THE STUDY OF DEIXIS USED IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S SHORT STORY “THE LOTTERY”.

THE STUDY OF DEIXIS USED IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S SHORT STORY
“THE LOTTERY”
A THESIS
Submited as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English
Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya

By:
Gadis Supandini Setiosari
Reg. Number A83212128
Thesis Advisor:
Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
2016

THE STUDY OF DEIXIS USED IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S SHORT STORY
“THE LOTTERY”
A THESIS
Submited as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English

Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya

By:
Gadis Supandini Setiosari
Reg. Number A83212128

Thesis Advisor:
Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
2016

ABSTRACT
Supandini Setiosari, Gadis. 2016. The Study of Deixis Used in Shirley Jackson’s
Short Story The Lottery Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and
Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling

Key Words: Deixis, Three Kinds of Deixis, Short Story “The Lottery”.

This research analyze about Deixis in Short Story The Lottery by Shirley
Jackson. The goals of this research are to find out three kinds of deixis used in
The Lottery and the important of context to interpret the intended message of The
Lottery. Deixis can be interpreting if we know the context, because deixis tied
with context. So, to answer the second question of this research context is needed.
In this research the researcher used qualitative method. The researcher used
qualitative method because the data are in the form of sentences or utterance. It
found in short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson which contain three kinds of
deixis: person, spatial and temporal deixis. Then, the researcher explains the data
by descriptive explanation.
The techniques of the collecting data in this research are reading, underlying
and segmenting. After collecting the data the researcher analyzes the data that
include three kinds of deixis. From the analysis the researcher found 139 deitic
words. Those are 37 words of first person deixis (10 inclusive of we), 26 words of
second person deixis, 52 words of third person deixis, 12 words of spatial deixis
(5 proximal and 7 distal of place) and 12 words of temporal deixis (7 proximal
and 5 distal of time ).

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INTISARI
Supandini Setiosari, Gadis. 2016. The Study of Deixis Used in Shirley Jackson’s
Short Story The Lottery Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and
Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing : Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling
Kata Kunci

: Deixis, Tiga jenis Deixis, cerita pendek “The Lottery”.

Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang deixis dalam cerita yang berjudul “The
Lottery” yand ditulis oleh Shirley Jackson. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
mengetahui tiga jenis deixis yang digunakan dalam cerita “The Lottery” dan
mengetahui pentingnya konteks untuk menafsirka maksud yang ingin
disampaikan dari cerita “The Lottery”. Deixis hanya biasa ditafsirkan jika kita
mengetahui konteksnya, karena deixis terikat dengan konteks. Jadi untuk
menjawab pertanyaan yang kedua dari penelitian ini, konteks sangat dibutuhkan.

Pada penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan metode qualitatif. Peneliti
menggunakan metode qualitatif karena data berupa kalimat dan ucapan. Itu
ditemukan pada cerita “The Lottery” oleh Shirley Jackson yang termasuk tiga
jenis deixis: deixis orang, deixis tempat, dan deixis waktu. Kemudian, peneliti
menjelaskan data dengan menguraikannya.
Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
membaca, menggaris bawahi dan membagi berdasarkan tiga jenis deixis. Setelah
mengumpulkan data peneliti menganalisis kata yang termasuk tiga jenis deixis.
Peneliti menemukan 139 kata deixis dari analisis. Yaitu 37 kata deixis orang
pertama (10 kata we ),26 kata deixis orang kedua, 52 kata deixis orang ketiga, 12
kata deixis tempat (5 kata yang menunjukkan dekat dengan pembicara dan 7 kata
yang menunjukkan jauh dari pembicara) dan 12 kata deixis waktu (7 kata yang
menunjukkan waktu yang berkenaan dengan saat penutur berbicara dan 5 kata
deixis waktu yang mengimplikasikan hubungan waktu lampau maupun waktu
yang akan datang dengan waktu penutur sekarang).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INSIDE COVER ................................................................................................................

i

INSIDE TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION PAGE .................................................................................................... iii
MOTTO .............................................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................................ v
THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ....................................................................... vi
THESIS EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xiii
INTISARI ........................................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Research problems ...................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Research objectives ..................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Significance of the study .............................................................................................. 6
1.5 Scope and limitation ................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Definition of key terms ................................................................................................ 7

