An analysis Of Lexical Relation And Meaning Properties In Articles The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper

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AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND MEANING

PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY

NEWSPAPER

A THESIS

BY:

WINDY AGINTA

REG. STUDENT NO: 050705015

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given her all of the blessing, ease and talent, so that the writer can finish her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Lexical Relations and Meaning Properties in Articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper”.

The writer would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL as the Head and Secretary of English Department, and to Bang Syamsul for all of assistances and facilities that given to her and for all their attentions in her academic affairs.

The writer would like to express her special thanks to her supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum and her co-supervisor Dra. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL., M.Hum for guiding, giving support, and having shared their ideas, times and patience. The writer would also like to thank to Drs. Syahri Saja, M.A as her academic advisor and to all of the lecturers in English Department who taught much and contributed the knowledge during her academic years.

The writer would like to express her lovely thanks to her beloved parents, Zulkarnain and Ferry Hermita and her sisters, kak Mia, kak Tina and Winda and also her big family. Thank you for the great love, supports and prays in her life.

The writer would like to express her special lovely thanks to Aldin Lukman Hakim for always be in her side. You are her motivation.

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The writer would also like to express her great thanks to all her best friends, Sinta, Febby, Lili, Mala, Ira, Nida, Irene, Novi, Diana, Kinoy, Mediana, Sari, Maya, Kiki, Essy, etc. and thank you for love, assistances and supports. The writer would also thanks to all members of class 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 that have given supports.

Last but not least, for all of her friends and people who know her. The writer would like to apologize for unable to write all of your names, but the writer hope you always know that you are always be as the important part of her life. Thank you very much.

Medan, June 2009

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul ‘An Analysis of Lexical Relations and Meaning Properties in Articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper’ ini membahas tentang hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning

Properties) yang terdapat pada artikel-artikel di koran harian The Jakarta Post.

Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menerapkan studi kepustakaan yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data tentang hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang terdapat pada artikel-artikel di koran harian

The Jakarta Post, kemudian menganalisisnya dan menentukan jenis hubungan

leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang paling dominan.

Pembagian jenis hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) pada skripsi ini mengacu pada pendapat dari F.R.Palmer (1976) dan Geoffrey Leech (1981) yang membagi hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) menjadi hiponim (hyponyms), meronim (meronyms), homonim (homonyms), sinonim (synonyms) dan antonim (antonyms) dan juga membagi komponen makna (Meaning Properties) menjadi kebermaknaan (meaningfulness), ambigu (ambiguity), berlebihan (redundancy), penyimpangan (anomaly) dan berlawanan (contradictory). Dalam artikel-artikel di koran harian

The Jakarta Post, ditemukan 18 hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) yang

terdiri dari 8 antonim (antonyms) (44,4%), 8 sinonim (synonyms) (44,4%), 2 hiponim (hyponyms) (11,1%), 0 homonim (homonyms) (0%), 0 meronim (meronyms) (0%) dan 321 komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang terdiri dari 319 kebermaknaan (meaningfulness) (99,37%), 1 berlawanan (contradictory) (0,31%), 1 penyimpangan (anomaly) (0,31%), 0 ambigu (ambiguity) (0%), 0 berlebihan (redundancy) (0%).

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ABBREVIATIONS

Adv. : Adverb

Conj. Adv. : Conjunctive Adverb

Coor. Conj. : Coordinating Conjunction

Cor. Conj. : Correlative Conjunction

DC : Dependent Clause

Freq. : Frequency

IC : Independent Clause

O : Object

P : Predicate

Prep. : Preposition

Punc. : Punctuation

Relative Pr. : Relative Pronoun

S : Subject

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

ABBREVIATIONS ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis ... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ... 5

1.4 Significances of the Analysis ... 5

1.5 Scope of the Analysis ... 5

1.6 Review of Related Literature ... 6

CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

2.1 Theory of Semantics ... 8

2.2 Goals of Semantics Theory ... 9

2.3 Types of Meaning ... 10

2.4 Lexical Relations ... 13

2.4.1Hyponyms ... 14

2.4.2Meronyms ... 15

2.4.3Homonyms ... 16

2.4.4Synonyms ... 17

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2.5 Meaning Properties ... 21

2.5.1Meaningfulness ... 22

2.5.2Ambiguity ... 37

2.5.3Redundancy ... 39

2.5.4Anomaly ... 40

2.5.5Contradictory... 41

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ... 42

3.1 Research Method ... 42

3.2 Data Collecting Method ... 42

3.3 Data Analysis Procedure ... 42

CHAPTER IV : THE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND MEANING PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER ... 44

4.1 The Existence of Lexical Relations... 44

4.1.1 The Existence of Hyponyms ... 44

4.1.2 The Existence of Meronyms ... 45

4.1.3 The Existence of Homonyms ... 46

4.1.4 The Existence of Synonyms ... 46

4.1.5 The Existence of Antonyms ... 49

4.2 The Existence of Meaning Properties ... 53

4.2.1 The Existence of Meaningfulness ... 53

4.2.2 The Existence of Ambiguity ... 207

4.2.3 The Existence of Redundancy ... 208

4.2.4 The Existence of Anomaly ... 208

4.2.5 The Existence of Contradictory ... 208

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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 212

5.1 Conclusions ... 212

5.2 Suggestions ... 213

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 214 APPENDICES: MEANINGFULNESS TYPES OF SENTENCES

ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER

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ABSTRAK

Properties) yang terdapat pada artikel-artikel di koran harian The Jakarta Post.

The Jakarta Post, kemudian menganalisisnya dan menentukan jenis hubungan

leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang paling dominan.

The Jakarta Post, ditemukan 18 hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) yang

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

“Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Based on the definition, we may be tempted to think that once we understand the semantics of a language, we completely understand that language. Meaning, however, involves more than just the semantic interpretation of an utterance” (Hurford and Heasley, 1983:1). “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning. The meaning of word is determined by the words arrangements in sentences or other words” (Palmer, 1976:1).

“Lexical relations are relationship of the meaning of a word to other words” (Bolinger, 1968:11). “Meaning property is one of several features or component which together can be said to make up the meaning of a word or utterance” (Lyons, 1977:57). All of lexical relations and meaning properties can be differentiated by looking all the words or sentences.

Lexical relations include hyponyms, meronyms (Siregar, 1981:20), homonyms, synonyms, and antonyms (Palmer, 1976:59). While meaning properties include meaningfulness, ambiguity, redundancy, anomaly, and contradictory (Siregar, 1981:29). Those topics will be analyzed in this thesis.

“Hyponymy is a word the meaning of which may be said to be included in that of another word. Meronymy is a part-whole relationship between lexical items” (Siregar, 1981:20). “Homonyms are different words which are pronounced the same, but have different meanings. Synonyms are words which sound

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different, but have the same or nearly the same meaning. And antonyms are words or expressions which are opposite in meaning or two words that express opposing concepts” (Palmer, 1976:59).

“Meaningfulness means a word or expression that has meaning and neither anomalous nor contradictory. Ambiguity means a word or sentence that has more than one sense. Redundancy is the degree to which an expression contains more information than is needed for it to be understood. Anomaly is an expression which has an incompatibility of meaning between constituent expressions. Contradictory means that there is a contradiction of meaning between constituent expressions” (Siregar, 1981:29).

