16
a. Declarations, these are words or expressions that change the world by
their very utterance, such as „I bet‟, „I declare‟, „I resign‟.
49
Declarations bring about some alteration in the status or condition of the referred to
object solely in virtue of the fact that the declaration has been successfully performed.
50
Searle gives examples of the used to perform declaration in semantic structure is
51
: 3 I declare: your employment is hereby terminated.
4 I declare: my position hereby terminated.
b. Representatives, the act of words state what the speaker believe to be the
case. The representatives include describing, claiming, hypothesizing, insisting, and predicting.
52
Statement of the fact, assertions, conclusions, and descriptions, as illustrated in 5, are all examples of the speaker
represntating the world as he or she believes it is.
53
5 a. The earth is flat. b. Chomsky didn
‟t write about peanuts. c. It was a warm sunny day.
c. Expressives are the acts in which the words state what the speaker feels.
Apologizing, praising, congratulating, deploring, and regretting are the part of expressives illocutionary acts.
54
In performing an expressive, the speaker is neither trying to get the world to match the words nor the
49
Joan Cutting, 2002, Op.Cit., p.16.
50
John R. Searle, 1979, Op.Cit., p.17.
51
Ibid.
52
Joan Cutting, 2002, Op.Cit., p.17.
53
George Yule, 2000, Op.Cit., p.53.
54
Joan Cutting, 2002, Op.Cit., p.17.
17
words to match the world, rather the truth of the expressed proposition is presupposed.
55
In using expressive, the speaker statesthe words fit in his feeling. As the illustrated in 6, they can be caused by something the
speaker does or the hearer does, but they are about the speaker ‟s
experiences.
56
6 a. I ‟m really sorry
b. Congratulations c. Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh
d. Directives
cover acts in which the words aimed at making the hearer do something, such as
„commanding‟, „requesting‟, „inviting‟, „forbidding‟, „suggesting‟.
57
The commands, orders, requests, or suggestions can be positive or negative, as the example below
58
: 7 a. Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black.
b. Could you lend me a pen, please? c. Don
‟t touch that. The direction of fit is world-to-words and the sincerity condition is
want or wish or desire.
59
Furthermore, Searle add the verbs donating members of this class are ask, order, command, request, beg, plead, pray,
entreat, and also invite, permit, and advise.
60
55
John R. Searle, 1979, Op.Cit., p.15.
56
George Yule, 2000, Op.Cit., p.53.
57
Joan Cutting, 2002, Op.Cit., p.17.
58
George Yule, 2000, Op.Cit., p.54.
59
John R. Searle, 1979, Op.Cit., p.15.
60
Ibid., p.14.
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