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Framework ................................................................................................ 9
2.1.1 Pragmatics ................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.2 Deixis ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.1.3 Kinds of Deixis ......................................................................................................... 12
1 Person Deixis ................................................................................................................. 12
a. First Person .................................................................................................................... 13
b. Second Person ............................................................................................................... 14
c. Third Person .................................................................................................................. 15
2 Spatial Deixis ................................................................................................................ 15
3 Temporal Deixis ............................................................................................................ 16

4 Discourse Deixis ............................................................................................................ 17
5 Social Deixis .................................................................................................................. 18
2.2 Review of The Related Studies ................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research approach ...................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Data and data source ................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Research instrument .................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Data collection ............................................................................................................ 22
3.5 Data analysis ............................................................................................................... 25

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CHAPTER VI FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Findings ....................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.1 Three kinds of deixis that found in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson ......................... 26
4.1.2 Deixis interpretation .................................................................................................. 44
4.2 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 51
5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................................................... 52
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study
A good communication can be achieved if the messages of speaker and
listener are able to be understood by each other. It means that the speaker has
ability to convey his or her thought and the listener can understand what the
message of the speaker’s utterance. People must pay attention to five components

to achieve a good communication, such as sender, message, delivery channel or
media, receiver, and effect. (1) Sender is people that delivered messages. (2)
Message is the speaker’s utterance, it can be idea, information, suggestion, etc. (3)
Delivery channel or media is a method to delivered message. (4) Receiver is
people that received messages. (5) Effect is an impact from the message of
speaker.
In communication, it is important to know how a message from sender can
make impact or effect to receiver. There are three impacts in communication: first
cognitive impact, that is an impact increases knowledge of listener. This could
mean that at the beginning the listener don’t know anything about the message of
speaker, but the listener become know after the speaker delivered his or her
message. Second affective impact, that is an impact can appeared feeling like
happy, sad, angry, etc. Third behavioral impact, that is an impact actualized with
action or behavior (Effendy, 2008: 6). Above all those things, the message and the
meaning of the utterance must be clear. Sometimes what is uttered by the speaker
is different from the intended meaning, thus the study of meaning is needed, not

1

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2

only literal meaning but also intended meaning. Such studies are found in
Pragmatics study.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This study shows how the
context influences what the speaker said and the interpretation meaning of
speaker’s utterance in a particular context. It requires a consideration of how
speakers or writers organize what they want in accordance with whom they are
talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances (Yule, 1996: 3). There are
some words that can’t be interpreted at all if we don’t know the context,
such as here, there, this or that, now and then, today or tomorrow,
yesterday, etc. Therefore, in a communication context is important to interpret the
meaning.
Another pragmatics, study that also concerned with meaning is semantics.
Pragmatics and semantics can be viewed as different parts or different aspects of
the same general study (Kreidler, 1998: 18). The different parts are: Semantics
concerns with meaning of utterance or sentences. But pragmatics requires some
aspect to interpret utterances, like context and speech situation. To know the
context or the background of the utterance, deixis can help the people easier to

understand the meaning of the utterance. Because deixis deals with context
which we know that it always presents in every communication in our daily
life.
Deixis is one or the other part of pragmatics that important for writen and
spoken. Without deixis the reader cannot understand the speaker means in
communication. Deixis words used point or referring to something. There are

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3

some definitions of deixis from linguists. One of definitions come from Yule
(1996), deixis is a technical term that use for pointing. It means that language has
deitic words which reffer to things the speaker context. Deixis is one of the most
basic things that people do with utterances. There are many researchers that
analyze deixis, because deixis is needed by people in communication. Deixis can
help speaker and hearer to understand each other what the intended meaning of
speaker’s utterance. Almost researchers analyze using deixis theory based on
Levinson. But, in this research, the researcher used theory of deixis based on
Yule. He divided deixis into three, namely person deixis point to things or person
(It, I, we, me, etc), spatial deixis used to point to a location (here, there), and
temporal deixis used to point to a time (now, then). This research focuses on two
points: First, exclusive and inclusive first person deixis we. Second, proximal and
distal of spatial and temporal deixis. So, it is the reason why the researcher just
analyzes three kinds of deixis. For example:
(There are two students in the class, one of them tell the other)
We clean up after ourselves around here
In the sentence above, the words “We” is first plural person deixis because it
refers speaker and hearer and include inclusive person. The word “ourselves” is
first plural person deixis, it refers back to We, and the word “around here”
indicate a place deixis where the participant in the speech event. Deixis ”we”
include inclusive person deixis, because it refers to a group including the
addressee(s).
In