“Article is a piece of nonfiction writing in a newspaper, magazine or reference book” (http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/article.html Nov 9th 2008, 8.30 p.m.). The Jakarta Post is the largest English language newspaper in Indonesia with an average circulation of around 25,000 copies. The head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta. It was launched on 25 April 1983 in Jakarta and it has been existed for 25 years. Articles in The Jakarta Post are chosen as the data source because it is assumed that there are many lexical relations and meaning properties existed which are interesting to be analyzed semantically.

Here are some examples of the lexical relations and meaning properties found in articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper:

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1. Antonyms

For examples:

Third, international donors are likely to contribute to domestic democracy when there are sufficient nascent civil society institutions or fledgling non-state associations.

(Wednesday, November 5th, 2008)

The words international and domestic refer to antonyms because they have opposite in meaning. International means happening or existing between two or more countries. Domestic

2. Synonyms

means that inside a particular country, not foreign or international.

For examples:

Saturday morning, for Tin Martini, a 65-year old resident of a senior citizen’s home in Central Jakarta, means the start of a brighter day.

(Tuesday, November 4th, 2008)

This sentence has synonym relation because the words resident and citizen have similar meaning even though they have different sound. Resident means a person who lives or has a home in a place, not a visitor. Citizen

3. Homonyms

means a person who lives in a town or a city.

For examples:

The concentration of risk in one business group results in a too-big-to-fail hazard, which carries systemic for the entire Indonesian capital market.

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The words too and to have same pronunciation: [tu:], but they have different meaning. The word too here is used before adjective and means to a higher degree. The word to

4. Contradictory

be a preposition for the special uses in phrasal verbs that means towards a situation.

For examples:

Today, that mangrove jungle is history.

(Tuesday, November 4th, 2008)

The words today and history have contradiction of meaning because today is the present time whereas history

1.2 Problems of the Analysis

is past event, something that happens in past time.

Based on the background, the problems of the analysis are formulated as follows:

1) What types of lexical relations and meaning properties are found in articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper?

2) Which type of lexical relations and meaning properties occur the most in articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper?

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1.3 Objectives of the Analysis

By writing this thesis, some objectives are achieved to answer the problems of the analysis, they are:

1) To find out the types of lexical relations and meaning properties found in articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper.

2) To find out which type of lexical relations and meaning properties occur the most in articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper.

1.4 Significances of the Analysis

Theoretically, this thesis will enrich the study of semantics that can be used for further reference, especially dealing with lexical relations and meaning properties.

Practically, this thesis can be used as an additional reference for teaching semantics and translation.

1.5 Scope of the Analysis

It is very important to limit the analysis and the object of the analysis in order to get a clear and satisfactory result. Therefore, in this thesis, I would like to focus only on the lexical relations and meaning properties that exist in 7 (seven) chosen articles of seven editions (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta

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1.6 Review of Related Literature

In analyzing the lexical relations and meaning properties in this thesis, some related literatures are reviewed in this thesis. They are:

Palmer (1976) in Semantics: A New Outline define semantics, explain goals

of semantics theory and lexical relations.

Siregar (1981) in Semantics: The Study of Meaning explains about

semantics including lexical relations and meaning properties and their classifications.

Usni (2002) in her thesis entitled “A Semantic Analysis of Meaning

Properties and Meaning Relations in Technical Terms Used in PT. Unilever Indonesia, Tbk” found that there are 74 cases for meaning properties: 22 cases (29, 73%) for meaningfulness, 20 cases (27, 03%) for anomaly, 10 cases (13, 51%) for contradictory, 12 cases (16, 22%) for ambiguity, and 10 cases (13, 51%) for redundancy. There are also 110 cases for meaning relations: 18 cases (16, 36%) for hyponymy, 2 cases (1, 81%) for homonymy, 31 cases (28, 18%) for polysemy, 36 cases (32, 73%) for synonymy, and 23 cases (20, 91%) for antonymy.

Simbolon (2003) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Meaning Properties

and Relations on Westlife’s Songs” found that there are 51 cases for meaning properties: 24 cases (47, 05%) for meaningfulness, 8 cases (15, 6%) for anomaly, 4 cases (7, 84%) for contradictory, 10 cases (19, 58%) for ambiguity, and 5 cases (9, 8%) for redundancy. There are also 43 cases for meaning relations: 7 cases (16, 27%) for homonyms, 13 cases (30, 23%) for synonyms, and 23 cases (41, 85%) for antonyms.

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Tiakhiroh (2007) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Meaning Properties

in Campbell’s Kingdom by Innes Hommand” found that there are 138 cases for meaning properties: 94 cases for meaningfulness, 28 cases for anomaly, 7 cases for contradictory, 3 cases for ambiguity, and 6 cases for redundancy.

Sofiana (2008) in her thesis entitled “The Analysis of Meaning Properties

and Meaning Relations in Saul Bellow’s short story Looking for Mr. Green” found that there are 136 cases for meaning properties: 112 cases (82, 3%) for meaningfulness, 12 cases (8, 8%) for ambiguity, 6 cases (4, 4%) for anomaly, 4 cases (2, 9%) for contradictory, and 2 cases (1, 4%) for redundancy. There are also 34 cases for meaning relations: 13 cases (38, 2%) for antonyms, 11 cases (32, 3%) for homonyms, and 10 cases (29, 4%) for synonyms.

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CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

1.7 Theory of Semantics

Katz (1972:1) says, “Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning”. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistics objects express, not with the arrangement of their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation.

Kreidler (1983:3) says, “Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how language organizes and express meanings”.

Leech (1981:9) says, “Semantics is the study of meaning is central to the study of communication, and as communication becomes more and more crucial factor in social organization, to need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of human mind-thought process, cognition, and conceptualization. All these are intricately bound up which we classify and convey our experience of the world through language”.

Lyons (1977:1-2) states that “certain of meaning (or senses) can be distinguished by technique of substituting other words in the same context and enquiring whether sentences are equivalent”. For example, intend could be substituted for mean in I did not mean to hurt you, without changing the total meaning of the sentence. Theses are various meaning of meaning which can be used in different ways, such as “What is meaning (significance) of ‘sesquipedalian’? “They are so mean (cruel) to me”, etc.

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Palmer (1976:1), states that “Semantics is technical term used to refer to the study of meaning”. However, this definition has led to question about the nature of meaning itself and about the way in which it should be described. Should semantics study all types of meaning? Red, for example, may mean several things. If we consult the dictionary, we may find that one of its meanings is ‘of a spectral hue beyond orange in the spectrum’. In the context of traffic light, red means ‘stop’, ‘do not go through’, while in some other different contexts it may mean ‘danger’, or even ‘bravery’. Are all these types of meaning treated under semantics? If we want to make it clear, it is, therefore, necessary to redefine semantics into a more specific definition, the one that can limit semantics into the study of more specific type of meaning only. Consequently, we would say that semantics is the study of meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language, or simply, the study of linguistic meaning.

