Sociolinguistics REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is one of study about language related by society condition. Jendra 2010:9 says “sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an subject of study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how synta, semantics, mor[hology, and phonology handle it”. Hudson 1980:4 says “sociolinguistics is study of language in relation to society”. Wardaugh 1998:12 states that sociolinguistics is concern with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication,” while Gumperz in Wardaugh 1998:11 states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and to observe any changes that occurs.” According to Kridalaksana 1993:201 sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies the relationship and interplay between language behavior and social behavior Nababan 1984:2 in Chaer and Agustina 2004:3 says language assessment with social dimension is called…sociolinguistics. . Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community J.A. Fishman 1972:4 in Chaer and Agustina 2004:3. Sociolinguistics is language study of language in operation, it’s purpose is to investigate how the convention of the language use relate to other aspects of social behavior. Universitas Sumatera Utara Sociolinguistics is that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation Sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation, it’s purpose is to investigate how the convention of the language use relate to other aspects of social behavior C. Criper and H.G. Widdowson in J.P.B. Allen and S. Piet Cordered in Chaer Agustinaed 2004:4. As a social phenomenon, language and language usage is not only determined by the linguistic factors but also by nonlinguistic factors, among others, social factor. The social factors that affect language use such as social status, education level, age, economic level, gender and so on. In addition, the use of language is also influenced by situational factors, that is who speaks the language of what, to whom, when where and on what issues, as succinctly defined by Fishman 1967:15 “Who speaks what language to whom and when”. Suwito, 1983:3 2.2. Types of Using Language 2.2.1 Bilingualism