reading literary works, sometimes reader can get difficulties in

understanding the words or fronting misunderstanding in interpreting the

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4

messages as like in short story. But, we can know the speaker or the writer
means by knowing the context in which they are used. Based on A Glossary of
Literary Terms/Seventh Edition (Abrams, 1999: 286), short story is a brief work
of fictional prose, and it has shorter pages than a novel. A short story usually
focuses on one plot, one main character (with a few additional minor characters),
and one central theme. The short story was later developed than the novel. It was
invented during nineteenth century. The themes of short story are variable, such
as: romance, resistance, struggle, custom or tradition, etc. One of short story
writer that has custom or tradition theme in her short story is Shirley Jackson.
Shirley Jackson is one of the most influential authors in the twentieth century.
Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1919 in San Francisco. She spent her
childhood in nearby Burlingame, California and began writing poetry and short
stories as a young teenager in 1930-1933. She attended the University of
Rochester.

After a year, in 1936, she withdrew and spent a year at home

practicing writing, producing a minimum of a thousand words a day. During her
career, she published approximately one hundred separate short stories, one
collection of stories, six novels, two children’s books, some thirty non-fiction
articles and book reviews, two humorous family “memoirs,”and a juvenile stage
play. She got praised for her stories and novels of the supernatural, including the
well-known short story The Lottery (Bloom, 2001: 11).
The Lottery is a short story published in 1948 that became a classic horror tale.
In addition to stories dealing in abnormal psychology. It concerns the blind
following of tradition and the negative consequences of such an action and

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5

struggle of Tessie Hutchinson as a main character. At the beginning story the
people of the village gather in the square, between post office and the bank,
around ten o’clock. Before the lottery begin almost people take a stone. The
lottery was conducted by Mr. Summer, he arrived carrying the black wooden box
that contain a small paper. Among paper there is one paper with black sign, if
people get it, she or he will be die. In this story Tessie Hutchinson was get the
paper with black sign. At the end of the story Tessie will be stoned to death.
Therefore, this research emphasized to a study of deixis used in short story
The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. This research deals with every utterance that
related with the three kinds of deixis based on George Yule and used qualitative
descriptive method.

1.2 Statement of The Problems
Based on the background of study above, this study is undertaken to
answer the following question:
1. What are kinds of deixis used in short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson?
2. What are the interpretations of the deixis in short story The Lottery by Shirley
Jackson?

1.3 Objectives of The Study
Based on the problem above, the objectives of the research are:
1. To find out what kinds of deixis are used in short story The Lottery by Shirley
Jackson.

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6

2. To describe the interpretations of the deixis in short story The Lottery by
Shirley Jackson.
1.4 Significances of The Study
This research purposed for giving both theoretical and practical contribution.
First theoretically, the researcher wants this research give contribution to
developing linguistics related to analysis of deixis in short story entitled The
Lottery by Shirley Jackson. The writer hopes that it will give new knowledge
about kinds of deixis that used in short story The Lottery.
Second practically, this research is expected to give useful information to
another researchers, students of English Department, especially in

State

Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya, and readers. For another
researchers, this research is expected to provide the base theory and as a
reference in analyzing kinds of deixis based on George Yule more deeply. For
the

students,

this

research

is

expected

to

give

useful

science in

understanding theory of deixis. Besides that, this research is expected to give
inspirations addition for the readers who are interested in this research and
it will be the alternative reference for the readers who are interested in
researching in the same theory. And also for the researcher of this research, this
research can increase knowledge about deixis.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research is focused on deixis theory based on George Yule which
consist of three kinds of deixis namely person, spatial and temporal deixis.