From those definitions above, semantics can be defined as a branch of linguistics dealing with meaning of words.

1.8 Goals of Semantics Theory

Semantics theory has two goals, they are:

1. A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language the semantics properties and relations it has and it should define those properties and relations. Thus, if an expression is meaningful, the semantics theory should say so, if the expression has a specific sense of meaning, the semantics theory should specify them. If the expression is ambiguous, the semantics theory should record that fact, and so on.

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Moreover, if two expressions are synonymous; or are entails the other, the semantics theory should make those semantics relations.

2. A semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:

a. A semantics theory of a natural language should be finite; people are capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of natural languages.

b. A semantics theory of a natural language should reflect the fact, except for idioms, expressions are compositional. This means that the meaning of syntactically complex expression is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations. An expression such as “He kicked the ball” is compositional and it is summed up from the meanings of he + kicked + the + ball, while is very much different from “He kicked the bucket” that is not compositional and as an idiom meaning “He passed away”.

1.9 Types of Meaning

Leech (1981:19) has proposed seven types of meaning that can be summarized as follows:

1. Conceptual meaning, i.e. logical, cognitive, or denotative content of the word. It describes the word by making its own characteristics.

For examples:

a. Woman = (+HUMAN), (-MALE), (+ADULT) b. Man = (+HUMAN), (+MALE), (+ADULT) c. Boy = (+HUMAN), (+MALE), (-ADULT)

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The word woman has the denotative, cognitive, or logical content as human, it is not male and it is not adult. The word man is human, male and adult. And the word boy

2. Connotative meaning, i.e. what is communicated by virtue of what languages refer to. It is based on the feeling and ideas that arisen in the minds of speakers and hearers.

is human, male, and not adult.

For examples:

a. Woman has the connotation ‘weak’ b. Rose has the connotation ‘a beautiful girl’

3. Social meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. Certain words have similar meaning but the use of the words is different according to the social life of the people.

For examples:

a. Abode : is used in poetic language b. Residence : is used in formal circumstances c. Home : is used in general circumstances

d. Domicile : is used for very formal and official circumstances. 4. Affective meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes

of the speaker or writer. This is used for a polite way of speaking. It shows the attitude of the speaker or the writer to the hearer or reader.

For examples:

a. Aha! Yippee (Friendly expression) b. Honey, good! (Happy expression)

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c. How soon you come here, its nine now. Our promises is at eight (refers to “why do you come late?”)

5. Reflected meaning, i.e. what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. It caused by multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. A sense of a word makes our response to another sense.

For example:

• Intercourse, ejaculation, and erection

These words make another sense in ‘innocent’ sense because it can conjure up their sexual associations.

6. Collocative meaning, i.e. what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. It is the words which are considered to have individual lexical items or share common group in meaning but may be distinguished in their occurrence. For examples:

The words pretty and handsome share common group in the meaning good looking

Woman Boy

Flower Man

PRETTY Girl HANDSOME Car

Boy Overcoat

Garden Airlines

Color, etc. Vessel, etc , but they can be distinguished by the range of nouns with which are they likely to co-occur or collocate followed as listed below:

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7. Thematic meaning, i.e. what is communicated by the way in which the message is organizes in terms of order, focus and emphasis. For example, it is often felt that an active sentence has a different meaning from its passive equivalent. Although in conceptual content they seem to be the same.

For examples:

1. Rini gives me a present

2. A present is given to me by Rini 3. I am given a present by Rini

The first sentence is an active sentence and it has a different meaning from its passive equivalent (the second and third sentences), although in conceptual content they seem to be the same.

1. Mrs. Angelina Clarkson donated the first prize

2. The first prize was donated by Mrs. Angelina Clarkson

The first sentence is often felt that an active sentence has a different meaning from its passive (the second sentence) although in conceptual content they seem to be the same.

1.10 Lexical Relations

Lyons (1977:69) says that “semantics relation is also called sense or meaning or lexical relation”. It is the relationships of meaning or sense that may be set up between individual and groups of lexical items. For instance, the relationship between the words boy and girl is that their meaning or sense are opposite.

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2.4.6 Hyponyms

Siregar (1981:20) states that “hyponymy is the relationship between hyponyms”. The term hyponym is derived from Greek’s words “onyma” means ‘name’ and “hypo” means ‘inclusion’. So, hyponym is the words include the meaning of the other word. In other words, hyponym is the inclusion of one word into another word or the inclusion of more specific term in a more general term.

For examples:

The words goose, lion and fish and animal is related in such a way that goose, lion and fish and other types of animal. Usually, the specific term goose, lion and fish are called hyponyms, and the general term animal is called a super-ordinate. A super-ordinate term can have many hyponyms.

The word bus is a hyponym of vehicle. Further more, the words car, and lorry are co-hyponyms of vehicle, since each is a hyponym of the same lexeme, and the word vehicle is super-ordinate of bus, car, and lorry. It means that all of them are included in vehicle.

Animal

(Super-ordinat)

Goose

(Hyponym)

Lion

(Hyponym)

Fish

(Hyponym)

Vehicle

(Super-ordinat)

Bus

(Hyponym)

Car

(Hyponym)

Lorry

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2.4.7 Meronyms

Bolinger (1968:47) states that:

“Meronymy, derived from the root mer- meaning ‘part’ is a relation in semantics that express the part-whole relation that lexical items may have. In this relation, the part is known as the meronym and the whole is called the holonym. Meronymy is greatly influenced by issues of normality and prototypically. Language users tend to have a sense of prototypical meronymic relations – certain part-whole relations seem to be more normal or salient to us than others”.

Siregar (1981:20) states that “meronymy is the part-whole relationships between lexical items”.

For examples:

Face

Forehead Cheek Nose

Hand

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2.4.8 Homonyms

Palmer (1976:48) states that “homonyms are different words which are pronounced the same, but have different meanings”. Traditionally, homonyms are said to be two or more different words (lexeme) with the same form, and sometimes sound as another but different in meaning.

Homonyms are words which are identical in form but have more than one meaning, provide a good example of the opportunities for both misunderstanding and enrichment of meaning which language continually presents, and their derivations often provide interesting insights into the way in which language develops.

For example: 1. She can not bear

The word

children.

bear as in the sentence may be understood to mean “She is unable to give birth to children” or “She can not tolerate children”. The word bear the sentence is a verb, but there is another meaning of bear, that is the animal which is a noun with very different semantics properties. So, in this case, the word bear

is homonymy.

Homonymy can be distinguished into two terms where the words were only ‘half’ identical in shape, they are:

Homophony is two or more word which are identical in sound (the same pronunciation) to one another but different in meaning and spelling.

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For examples:

1. Flour [flaw∂r] means fine powder made from grain, used for making bread.

Flower [flaw∂r] means part of a plant that produces seeds, often brightly colored.

2. Lead [li:d] means metal. Lead [li:d] means a dog’s lead. b.

Homography is words which have some spelling but different in pronouncing and meaning.

For examples: Homography

1. Pupil [pju:pl] means student.

Pupil [pju:pl] means part of the eyes. 2. Live [liv] means to be alive or remain alive.

Live [liv] means having life.

