Theory of Character Review of Related Theories

The eighth method is thoughts. In this method, the author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell the readers what different people are thinking. The readers then are in a privileged position; they have, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. The last method is mannerisms. Through this method, the author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell the readers something about his character. Another theory is by Brockett in Benedetty, 1970: 129-130 as quoted in The Art of Work that there are four levels of characterization. The first level is physical which is concerned only with such basic facts as sex, age, size, and color. The second level is social, which includes “character’s economic status, profession or trade, religion, family relationship –all those factors place the character in his environment”. The third level is psychological which reveals “character’s habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivations, likes and dislikes –the inner workings of the mind, both emotionally and intellectually, which precede action. The last level is moral which explains that sometimes a moral decision causes a character to examine his own motives and values, in the process of which his true nature is revealed both himself and to the audience. Some of the theories above will be useful to help the writer to identify and understanding characters’ attitude in the play and to do the analysis. 17

3. Review on the Relation between Literature and Psychology

According to Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature 1956: 81, psychology and literature have a close relation in which some literary works take the issue of psychology as the basic idea. The term psychology of literature has four possible meanings. The first is the psychological study of the author as a type or as an individual. The second is the study of creative process. The third is the study of psychological types and laws presented within works of literature, and the last is the effect of literature upon readers 1956: 81. They state that people can learn theory of psychology that may be revealed in works of literature by analyzing the works. There is another theory which states that literature and psychology has a relation in exploring human’s life, “in a variety of ways, a psychological approach has opened new avenues to the study of literature” Cohen, 1958: 189. Those theories have shown the relation between psychology and literature. Analyzing literary works may reflect certain psychological factors. This study will explore parts of the psychological subjects. That is the motive and motivation.

4. Theories Motive and Motivation

According to Frank J. Burno in Dictionary of Keywords in Psychology the definition of motive is hypothetical state in an organism used to explain its choices and goal-oriented behavior 1986: 140. Furthermore, in Psychology and Life the definition of motivation is the process of starting, directing and maintaining physical 18