation occupational structure structural topic topical tradition traditional triumph triumphal universe universal president presidential resident residential province provincial intellect intellectual spirit spiritual

  2)

• –y. This extremely productive suffix. It is added to great many nouns and verb of one syllable, or of two syllable if accented on the first syllable, to form adjective. There are occasional spelling changes, but in general this suffix is added without change to the base.

  Noun Adjective

  boss bossy breeze breezy chill chilly dew dewy draft drafty droop droopy fire fiery foam foamy fox foxy frost frosty gloom gloomy ink inky knot knotty lace lacy lump lumpy mist misty mood moody moss mossy panic panicky patch patchy pearl pearly

  3)

• –ary. This suffix is said, with medium stress in the United Stated, and / (e) riy / with very weak stress is great Britain. Most of the words with this suffix are Latin origin, and hence are rather unusual, but in educate speech they are quite common. In general, they are based on nouns.

  Noun Adjective

  discipline disciplinary fragment fragmentary legend legendary planet planetary prime primary vision visionary

  4)

• –ed. This must be distinguished carefully from the verbal suffix that used to form regular past tenses and participles. In this case, we are referring to a suffix that is added to nouns to form adjectives. The –ed represents the some sound, with the exceptions noted below, as it does in verb forms, that is, /id/ after /t/ or /d/, /t/ after voice less consonant except /t/, and /d/ elsewhere.

  Noun Adjective

  forest forested point pointed privilege privileged rib ribbed ridge ridged talent talented wood wooded

  5)

• –ly. This suffix must be distinguished from the regular adverb- forming suffix
• –ly which is added to adjective. This one form adjective out of noun bases. It is rather productive suffix.

  Noun Adjective

  brother comrade death earth father friend ghost heaven king leisure man mother priest queen scholar time woman world brotherly comradely deathly earthly fatherly friendly ghostly heavenly kingly leisurely manly motherly priestly queenly scholarly timely womanly worldly

  6) –ar. Not very productive. There is usually a change in the base.

  Most words with this suffix end in –ular.

  Noun Adjective

  angle circle column consul globe molecule muscle peninsula spectacle title tube angular circular columnar consular globular molecular muscular peninsular spectacular titular tubular

  1)

• –ful and –less. These suffixes are quite productive. There are many adjective using them, and they often occur in pairs, with opposite meanings. The suffix
• –ful means “full of” or

  “causing” and –less means “without” or” not causing” the quality named by the base.

  Noun -ful adjective -less adjective

  care careful careless cheer cheerful cheerless faith faithful faithless fear fearful fearless grace graceful graceless mercy merciful merciless pain painful painless use useful useless

  2)

• –ous. This suffix is extremely productive. It is usually found on noun bases, forming adjectives that mean “full of” or “like” the thing named by the noun. In the following cases, the suffix is added without significant change in the base.

  Noun Adjective

  adventure adventurous ceremony ceremonious danger dangerous disaster disastrous fury furious glory glorious humor humorous luster lustrous marvel marvelous monster monstrous nerve nervous odor odorous peril perilous traitor traitorous vigor vigorous

  3)

• –ic. This suffix is used with quite a few nouns to form adjectives. There is almost always a significant change in the base when suffix is used.

  Noun Adjective

  angel atmosphere economy harmony majesty organ romance comedy democracy energy enthusiasm opera prophecy science tragedy angelic atmospheric economic harmonic majestic organic romantic comic democratic energic enthusiastic operatic prophetic scientific tragic

  4)

• –ish. In addition to its use with adjectives of nationality, this rather productive suffix is added to many common nouns to form adjectives meaning “having the characteristics of”.

  Noun Adjective

  boy brute child colt fever fool girl man monk style woman black blue grey white yellow boyish brutish childish coltish feverish foolish girlish mannish monkish stylish womanish blackish bluish greyish whitish yellowish

  g.

  

Adjective - Forming suffix. Adjective that obtained from verb.

  1)

• –ive. This rather productive suffix sometimes has the form – ative or
• –itive. It forms adjective from the verb. Its meaning is usually something like “tending to do the action named by the verb.” In most cases, there are changes in both sound and spelling when this suffix is added.

  Verb Adjective

  communicate compare compete conserve construct cooperate decorate derive digest exhaust form illustrate instruct invent prohibit protect acquire deceive defend exceed offend perceive permit receive respond retain submit communicative comparative competitive conservative constructive cooperative decorative derivative digestive exhaustive formative illustrative instructive inventive prohibitive protective acquisitive deceptive defensive excessive offensive perceptive permissive receptive responsive retentive submissive

  2)

• –able /ebel/. A great many verbs in English have related adjectives ending in this suffix, which means approximately

  “capable, or worthy, of being _____,” in which the blank is filled by the past participle of base verb. For example, reachable means “capable of being reached” ; traceable means “capable of being traced”; and so on. Below are just a few examples of this very productive suffix.

  Verb Adjective

  attain desire drink love memorize read recognize wash attainable desirable drinkable lovable memorable readable recognizable washable

  3)

• –ant and –ent . This suffix occurs on a number of adjective derived from the verbs. There are often significant changes in the base.

  Verb Adjective

  abound absurd defy depend differ insist observe persist please suffice triumph abundant absorbent defiant dependent different insistent observant persistent pleasant sufficient triumphant