2.4.9 Synonyms

The term synonymy is derived from Ancient Greek “syn” which means together and “onyma” means name. So synonym means ‘name together’, i.e. two words or more (together) name the same object, action, event or quality.

Palmer (1976:44) states that “synonymy is the relationship between synonyms. Synonyms are words which sound different, but have the same or nearly the same meanings”.

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For examples:

1. He is a foreman 2. He is a

. supervisor

In the sentences (1) and (2) the words .

foreman and supervisor are synonyms. The sentence used in predication with the same referring expression (he) and the predication have the same truth value (workman supervising others). The words foreman and supervisor

1. She has a

are synonyms; sentences (1) and (2) are paraphrases to each other.

slim 2. She has a

body. slender

In the sentences (1) and (2) the words body.

slim and slender

2.4.10 Antonyms

are synonyms. The sentence used in predication with the same referring expression (she) and the predication have the same truth value (usually to describe a woman that has a slight and graceful body).

The word antonyms derived from the Greek ‘anti’ (opposite) and ‘onoma’ (name). Palmer (1976:59) states that “antonyms are words or expressions which are opposite in meaning or two words that express opposing concepts”. There are three kinds of antonyms:

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a. Complementary Pairs (Binary Taxonomy or Non-gradable)

In this case, the items being complementary to each other. It means the items belong to the set of incompatible terms. The characteristics of this kind of antonyms is that negative of one word is synonymous with the other.

For example:

• Married >< Single

These two words can not be used to refer to the same individual at the same time. There is only one possibility of the fact, such as in the sentences John is married or John is single. If married is applicade, then single is not and vice versa. It means to say John is married is to say that He is not single. So, to say something is not

b. Gradable Pairs (Binary Polar)

the one is to say that is the other.

Hurford and Heasley (1972:118) states that two words are gradable antonyms if they are not opposite end of a continuous scale of values (a scale which typically varies according to the context of use). It means that the pairs of words have a graduation of width, age, size, etc., all indicated by the adjectives. It also means the negative of one word is not synonymous with the other.

For example:

• New >< Old

If we say not old, it is not necessarily equal with new because when someone is not old, it does not mean he is new.

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This kind of gradable pairs can be graded into comparative and superlative degree by adding the word more or most

• The word

and inflection –er or –est to the word which are being compared.

For example:

big can be graded into comparative degree bigger or superlative degree biggest, and the word small can be graded into comparative degree smaller or superlative degree smallest. It is also true of gradable pairs that more of one is less of another such as more bigness is less smaller; wider is less narrow; and longer is less short

Another characteristic of gradable pairs is that one is marked term and the other is unmarked them. Marked term means that the term of the pairs is not so used by the speaker. In the contrary, unmarked term means that the term of the pairs is commonly used by people in speaking of their language.

For example:

• Master (Unmarked) >< Mistress (Marked)

The marked term Mistress tells us about the meaning of the unmarked term Master. When we say about Master, we certainly relate it with male. So, if we want to describe female we must use the term that reflect a particular meaning like Mistress

c. Relational Opposite (Converse)

Hurford and Heasley (1983:118) states that “two words are relational antonyms or converses of each other if one word describes the

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relationship between two things or people and other word describes the same relationship, and the two things or people are mentioned in the opposite order”. It means we can find the relationship between the opposite pairs of words or two-way contrast that are interdependent (one number presupposes the other). The relations are characterized in terms of symmetry, transitivity, and reflexivity.

For examples:

• Parent >< Child

It means that if A is B’s parents, B is A’s child.

• Talk >< Listen

It means that if A talks to B, B listens to A.

Pairs of words ending in –er and –ee in English are usually relational opposites.

For example:

• If A is B’s employer, then B is A’s employee.

In grammar, active and passive forms are usually relational opposites. For example:

• If A hits B, B is hit by A.

1.11 Meaning Properties

Lyons (1977:57) states that “semantics property is also called meaning property or meaning semantics or component. It is one of several features or component which together can be said to make up the meaning of a word or utterance”.

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2.5.1 Meaningfulness

Siregar (1981:19) states that “meaningful means having meaning and significance. Any expression of language is meaningful. In order to be meaningful, an expression must obey the semantics rule of the language as obeying the syntactic rule alone cannot end up with a meaningful expression and must represent their meaning”. So, from this statement we can say that meaningful expression is the word or expression which has meaning and it is not strange or contradiction.

For examples:

1. Woman means ‘a fully grown human female’. 2. Daughter means ‘female offspring child’.

Those words above are meaningful because they reflect a meaning which is not strange. So we can conclude that an expression is meaningful if it specifies or represents its meaning and follow the conventional grammar of the language.

An expression is called meaningful if it has meaning and it is sensical, provided it is neither anomalous nor contradictory.

For example:

1. Siti sliced the bread. 2. Siti sliced the idea.

Both expressions (1) and (2) are grammatically right. Semantically, the expression (1) is right, the meaning of the word Siti, sliced, and the bread are fit to each other. But there is obviously something wrong semantically with expression (2). The meaning of slice includes the

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fact that the objects follows it must be a concrete noun, while the word idea

1. Subject

is an abstract noun, so it is not a concrete noun. The expression (2) is meaningless because it is anomalous.

Sentences types are part of meaningfulness. But before those topics are explained, it is very important to explain the parts of one sentence (subject, predicate, object and adverb). They are:

The subject is one of the two mai divided into, according to a tradition that can be traced back t The other constituent is the sentence, as exemplified by the difference in verb forms between he eats and they eat.

The subject has the constituent (a present in the sentence, i.

The subject is a phrasal constituent, and should be distinguished from

The subject is a noun phrase in the sentence and can be realized by the following forms

• A

English, this is mostly limited headed by

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• A noun phrase introduced by a determiner. This complex (determiner + noun phrase) is usually called a

The large car stopped outside our house.

•

respects, for example, in being able to for For examples:

1. Eating is a pleasure.

2. His constant hammering was very annoying.

• An

For examples:

1. To read is easier than to write.

2. Whom to hire is a difficult question.

• A ful

a subject and a predicate.

That he had travelled the world was known by everyone.

• A direct

I love you is often heard these days.

• The subject can also be implied. In the following command, the subject is the implied "you" that is the recipient of the Example:

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• anything or place. For example in the following sentence "it" doesn't refer to anything. Example:

It rains.

• A

subordinate clause that comes after it. Example:

It was known by everyone (that) he had travelled the world.

Definitions of Subject

The concept of subject is sometimes mixed with that of and other times with that of defined as the the undergoer of the state shown by the predicate. This definition takes the

several reasons. While interpreting the subject as the actor or agent of the action, two rather different concepts are overlayed. For instance, in the examples:

1. John was arrested by the police.

2. The police arrested John.

In the first sentence (which is in the passive voice), the subject is

John, while in the second sentence (active voice) it is the police.

But when it comes to the representation the action, the actor in both sentences is the police and the goal of the action is John.

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Similarly, some verbs can be used bot example of these is the English verb break, for examples:

1. John broke the chain.

2. The chain broke.

In the first sentence, the subject is John, while in the second one it is the the chain. But in the representation of the action or event, the

chain plays the same role in both cases, that being the one to which

the process is done or happens. This can be seen by considering the fact that the two sentences can be used to describe the same happening. Whenever the first sentence is true, the second one will be true as well, though in the second one it is pictured to have happened without an agent.