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7

The short story entitled The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is taken from short story
collection of prose book. There are ten short stories in this book. Most of the short
stories contain of deixis, but the researcher chooses a short story The Lottery by
Shirley Jackson. The researcher selected it randomly from ten choices to be one
choice. Finally, this research limits the data of three kinds of deixis found in short
story The Lottery as the result of randomly selection that published by Shirley
Jackson.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
a) Deixis is word used to pointing or referring to something. The deixis can
refer to people, time, place or social in speech event. It is only determined
by knowing the context in which people are used (Cruse, 2006: 44).
b) Short Story is a brief work of fictional prose, and most of the terms for
analyzing the component elements, the types, and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short story as well. The short
story differs from the anecdote, the unelaborated narration of a single
incident in that, like the novel, it organizes the action, thought, and
dialogue of its characters into the artful pattern of a plot (Abrams, 1999:
286)
c) The Lottery is the title of a short story that written by Shirley Jackson. It
concerns with black tradition and the negative consequences of such an
action and struggle of Tessie Hutchinson as a main character. At the
beginning story the people of the village gather in the square. Before the
lottery begin almost people take a stone. The lottery was conducted by Mr.

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8

Summer, he arrived carrying the black wooden box that contain a small
paper. Among paper there is one paper with black sign, if people get it, she
or he will be die. In this story Tessie Hutchinson was get the paper with
black sign. At the end of the story Tessie will be stoned to death.
d) Shirley Jackson is the author of The Lottery. She is one of the most
brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century. She got praised
for her stories and novels of the supernatural.

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter contains two main discussions. First the theoretical
framework, it about the theories related to this research. The several theories are
pragmatics, deixis and kinds of deixis. The Second part is review of the related
studies, it about some studies related to deixis analysis.
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one branches of linguistics that deals with meaning depend
on context. This study explains about the intended or the real meaning of
speaker’s utternces. It requires a consideration of how speakers or writers
organize what they want in accordance with whom they are talking to, where,
when, and under what circumstances. It can also called study of contextual
meaning. Besides that, there are three definitions about pragmatics comes from
Yule (1996: 3). The first, pragmatics is a study of

how to investigate the

meaning of speaker’s utterances or sentences in speech event. The second,
pragmatics is a study to get more information of the speaker saying. It means,
the addressee(s) or listener(s) should catch what is the important point or the
intended meaning of the speaker utterances and make conclusion after it. The
last, pragmatics is a study of the expression of relative distance. It means that
how close the listener and the speaker know each other, such as the closeness of
physical, social, etc.

9

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10

Therefore, context is necessary in study of pragmatics. Especially in
communication studies, because it is an essential factor in the interpretation of
utterances and expressions. Context can influences the meaning and help the
hearer easy understand what the speaker said. Additionally, knowledge of speech
situation such as speaker, hearer, goal, utterances, place, and time is also
necessary to understand speaker’s utterances. There is study that required context
and speech situation to interpret the meaning of speaker namely deixis (pointing
via language).
The study of Deixis is not only explained in pragmatics, but also in
semantics. Pragmatics and semantics can be viewed as different parts, of the same
general study. The different parts are: Pragmatics is the study of utterance
meaning, but semantics is the study of sentence meaning and word meaning.
Pragmatics deals with context-dependent, which means pragmatics can be
interpret based on context (tied with context). Semantics deals with contextindependent, which means semantics is not tied with context.
For example:
Maria : let’s go to supermarket Jane.
Jane (1): no, I am very busy at home.
Jane (2): I don’t have money.
Jane (3): I want to go to hospital.
The sentences above there are three Jane’s answer from Maria’s question.
In semantics answer Jane (1): Jane directly rejects invitation from Maria with her
reason. In pragmatics there are some possibility answers from Jane such as: Jane
(2) maybe Jane don’t have money or Jane (3) she want to go to another place

