Background of the Analysis

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. Yet another definition sees language as a system of communication that enables humans to cooperate. This definition stresses the social functions of language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment. Language and human being are two things that cannot be separated. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. There are relationship between language and society, such as relationship to object, ideas, events, and actual speakers and listeners. Platt in Siregar in Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behaviour 1984:66 says “Every language express in some way or other how people think, perceive and act, in what state people, things and ideas are and how they relate to each other. Words which express action, states, perceptions, etc., the verbs occur in every language. However, there are many differences in the way they can be structures, what additional concepts they may express and what other words may occur with them”. There are some varieties of possible relationship between language and society, such as first is that social structure may either influence; second is directly opposed the first; third is that the influence is bi-directional; fourth is to Universitas Sumatera Utara assume that there is no relation at all between linguistic structure and social. This variant view appears to be the one that Chomsky holds: he refers to develop a social linguistics as a preliminary to any other kind of linguistics. In general, sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Hudson 1980:4 says “Sociolinguistics is study of language in relation to society”. Hickerson 1980:81 says “Sociolinguistics is a developing sub field of linguistics which takes speech narration as its focus, viewing variation or its social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variations social factors in this case are age, religion, sex, gender and occupation”. Appel et.al 1987:10 define sociolinguistics as a science which focuses on a language use in social and cultural aspects. In using language there are some capabilities needed. In daily conversation we also find some problems in using language. One of the most striking phenomena in a bilingual’s linguistic performance is the occurrence of the seemingly random mixing of two languages, both within the two utterances, during a conversational exchange. This linguistic behaviour not only attracts scholarly attention but also raises questions about the various features which charecterize language-mixing. As Troike in Wardaugh 1986:51 says “In every human being there are many codes and ways contained which is can be used by the people to do their society play in role. On the whole codes and ways in speak called communication repertoire. By the existence of communication repertoire above, some people have choice in many kinds variety of language. People are usually selecting a particular code Universitas Sumatera Utara whenever they choose to speak, and they also decide to switch one code or to create a new code. As Fasold 1984:208 says “People can use two languages in conversation by turns that depends entirely on the situation”. There are two kinds of code. They are code switching where people can use two language in conversation by turns that depends entirely on the situation; and code mixing where some people either use the elements from one language in while they were spoken in one foreign language. Gal in Wardaugh 1986:100 said that code switching as a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy grous boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligation. Code switching also is the consequence of bilingualism or multilingualism. Suwito in Chaer and Agustina 2004:114 devides code switching into two types, they are: a. “Campur kode eksternal terjadi ketika satu bahasa dialihkan ke bahasa lain dalam kelompok bahasa yang berbeda”. Extern of code switching, it occurs when one language is switched into another language in diffrent group of language. For example: Bahasa Indonesia is switch into English. b. “Campur kode internal terjadi ketika satu bahasa dialihkan ke bahasa lain dalam kelompok bahasa yang sama”. Intern of code switching, it occurs when one language is switched into another language in the same group of language. For example: In bataknese language, batak toba is switched into batak mandailing. Universitas Sumatera Utara Suwito also devides code mixing into two types, they are: a. “Campur kode ke dalam adalah campur kode yang bersumber dari bahasa asli dengan variasinya”. Inner code mixing, it occurs if the speaker inserts the elements of their own language into national language, the element of dialect into own language. b. “Campur koode keluar adalah campur kode yang bersumber dari bahasa asing”. Outer code mixing, it occurs if the speaker inserts the element of their own language into foreign language. Nababan 1993:33 says “Bilamana orang mencampur dua atau lebih bahasa dalam suatu tindak bahasa speech act atau discourse tanpa ada sesuatu dalam situasi berbahsa itu yang menuntut pencampuran bahasa itu. Dalam keadaan yang demikian, hanya kesantaian penutur atau kebiasaannya yang dituruti. Tindak bahasa yang demikian disebut campur kode”. Jendra 2010:75-77 said that the grammatical classification result in three types of code switching, they are: a. Tag code switching, happens when a bilingual inserts short expressions tag from different language at the end of hisher utterances. For example: An Indonesian bilingual switches from English to Indonesian, e.g. It’s okay, no problem, ya nggak? b. Intern-sentential code switching, happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. Universitas Sumatera Utara For example: An Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English, e.g. Ini lagu lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi, masih enak kok didengerin. c. Intra-sentential code switching, found when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. For example: An English bilingual switches from English to French, e.g. The hotel, il est grand, is really huge and unbelieveble majestic. Jendra 2010:75-77 also said that the contextual classification is based on the reasons why people switch. The classification divides two types of code switching, they are: a. Situational code switching, appears when there is a change in the situation that causes the bilingual switches from one code to the other. For example: Agus : Menurutku, semuanya karena mereka tidak tahu persis artinya De, ... Mark : Hi, Agus. Agus : Eh, how are you Mark? Mark, this is Made, our friend from Mataram. Made : Nice to meet you Mark. Mark : Nice to meet you too. What are you two talking about? Agus : Nah, ini dia kita bisa... Mak, can you help us? b. Methaporical code switching, happens when there is a change in the perception, or the purpose, or the topic of the conversation. For example: Universitas Sumatera Utara Made : We want to take it, to where ... Ya, itu tempat kita biasa mancing fishing, and we are drinking, singing, having fun, ok. Ali : And, there are surfing, swimming ... terus, kita jadi pusing-pusing feeling dizzy, ha, ha, ha... Made : Are you joining, Jim? Jim : Okay, then. Wardaugh 1986:102-103 says “we can describe two kinds of code switching: situational and methaporical. Situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have methaporical code switching”. Wardaugh 1986:103 says “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance”. Code switching and code mixing present because of the impact of the ability and skill of people to speak more than one language. In many cases, if there are two or more languages used, caused the using of speaker in one community of same language, and the components certainly transferred from one language. The writer chooses a novel written by Ninit Yunita Okke Sepatumerah, entitled “Kamar Cewek” as source of data because there are many code switching and code mixing case of the dialogues of the novel. The writer is intersted in finding the case mixing and switching and describes them. In this thesis, the Universitas Sumatera Utara writer explore identifies the code mixing and code switching occured or found in the novel.

1.2 Problem of the Analysis