2. Predicate

In traditiona the simple sentence "John [is yellow]," John acts as the subject, and is

yellow acts as the predicate, a subsequent description of the subject headed

with a verb.

In current

true of something. Thus, the expressions "is yellow" or "is like broccoli"

are true of those things that are yellow or like broccoli, respectively. This notion is closely related to the notion of a predicate i includes more expressions than the former one, like, for example and some kinds of

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Predicate in English Traditional Grammar

In traditiona

[1] The

predicate must contain other sentence elements to complete the predicate. These elements are: objects (direct, indirect, prepositional), predicative’s (aka predicate complements: subject complements and object complements) and predicate is underlined. For examples:

1. She dances. (verb only predicate) 2. John reads the book. (direct object)

3. John's mother, Felicity, gave me a present. (indirect object without a

4. She listened to the radio. (prepositional object)

5. They elected him president. (predicative /object complement) 6. She met him in the par

7. She is in the park. (obligatory adverbial / adverbial complement)

The predicate provides information about the subject, such as what the subject is doing or what the subject is like.

The relation between a subject and its predicate is sometimes called a

A Predicate Nominal is predicate of a sentence, such as "George III is the king of England", the

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king of England being the Predicate Nominal. The subject and predicate

nominal must be connected by a

A Predicate Adjective is such as "Abby is attractive", attractive being the Predicate Adjective. The subject and predicate adjective must be connected by

3. Object

An object in sentence subject's "performance" of the sentence is given:

In the sentence "Bobby kicked the ball", "ball" is the object.

"Bobby" is the and "ball" is the object involved in the action.

The main verb in the sentence determines whether there can or must be objects in the sentence, and if so how many and of what type. In many languages, however, including different structures; for example, "Bobby kicked" and "Bobby kicked the ball" are both valid English sentences.

3.4 Types of Object

Objects fall into three classes: direct objects, prepositional objects, and non-prepositional indirect objects. A direct object answers the question "What?", while an indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?". An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an

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otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. Some examples:

1. In "We ate fruit", fruit is the direct object of the verb ate. It corresponds to the

2. In "They sent him a postcard", him is the (non-prepositional)

indirect object of the verb sent (which uses a double-object

construction). It typically corresponds to the

3. In "We listened to the radio", the radio is the object of the preposition to, and the prepositional object of the verb listened. It can correspond to a variety of cases

In many languages, including can change form slightly (their pronouns do have separat object is indicated strictly by differently from others in particular languages. In Spanish, for example, human objects have to get a preposition 'a'. This is calle

3.5 Forms of object

An object may take any of a number of forms, all of them sense.

Common forms include:

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4. A declarative

blond."

5. An interrogative content clause, as in "I remembered why she had

left."

6. A fuse

to do."

4. Adverb

An adverb is a of language: other adverbs, except for

4.4 The Five Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner provide information

on how someone does something. For example:

• Jack drives very carefully.

2. Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time provide information on

when something happens. For example:

• We'll let you know our decision next week.

3. Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency provide

information on how often something happens. For example:

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4. Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree provide information

concerning how much of something is done. For example:

• They like playing golf a lot.

5. Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment provide a

comment, or opinion about a situation. For example:

• Fortunately, there were enough seats left for the concert.

4.5 Adverb Formation

1. Adverbs are usually formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective. For examples:

a. quiet - quietly b. careful – carefully c. careless - carelessly

2. Adjectives ending in '-le' change to '-ly'. For examples: a. possible – possibly

b. probable – probably c. incredible - incredibly

3. Adjectives ending in '-y' change to '-ily'. For examples: a. lucky - luckily

b. happy – happily c. angry - angrily

4. Adjectives ending in '-ic' change to '-ically'. For examples: a. basic – basically

b. ironic – ironically c. scientific - scientifically

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Some adjectives are irregular. The most common irregular adverbs are:

a. good – well b. hard – hard c. fast –fast

Types of Sentences:

Review:

a. An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.

Example: I wrote my first novel last year

S P O Adv. of Time

b. A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought.

Example: After I wrote my first novel last year

S P O Adv. of Time

1. Simple sentence contains one full subject and predicate (also can be included adverb). For examples:

a. He lives in New York S P Adv. of Place

b. Please close the door (the subject you is understood) P O

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2. Compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by:

Example:

(IC)

Tom reads novels,(coor. conj.) but (IC) Jack reads comics

Example:

(IC)

Tom reads novels; (conj. adv.)however, (IC)Jack reads comics

Example:

(IC)

Tom reads novels; (IC)his friend reads comics

3. Complex sentence has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun or punctuation) joined to an independent clause. For examples:

a. (DC)Although Tom reads novels, (IC) Jack reads comics

b. (IC)Tom is an eight-year old boy (DC)who goes to school in

Philadelphia

4. Compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. For examples:

a. (DC)While Tom reads novels, (IC)Jack reads comics, but (IC)Sam reads only magazines

b. (DC)Though the movie had been tested on the market, (IC)The Last Shadow did not fare well in the United States, but (IC)it did develop a huge following in Europe, (DC)which usually does not go for this movie genre.

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5. Conjunction

Conjunctions are words used as joiners. Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures. The following are the kinds of conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:

• for, • and, • nor, • but, • or, • yet, • so

2. Correlative Conjunctions:

• either. . .or

• both. . . and

• neither. . . nor

• not only. . . but also 3. Conjunctive Adverbs:

The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:

• after all

• in addition

• next

• also

• incidentally

• nonetheless

• as a result

• indeed

• on the contrary

• besides

• in fact

• on the other hand

• consequently

• in other words

• otherwise

• finally

• instead

• still

• for example

• likewise • then • furthermore • meanwhile • therefore • hence • moreover • thus • however • nevertheless

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4. Subordinating Conjunctions

These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions:

• after

• in order (that)

• unless

• although

• insofar as

• until

• as

• in that

• when

• as far as

• lest

• whenever

• as soon as

• no matter how

• where

• as if

• now that

• wherever

• as though

• once

• whether

• because

• provided (that)

• while

• before

• since

• why

• even if

• so that

• even though

• supposing (that)

• how

• than

• if

• that

• inasmuch as

• though

• in case (that)

• till

6. Relative pronoun

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause within a larger sentence. It is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the word that it modifies.

A relative pronoun links two clauses into a single complex clause. To this extent, it is similar in function to a subordinating conjunction. Unlike a conjunction, however, a relative pronoun stands in place of a noun.

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Compare:

(1) This is a house. Jack built this house. (2) This is the house that Jack built.

Sentence (2) consists of two clauses, a main clause (This is the house) and a relative clause (that Jack built). The word that is a relative pronoun. Within the relative clause, the relative pronoun stands for the noun phrase it references in the main clause (its antecedent), which is one of the arguments of the verb in the relative clause. In the example, the argument is the house, the direct object of built.

Other arguments can be relativised using relative pronouns:

Subject : Hunter is the boy who kissed Monique.