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11

(hospital). But she uses answer Jane (1) to reject Maria’s invitation. Based on
example above context of situation is needed to know the intended meaning of
Jane’s answer.
2.1.2 Deixis
Deixis is word or phrase that used to pointing to something. It is always
exist in speaking or writing. Deitic words are typically pronouns, demonstrative
(this/that, these/those), certain time and place adverbs (here, now). The reference
of word deixis is nomadic, because it can understand by knowing context.
Without knowing who the speaker or writer, addressee, what time the note was
written or speaker says, and the location of speech event, we are hard to
understand of the message. Those words that we cannot interpret without context
are sometimes called deitics.
Deitic terms used to refer to ourselves, to others, and object in our
environment. The usage of the term ‘deixis’ is variable, but most typically it
designates referring expressions which indicate the location of referents along
certain dimensions that speaker used (time and place of speaking) (Cruse, 2006:
44). For example:
I am now reading book in the library.
The word “I” is first person deixis. The subject pronoun “”I” refers to the
person uttering the sentence. The time which “now” denotes is dependent on
the moment of statement is uttered. The word “in the library” indicates a place
where the participant in the speech event.

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2.1.3 Kinds of Deixis
Every linguist has different opinion about kinds of deixis. According to
Cruse (2006: 45), he divided deixis into two sub-types: main sub-types and minor
sub-types. There are three main sub-types of deixis: spatial, temporal, and person
deixis, and two minor sub-types: social and discourse deixis.

1. Person Deixis
Person deixis is word deixis reference to the participant role in speech
event, such as: speaker, addressee and neither speaker nor addressee. Person
deixis divided into three, first person deixis I used for the speaker, second person
deixis you used for addressee, and third person deixis (he, she, it) used for neither
speaker nor addressee. Person deixis includes singular and plural.
Table 2.1 Singular and Plural of Person Deixis
Singular

Plural

First person
Subject Pronouns

I

We

Object Pronouns

Me

Us

Possessive
Adjectives

My name

Our names

Possessive
Pronouns
Reflexive
Pronouns

Mine

Ours

Myself

Ourselves

Subject Pronouns

You

You

Object Pronouns

You

You

Second Person

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13

Possessive
Adjectives

Your name

Your names

Possessive
Pronouns

Your

Ours

Reflexive
Pronouns

Yourself

yourselves

Subject Pronouns

She, He, It

They

Object Pronouns

Her, Him, It

Them

Possessive
Adjectives

Her, His, its name

Your names

Possessive
Pronouns

Hers, His

Theirs

Reflexive
Pronouns

Himself, Herself, Itself

themselves

Third Person

a. First Person
First person is person who speaks and gets a role in speech event. It refers
to speaker or both of speaker and a group including speaker (e.g. I, we). The first
person deixis as follow:


First person singular pronouns: I, me, myself, my, mine.



First person plural pronouns: we, us, ourselves, our, ours.
There are two kinds of first person deixis we, exclusive and inclusive first

person deixis. Deixis that refers to a group not including the addressee(s) is called
exclusive first person deixis. And deixis that refers to a group including the

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14

addressee(s) is called inclusive first person deixis (Crystal, 2008: 359). This
exclusive and inclusive use of we is also true with the use of us. Let us may be
inclusive or exclusive, while let's is inclusive. For example:
A. Please let us have two window seats.
B. Let's get on board now.
In the fist utterance (A) there are two passengers checking in an airport
counter. One of them speaks to the clerk. The word “let us” in the utterance is
inclusive person, because it refers to speaker who speaks to the clerk including
the addressee. In utterance (B) Two passengers sitting in the airport lounge. One
speaks to the other. The word “Let's” in utterance B is exclusive person, because
in that situation the one of pesenger speak to the other. So, isn’t refers to group
including addressee.
b. Second Person
Second person is a person who becomes a listener or addressee (you). It is
encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees. In addition, the
second person is addressed, if there is a relationship between the first and the
second person in speech event (Levinson, 1983: 68). The second person deixis as
follow:



Second person singular pronouns: you, yourself, your, yours.
Second person plural pronouns: you, yourselves, yourselves, your, yours.

For example:
Stefanie will performe on the stage tomorrow (sing a song).
Sinta: Stefanie what are you doing?
Stefanie: I am very nervous for tomorrow (loiter).