Indirect object : Hunter is the boy to whom Monique gave a gift. Adpositional complement : Jack built the house in which I now live.

Possessor : Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.

Not all languages have relative pronouns. Those that do tend to use words which originally had other functions; for example, the English which is also an interrogative word. This suggests that relative pronouns might be a fairly late development in many languages.

In English, different pronouns are sometimes used if the antecedent is a human being, as opposed to a non-human or an inanimate object (as in who/that). In some languages, the relative pronoun is an invariable word. (5) This is a bank. This bank accepted my identification.

(6) She is a bank teller. She helped us open an account. With the relative pronouns, sentences (5) and (6) would read like this:

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(7) This is the bank that accepted my identification. (8) She is the bank teller who helped us open an account.

In sentences (7) and (8), the words that and who are the relative pronouns. The word that is used because the bank is a thing; the word who is used because 'she' is a person.

2.5.2 Ambiguity

Siregar (1981:30) states that “an expression is said to be ambiguous when more than interpretation can be assigned to it”.

Hurford and Heasley (1983:121) state that “a word or sentence is ambiguous when it has more than one sense. A sentence is ambiguous if it has two or more paraphrases which are not they paraphrases to each other”.

For example:

1. We saw her duck

It has two paraphrases, they are: a) We saw her lower her head b) We saw the duck belongs to her.

Both of the sentences are not paraphrase of each other, in other words, these two sentences do not have the same meaning. Therefore, the sentence, We saw her duck is ambiguous.

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a) Grammatical Ambiguity or Structural Ambiguity

In grammatical ambiguity, a sentence is ambiguous because the words related to each other in different ways. On the other hand, the ambiguity is structural or grammatical if it is resulted from the way the constituents are grouped into a larger syntactical unit. The word itself is not ambiguous, but the combination of those words can be interpreted into more than one senses and this kind of ambiguity can be solved by using square brackets.

For examples:

1. Starving children can be dangerous. It can be ambiguous, they are:

a. The children who are starving can be dangerous. b. To starve the children can be dangerous.

2. Fresh fruit and vegetables It can be ambiguous, they are: a. [Fresh fruit] and vegetables. b. Fresh [fruit and vegetables].

b) Lexical Ambiguity

Lexical Ambiguity is the word has more than one meaning or if the ambiguity of the expression is resulted from the polisemous word, i.e. a word that has more than one meaning. On the other words, lexical ambiguity deals with polysemy and homonymy.

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For examples:

1. He goes to the bank It could mean:

a. He goes to the bank of river.

b. He goes to the bank for deposited some money. 2. He found a bat

It could mean:

a. He found a baseball bat. b. He found a flying rodent.

2.5.3 Redundancy

Siregar (1981:32) states that “redundancy is the degree to which an expression contains more information than is needed to be understood. Redundant words express the same meaning within the same sentence”. For examples:

a. Cold ice b. Un-adult child

Those words are redundant since they have been included in the meaning of ice and child respectively.

There are several types of redundancy which may be observed in writing or speeches are as follows:

a. Duplication of meaning of nouns For example:

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b. Duplication of meaning of adjectives For example:

• The hand phone is free gratis. c. Duplication of meaning of adverbs.

For example:

• I try to do my assignment perfectly without a mistake. d. Duplication of meaning of verbs.

For example:

• The squirrel stored the food and put it away.

Redundancy also includes repetition of unnecessary lexical items as in: 1. She looks so pretty, beautiful.

2. I am absolutely, positively sure.

2.5.4 Anomaly

Siregar (1981:29) states that “an expression is anomalous when there is an incompatibility of meaning between constituent expressions. Anomaly results when the selection features of one member of the construction are not satisfied by the member in construction with it”.

For examples:

1. I ate three phonemes for my breakfast

This expression seems to obey the syntactic rule but the sentence is anomaly. The combination of the verb ate and its noun object three phonemes is incongruous because the verb ate is the edible while the

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noun three phonemes is no edible. Therefore, the combination of ate and three phonemes is anomalous.

2. John frightened a tree

Part of the meaning of frightened is that it can not occur only with animate nouns object. Since we know the meaning of tree, and know that it is not “animate”, so the sentence is anomalous.

2.5.5 Contradictory

Siregar (1981:30) states that “an expression is called contradictory when there is a contradiction of meaning between constituent expressions or the meaning of the subject contains information incompatible with what attribute to it in the predicate”.

For examples:

1. She drew a baseless triangle.

This statement is contradictory because there is a contradiction of meaning of the words baseless and triangle. Baseless means without base or having no base. And triangle means with base.

2. Stewardess is male.

This expression is contradictory because the meaning of the word stewardess in the fact is female, but in this expression is following by constituent male.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

Descriptive qualitative method will be used in analyzing the data. It is applied by giving a description of the lexical relations and meaning properties that exist in articles in The Jakarta Post daily newspaper.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

The primary source of the study is The Jakarta Post daily newspaper and the other sources are textbooks, written materials, or references that related to the topic of my study.

Purposive sampling method is applied as the technique to take the sample in this study. Nawawi (1991:157) states that this kind of sampling is conducted by taking the unit of sampling that is appropriate and suitable to the purpose of the study. Or in other words, the samples were taken by concerning the purpose of the study.

3.3 Data Analyzing Procedure

The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follows: 1) Reading the chosen articles repeatedly.

2) Identifying the words and sentences which belong to lexical relations and meaning properties by underlining them.

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3) Classifying the lexical relations and meaning properties into the more specific categories, i.e. hyponyms, meronyms, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, meaningfulness, ambiguity, redundancy, anomaly, and contradictory and all the data will be analyzed based on Siregar’s and Palmer’s theory.

4) Calculating the data in percentage, the lexical relations and meaning properties that occur mostly in the chosen articles and explain all the results of the analysis except meaningfulness. The following formula is applied based on Nawawi’s social analysis method (1991:150):

N Y

× 100%

X : Number of the subcategories of lexical relations and meaning

properties.

Y : Total number of all data

N : Percentage of lexical relations and meaning properties.

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CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND

MEANING PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN

THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER

4.6 The Existence of Lexical Relations

Lexical relations are divided into hyponyms, meronyms, homonyms, synonyms, and antonyms. They are:

4.6.1 The Existence of Hyponyms

There are five hyponyms that are found in the seven articles (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post newspaper. They are: 1. “…some ASEAN members – for instance, in Indonesia, the Philippines

and tension between Malaysia and Thailand over the issue…” (Feb. 9th, par. 5)

2. “For example, the US helped Ford, Chrysler and GM, but not Toyota and BMW, although the latter…” (Feb. 10th, par. 13)

The explanations:

1. In sentence 1, the specific term Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and

Thailand are called hyponyms and the general term ASEAN is called

super-ordinate. A super-ordinate can have many hyponyms. And

Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand are hyponyms of ASEAN

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2. In sentence 2, the specific term Ford, Chrysler, GM, Toyota and BMW are called hyponyms and the general term car is called super-ordinate. A super-ordinate can have many hyponyms. And Ford, Chrysler, GM,

Toyota and BMW are hyponyms of car because they are the brands of car,

as shown in the tree diagram:

4.6.2 The Existence of Meronyms

The results of meronyms are not found in the seven articles of seven editions (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post newspaper.

Thailand

(Hyponym)

Malaysia

(Hyponym)

Philippines

(Hyponym)

Indonesia

(Hyponym)

ASEAN

(Super-ordinate)

BMW

(Hyponym)

Toyota

(Hyponym)

Chrysler

(Hyponym)

Ford

(Hyponym)

Car

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4.6.3 The Existence of Homonyms

The results of homonyms are not found in the seven articles of seven editions (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post newspaper.

4.6.4 The Existence of Synonyms

There are eight synonyms that are found in the fourteen (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post newspaper. They are:

1. “…almost the entire male population were killed” (Feb. 8th, par. 1) “…some 6,000 people were murdered…” (Feb. 8th, par. 11)

2. “…almost the entire male population were killed” (Feb. 8th, par. 1)

“…an estimated 40,000 people were killed and whole islands were depopulated” (Feb. 8th, par. 11)

3. “Did the ambassador offer apologies, or did he just express regret?” (Feb. 8th, par. 3)

“He offered the Dutch government’s “excuses” for the violence in the 1945-1949 period” (Feb. 8th, par. 3)

4. “Protectionism is something all leaders warn against after the lessons of the 1930s” (Feb. 10th, par. 5)

“But talking about the need to resist protectionism and actually stopping it …” (Feb. 10th, par. 6)

5. “…in which he vowed to seek a “new way forward” with the Muslim…” (Feb. 11th, par. 2)

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6. “This is perhaps something Clinton is anxious to hear from the government in Jakarta” (Feb. 11th, par. 11)

“…but with dialog and listening to each other’s grievances” (Feb. 11th, par. 24)

7. “There are more obstacles” (Feb. 12th, par. 11)

“Cultural barriers challenges access to Western clients” (Feb. 12th, par. 11)

8. “…their stimulatory impact was replaced by property prices…” (Feb. 14th, par. 8)

“…about 50 years ago reveals the effect of asset prices…” (Feb. 14th, par. 9)

The explanations:

1. In sentence 1, the words killed and murdered are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word killed means to cause death or cause somebody or something to die. The word murdered means to kill somebody illegally and deliberately.

2. In sentence 2, the words entire and whole are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word entire means with no part left out; whole; complete. The word whole means full; complete.

3. In sentence 3, the words apologies and excuses are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word apologies means a word or statement to say one is sorry for having done something wrong or for upsetting somebody. The word excuses means to forgive a fault of wrongdoing.

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4. In sentence 4, the words against and resist are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word against means in opposition to somebody or something; contrary to somebody or something. The word resist means to oppose a plan, idea, etc.

5. In sentence 5, the words seek and looking for are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word seek means to look for something; to try to find or get something. The word looking for means to hope for something; to expect something.

6. In sentence 6, the words hear and listening to are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word hear means to listen or pay attention to somebody or something. The word listening to means to allow oneself to be persuaded by somebody making a suggestion, giving advice, etc. 7. In sentence 7, the words obstacles and barriers are synonyms because they

have similar meaning. The word obstacles means a thing that blocks one’s way or makes movement, progress, etc. The word barriers means a thing prevents something or makes something impossible.

8. In sentence 8, the words impact and effect are synonyms because they have similar meaning. The word impact means a strong impression or effect on something or somebody. The word effect means a change produced by an action or a cause; a result or an outcome.

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4.1.5 The Existence of Antonyms

There are eight antonyms (three complementary pairs, two gradable pairs, and three relational opposites) that are found in the seven articles (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post newspaper. They are:

a. Complementary Pairs

There are three antonyms of complementary pairs, they are:

1. “…and make their exports more expensive?” (Feb. 10th, par. 25)

“…the blow to workers hurt by rapid import penetration…” (Feb. 10th, par. 34)

2. “…and firms in urban agglomerations more than in the rural areas” (Feb. 12th, par. 14)

3. “In Islam, a fatwa is a legal opinion issued by an individual or group of ulema…” (Feb. 13th, par. 4)

b. Gradable Pairs

There are two antonyms of gradable pairs, they are:

4. “…offering the a recipe for other countries to do the same to American companies” (Feb. 10th, par. 14)

“…and actually stopping it are two different things” (Feb. 10th, par. 6) 5. “…and make their exports more expensive?” (Feb. 10th, par. 25)

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c. Relational Opposites

There are three antonyms of relational opposites, they are:

6. “In order to answer the questions above…” (Feb. 9th, par. 10) 7. “When you add all this up…” (Feb. 10th, par. 17)

“…that have received government investment to reduce foreign activities…” (Feb. 10th, par. 15)

8. “It’s no use giving people money to spend if economic rationale tells them to save” (Feb. 14th, par. 18)

The explanations:

a. Complementary Pairs

1. In sentence 1, the words exports and import are antonyms of complementary pairs because they are opposite in meaning that the items being complementary to each other. It means the items belong to the set of incompatible terms. Its characteristics is that negative of one word is synonymous with the other. The word exports means to sell and transport goods to a foreign country. The word import means to bring goods, services, idea, etc from a foreign country into one’s own country.

2. In sentence 2, the words urban and rural are antonyms of complementary pairs because they are opposite in meaning that the items being complementary to each other. It means the items belong to the set of incompatible terms. Its characteristics is that negative of one word is synonymous with the other. The word urban means relating to or living in

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a city or town. The word rural means in or suggesting the countryside or agriculture.

3. In sentence 3, the words individual and group are antonyms of complementary pairs because they are opposite in meaning that the items being complementary to each other. It means the items belong to the set of incompatible terms. Its characteristics is that negative of one word is synonymous with the other. The word individual means of or for one person. The word group means a number of people or things gathered, placed or acting together or naturally associated.

b. Gradable Pairs

1. In sentence 1, the words same and different are antonyms of gradable pairs because they are opposite in meaning that the pairs of words have a graduation of width, age, size, etc., all indicated by the adjectives. The word same means not different; identical. The word different means not the same as somebody or something.

2. In sentence 2, the words expensive and cheap are antonyms of gradable pairs because they are opposite in meaning that the pairs of words have a graduation of width, age, size, etc., all indicated by the adjectives. The word expensive means costing a lot of money. The word cheap means low in price; costing (relatively) little money.

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c. Relational Opposites

1. In sentence 1, the words answer and questions are antonyms of relational opposites because they are opposite in meaning and we can find the relationship between the opposite pairs of words or two-way contrast that are interdependent (one number presupposes the other). The word answer means a thing that is said, written or done as a response to deal with a question or situation. The word questions means a sentence, etc that asks information.

2. In sentence 2, the words add and reduce are antonyms of relational opposites because they are opposite in meaning and we can find the relationship between the opposite pairs of words or two-way contrast that are interdependent (one number presupposes the other). The word add means to put something together with something else so as to increase the size, number, amount, etc. The word reduces means to make something smaller in size, quantity, number,etc.

3. In sentence 3, the words spend and save are antonyms of relational opposites because they are opposite in meaning and we can find the relationship between the opposite pairs of words or two-way contrast that are interdependent (one number presupposes the other). The word spend means to give or pay money for goods, services, etc. The word save means to keep money for future use.