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Sinta: Oh…my God, kept calm and be yourself.
In the example above the word “yourself” is second person deixis that
refers Stefanie. It is reflective pronoun as a singular second person deixis.

c. Third Person
Third person is a person or persons who are neither speaker nor addressee
(she, he, it). It differs from first and second person in speech event. While the first
and second person pronouns are direct participants in a basic interaction. But, the
third person refers to outsiders. A third person form is used in cases where a
second person form would be possible (Saeed, 1997: 178). The third person deixis
as follow:


Third person singular pronouns: he, him, his, she, her, it.



Third person plural pronouns: they, them, their.

For example:
George is reading novel in bedroom and his sister watching movie beside him.
In the sentence above there are words “his and him”. The possessive and
object pronoun “his and him” can be categorized as third person singular of
deixis. It refers to George.

2. Spatial Deixis
Spatial or place deixis is the words and phrases used point or refer to a
location in a speech event. The spatial deixis can indicated locations close to
speaker and removed from speaker. The words here and This/these are locative

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expressions which designate space close to the speaker (proximal). There and
that/those which respectively indicate entities removed or away from the speaker
(distal) (Kreidler, 1998: 145). Here is the example of spatial deixis:
Bring that here and take this there
Based on example above, the words “here and there” are deitic place. It is
indicate that the word “here” is place close to the speaker and the word “there” is
away from the speaker. So, there is something that the speaker wants to move by
addressee.

3.

Temporal Deixis
Time or temporal deixis is words and phrases that refer to time in speech

event. The words now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month
are temporal deixis. These are all relative to the time when people are used in
communication. Additionally, in temporal deixis there are also proximal and distal
forms. The proximal “now” used to indicating both the time coinciding with the
speaker’s utterance and the time of the speaker’s voice being heard. And the distal
“then” applies to both past and future time relative to the speaker’s present time
(Yule, 1996: 14).
Table 2.2 The Deitic Expession of Time
Proximal

Distal

Now

Then

This time

Tomorrow

This month

That time

This year

Seven days ago

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17

Today

Last week
Next April
Next month
Before
Recently
Yesterday

For example:
We can’t go today, but tomorrow will be fine.
In the sentence above, there are words “today and tomorrow”. The words
“today and tomorrow” can be categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers
to time when the speaker can go. The word “today” includes proximal of time and
the word “tomorrow” includes distal of time.
4. Discourse deixis
Discourse deixis is referring to text deixis. Discourse deixis has to do
with the encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in
which the utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is locate.
We may use phrases such as “In the following chapter” or pointers such as
“this/that” to refer to large parts of discourse that are located within the discourse
itself (Hatch, 1992: 220). For example:
I bet you haven’t heard this story
From the sentence above the word this is include discourse deixis. Word
this used to refer to as text deixis or a story.

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5. Social deixis
Social deixis is the pronoun systems of languages which grammaticalize
information about social identities or relationships of the participants in the
conversation. Social deixis is used to code social relationships between speaker
and addressee or audience (Hatch, 1992: 220). It is show how different social
rankings and the participant of communication relationship within society via
language. Such as your honor, your royal highness, Mr. president, and so on.
Hatch (1992: 221) said there are two kinds of social deixis:
a. Relational deitic are term in that they locate persons in relation to speaker
rather than by their roles in the society as a whole. Example: my husband,
cousin, teacher, you, her, and so on.
b. Absolute deitic are form uniformly attached to a social role. Example: your
honor, Mr. President, and so on.

2.2 Review of The Related Studies
There are many researchers who have been done in analyzing deixis. But,
researchers presented their research using different perspectives. Every researcher
makes something unique in their research that to be different from others. They
use various object of their research with deixis theory, such as film, talk show,
drama, poetry, novel, and so on. Here are research that researcher used as previous
studies:
The first research is written by Afiyah (2014). She examined deixis used in
book one novel A farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway. The researcher
analyze the use of deixis in A Farewell to Arms by using five kinds of