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4.7 The Existence of Meaning Properties

Meaning properties can be divided into meaningfulness, ambiguity, redundancy, anomaly, and contradictory. They are:

4.7.1 The Existence of Meaningfulness

There are three hundred and nineteen meaningfulness that are found in the seven articles (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post

newspaper. They are:

Simple Sentences: there are one hundred and thirty three simple sentences that

are found in the seven articles (February 8th – February 14th) of The Jakarta Post

newspaper. They are:

1. Adverb of Time + Subject + Predicate

During the bloodbath, Possibly 431 villagers, almost the entire male population

Adv. of Time S

were killed P

(Feb. 8th, par. 1)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the meaning of the sentence is easily recognized, it does not reflect another meaning, provided it is neither anomalous nor contradictory, obey the semantic rule of the language (in other words, it follows the word order rule namely subject + predicate + object (it also can include adverb and conjunction). It is a simple sentence because it contains one full subject (possibly 431 villagers, almost the entire male

population), predicate (were killed) and can be include adverb of time (during the bloodbath).

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These war crimes were committed in the 17th century

S P Adv. of Time

(Feb. 8th, par. 12)

The premium now is on limiting it as much as possible

S Adv. of Time P

(Feb. 10th, par. 34)

possible) and can be include adverb of time (now).

2. Adverb of Time + Subject + Predicate + Adverb of Time + Adverb of

Place

In December Dutch Ambassador Nikolaos van Dam

Adv. of Time S

was present at the commemoration of the massacre

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In Rawagede (now called Balongsari) in West Java Adv. of Place

(Feb. 8th, par. 2)

present) and can be include adverb of time (In December and at the commemoration of the massacre) and adverb of place (in Rawagede (now called Balongsari) in West Java).

3. Subject + Predicate + Object + Adverb of Time

He offered the Dutch government’s “excuses” for the violence

S P O

in the 1945-1949 period Adv. of Time (Feb. 8th, par. 3)

“excuses” for the violence) and can be include adverb of time (in the 1945-1949 period).

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The region itself is facing now

S P Adv. of Time

tremendous challenges from new security problems O

(Feb. 9th, par. 2)

In that circumstance the parties would have

Adv. of Time S P

the same interest in the direct result of the policies they agreed to O (infinitival clause)

(Feb. 11th, par.13)

interest in the direct result of the policies they agreed to) and can be include

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4. Subject + Predicate + Object

These victims deserve the apologies

S P O

(Feb. 8th, par. 12)

apologies).

We may be witnessing a classic Greek tragedy

S P O

(Feb. 10th, par. 6)

Greek tragedy).

Financial services institutions emerged as main clients

S P O

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5. Subject + Predicate + Adverb of Manner

No doubt attention for the killings is justified completely

S P Adv. of Manner

(Feb. 8th, par. 4)

justified), and can be include adverb of manner (completely).

6. Coordinating Conjunction + Adverb of Frequency + Subject +

Predicate + Object

But as usual, the broader framework in which the bloodbath Coor. Conj. Adv. of Freq. S

Took place has been ignored P O (infinitival clause) (Feb. 8th, par. 4)

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7. Adverb of Frequency + Subject + Adverb of Manner + Predicate +

Object + Adverb of Place

Again the chance fully to expose the role the… Adv. of Freq. S Adv. of

Manner

P O (infinitival clause)

…Netherlands played has been missed in Indonesia Adv. of Place (Feb. 8th, par. 4)

Netherlands played has been missed) and can be include adverb of frequency

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8. Subject + Predicate

Exhibit A is anti-dumping duties

S P

(Feb. 10th, par. 9)

Issuing a fatwa is not a simple task

S (gerund) P

(Feb. 13th, par. 6)

The policy worked

S P

(Feb. 14th, par. 15)

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also can include adverb and conjunction). It is a simple sentence because it contains one full subject (the policy) and predicate (worked).

9. Conjunctive Adverb + Subject + Conjunctive Adverb + Predicate +

Object

However in the collective memory the Dutch people still perceive

Conj. Adv. S Conj. Adv. P the Netherlands merely as a paternalistic governor, not as a ruthless colonizer

O (Feb. 8th, par. 6)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the meaning of the sentence is easily recognized, it does not reflect another meaning, provided it is neither anomalous nor contradictory, obey the semantic rule of the language (in other words, it follows the word order rule namely subject + predicate + object (it also can include adverb and conjunction). It is a simple sentence because it contains one full subject (in the collective memory the Dutch people), predicate

(perceive), object (the Netherlands merely as a paternalistic governor, not as a

ruthless colonizer) and can be include conjunctive adverb (however and still).

10.Subject + Predicate + Conjunctive Adverb + Object

My research into the roots of the conflict resulted also

S P Conj. Adv.

in a confrontation with the dark sides of Dutch colonialism O

(Feb. 8th, par. 8)

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other words, it follows the word order rule namely subject + predicate + object (it also can include adverb and conjunction). It is a simple sentence because it contains one full subject (my research into the roots of the conflict), predicate (resulted), object (in a confrontation with the dark sides of Dutch colonialism) and can be include conjunctive adverb (also).

China has achieved also

S P Conj.adv.

advances with regard to intellectual property O (infinitival clause)

(Feb. 12th, par. 10)

regard to intellectual property) and can be include conjunctive adverb (also).

In fact MUI itself recognizes

Conj. Adv. S P

the growing influence of its political power O

(Feb. 13th, par. 15)

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influence of its political power) and can be include conjunctive adverb (in fact).

11.Adverb of Time + Subject + Predicate + Object + Adverb of Place

In 1621 the VOC’s governor general Jan Pieterszoon Coen in Asia

Adv. of Time S Adv. of Place

Sailed to the small archipelago

P O

(Feb. 8th, par. 10)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the meaning of the sentence is easily recognized, it does not reflect another meaning, provided it is neither anomalous nor contradictory, obey the semantic rule of the language (in other words, it follows the word order rule namely subject + predicate + object (it also can include adverb and conjunction). It is a simple sentence because it contains one full subject (the VOC’s governor general Jan Pieterszoon Coen),

predicate (sailed), object (to the small archipelago) and can be include adverb of time (in 1621) and adverb of place (in Asia).

ASEAN leaders are going to meet in Thailand

S P Adv. of Place

at the end of this month to mark the implementation of the ASEAN Charter Adv. of Time O (infinitival clause)

(Feb. 9th, par. 1)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the meaning of the sentence is easily recognized, it does not reflect another meaning, provided it is

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ARTICLE 2

(2)

ARTICLE 3

(3)

ARTICLE 4

(4)

ARTICLE 5

(5)

ARTICLE 6

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An analysis Of Lexical Relation And Meaning Properties In Articles The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND MEANING

PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY

NEWSPAPER

A THESIS

BY:

WINDY AGINTA

REG. STUDENT NO: 050705015

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRAK

ABBREVIATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRAK

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND

MEANING PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN

THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER

ARTICLE 2

ARTICLE 3

ARTICLE 4

ARTICLE 5

ARTICLE 6

ARTICLE 7

Parts

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