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deixis theory based on Levinson (1983), namely person, place, time, discourse
and social deixis. She also uses qualitative method in her research.
The result of this research she find that deixis

is

used

to

point

something in order to make clear what a writer means in all pages of this
novel. The three kinds person deixis is mostly used in A Farewell to Arms
novel (first, second, third person).
The next study by Uddin (2009) is a student from Maulana Malik Ibrahim
State Islamic University of Malang. He discussed deixis in nineteen
advertisements (electronic products and Airlines Services) under title A Deixis in
the Writing Form of Advertisement in Time Magazine. His research was
conducted by using descriptive qualitative method, because the data of this study
were in the writing form of advertisement in Time magazine.
The result of his research he found some kinds of written forms of
advertisement such as: Reason Why Form, Sense Appealed Form, Testimonial
Form, and Conversational Form in Time Magazine. The deixis often found are
Pronoun Deixis and Place Deixis. In almost all advertisements the personal
pronoun "you" existed. Its pronoun refers to the readers or customers. Place deixis
in the advertisements are "anywhere' in Siemens that call be interpreted as
some places where the readers need to use their mobile phone.
The researcher uses Afiyah and Uddin’s researchs as previous studies
because have the similar topic that is deixis. But, this research has distinction
from Afiyah and Uddin’s researchs. The researcher more deeply analyzes than the
previous research. This research focus on three kinds of deixis: person, spatial and

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20

temporal deixis. Every kind of deixis in this research more deeply analyzes.
Example in first person deixis this research also analyzes “we” as first person
with exclusive and inclusive and in spatial and temporal deixis this research
analyze based on distant: proximal and distal.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter discussed about research approach, and data collection. The
approach of this research included explanation qualitative research. There are also
the explanations of the data source, the instrument that used in this research,
technique of data collection and technique of data analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
There are two methods that usually the researcher used in linguistics research,
namely qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method concerned with
structures and patterns, but quantitative method concerned with numbers. It means
that qualitative method is analyzing data with the description of something and
quantitative is analyze data using statistical that is particular mathematics tools
with numerical data (Litosseliti, 2010: 51).
In this research the researcher used qualitative method. The researcher used
qualitative method because the data are in the form of sentences or utterance. It
found in short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson which contain three kinds of
deixis: person, spatial and temporal deixis. Then, the researcher explains the data
by descriptive explanation.
3.2 Data and Data Sources
The data in this research is the sentences and utterances in the short story The
Lottery by Shirley Jackson which contains three kinds of deixis. The short story
taken from book prose 1 that researcher has got in four semesters.

21

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And the data source of this research is a Shirley Jackson’s short story
entitle The Lottery that contains many types of deixis namely: person, place,
time, discourse and social deixis.
3.3 Research Instrument
The instrument of this research is the researcher herself, because the
researcher obtained the data by collecting and investigating used herself. An
instrument is important to obtain the needed data and analyze the data. It based
on Yin (2011: 122) she stated that the researcher will be serving as the main
research instrument. Being the main research instrument requires fieldworkers to
be aware of the instrument’s potential. These include conditions arising from the
researcher personal background, motives for doing the research, and categories
or filters that might influence your understanding of field events and actions.
3.4 Data Collection
The researcher took the data from sentences and utterances in short story The
Lottery. The procedures of collecting data are:
1.

Reading, that is the researcher read and understand the whole text of Shirley
Jackson’s short story, entitled The Lottery.

2.

Underlining, that is the researcher collect the data by underlining the the
utterances that include three kinds of deixis in the texts with pen color.

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3.1 Example of underlining utterances in The Lottery
3.

Segmenting, that is the researcher segmented the data based on three kinds of
deixis exist in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson in the form of table. The
researcher put the table in appendix. The researcher gives a checkmark (√) in
the table of segmenting three kinds of deixis. Here are example table of
segmenting:

Table 3.2 Sample table of three kinds of deixis that found in The Lottery by
Shirley Jackson
No.

Data

Three Kinds of Deixis
Person
F

1.

"(I) Thought my old
man was out back
stacking wood," Mrs.
Hutchinson went on.
"And then I looked out
the window and the
kids were gone, and
then I remembered it

S

Spatial
T

P

D

Temporal
P

D

√

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was the twenty seventh
and came a-running."
She dried her hands on
her apron. (The text of
short story can be seen
in Appendix I, Page 3)
2

3

When he arrived in the
square, carrying the
black wooden box,
there was a murmur of
conversation among the
villagers, and he waved
and called. "Little late
today, folks." (page2)
"Here comes your, Mr.
Hutchinson," and "Bill,
she made it after all."
Mrs.
Hutchinson
reached her husband,
and Mr. Summers, who
had been waiting, said
cheerfully.
"Thought
we were going to have
to get on without you,
Tessie." (page 3)

√

√

√
√

Note:
F: First Person Deixis
S: Second Person Deixis
T: Third Person Deixis
P: Proximal of Time or Place
D: Distal of Time or Place

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3.5 Data Analysis
The researcher uses several steps to analyze the data. First, the researcher
identifying sentences and utterances of the short story The Lottery which contains
three kinds of deixis. Second, the researcher categorizing data based on deixis
types, namely person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis that appear in short
story The Lottery. Third, to answer the first research problem, the researcher
analyzes the data that include three kinds of deixis and gives a sign of deitic
words by quotation mark and italic writing. The last, the researcher interpreting
the data obtained from each category to answer the second question of this
research. After analyzing the data, the researcher makes a conclusion.

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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter divided into two main parts. The first parts of this chapter is
the findings and interpreting data of three kinds of deixis. The three kinds are
person, spatial or place, and temporal or time deixis. Besides that, the researcher
makes summary analysis on the table form. The second parts, the researcher
provided discussion which contained the process of gathering information on the
deixis.
4.1 Findings
4.1.1 Three Kinds of Deixis that found in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson
There are some characters in the short story The Lottery by Shirley
Jackson. The main characters are Tessie Hutchinson, Bill Hutchinson, Mr. Joe
Summers and Old Man Warner. The first character is Tessie Hutchinson who a
woman in the village that get paper with the black sign. The second character is
Bill Hutchinson who is husband of Tessie. The third character is Mr. Joe
Summers who is a powerful and wealthy man and the administrator of the lottery.
He was a round-faced, jovial man and he had no children. The fourth character is
Old Man Warner who is the oldest man in town and has participated in seventyseven lotteries.
From the result of this research, the researcher found three kinds of deixis
namely, person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. The the findings of three

26

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27

kinds of deixis are found in utterances and sentences between characters inThe
Lottery can be seen below:

1. Person Deixis
Person deixis is word deixis reference to the participant role in speech
event, such as: speaker, addressee and neither speaker nor addressee. Person
deixis divided into three namely, first, second and third person. First person is
person who speaks and gets a role in speech event. It refers to speaker or both of
speaker and a group including speaker. Second person is a person who becomes a
listener or addressee. It is encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more
addressees. Third person is a person or persons who are neither speaker nor
addressee. The first person that found in the data is 37, the second person is 26
and the third person is 52.
From each categorizes of deixis, the researcher analyzes based on the
position of pronoun and the distant (time and place). The position of pronoun such
as: pronoun as subject, object, Possessive Adjectives, Possessive Pronouns and
Reflexive Pronouns. First is example about first person deixis as subject.

Data 1
"I guess not, Joe." Bill Hutchinson said regretfully. "My daughter draws with her
husband's family; that's only fair. And I've got no other family except the kids."
(The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Bill Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. The
conversation happens in the Town Square. After Bill’s family gets the lottery, Mr.
Summers asked him the member of his family. There are Don and Eva other

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households in his family, but not include Bill’s family. Eva is Bill’s daughter. She
has been married with Don. If every daughter in that town have husband, they
draw with their husband’s families.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterances above are “I and I”. The two subject pronouns
“I” can be categorized as first person singular. It refers to speaker, which is Mr.
Bill Hutchinson. The author used word “I” in the character Mr. Bill Hutchinson to
said that his daughter don’t draw with his family in the lottery, but with her
husband’s family.
Data 2
"Well, now." Mr. Summers said soberly, "guess we better get started, get this over
with, so we can go back to work. Anybody ain't here?" (The text of short story can
be seen in Appendix I, Page 3)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to the Villagers. The villagers
have gather in square. Mr. Summers ready to start the lottery. Then, he began
absent the villagers. He asked to the villagers who aren’t in the town square.
Analys