The motivation of the main characters to cherish their life as seen in John Greena`s the fault in our stars.

i ABSTRACT

DAMAYANTI, LIA. The Motivation of the Main Characters to Cherish Their Life as Seen in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The writer discusses the main characters’ motivation Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars. The novel tells about life, death and love of Hazel and Augustus. Hazel is sixteen years old girl who has tyroid cancer, while Augustus is seventeen years ols boy who also has osteosarcoma. They met in a support group of cancer and fell in love with each other. They have dream together that make them feel strong and encouraged to live their life in order to face their illness. The writer analyzes the motivation of the main characters to hold their dream and love.

There are two formulated problems to analyze the motivation of the main characters. The first is to find out the characteristics of the main characters in the novel. The second is to find out the motivation of the main characters to cherish the life.

In this study, the writer applied the library research method. The main data were collected from the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. To support the analysis, the writer applied articles from some books and internet. There are two theories that are applied in this study, theory of character and characterization and theory of motivation. The psychological approach is also applied in this study.

The study finds out that Hazel Grace is a loving and considerate person. These characteristics are affected by the existence of Augustus, a boy who loves her so much. Before meeting Augustus, Hazel is a girl who is pessimistic and distant person, she did not want to be closer with the others because she did not want to break their heart with her death. While Augustus is an optimistic and a caring person. He wants to make others feel happy because of his existence. Augustus is a straighforward person. He spontaneously tells his feeling to others. Several factors that influence the motivation of Hazel and Augustus can be seen through the theories used in this study. The findings of this study also points out that Augustus has a strong will to make others happy. He also aims to achieve his dream with Hazel, while Hazel concerns on how she should treat people with respect and genuine care. She also aims to reach her dream that she has dreamed of while focusing on how to make Augustus happy and optimistic in cherishing their life.

ii ABSTRAK

DAMAYANTI, LIA. The Motivation of the Main Characters to Cherish Their Life as Seen in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Penulis membahas tentang motivasi tokoh utama Hazel Grace dan Augustus Waters dalam novel The Fault in Our Stars karya John Green. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan, kematian dan cinta yang terjalin antara Hazel Grace dan Augustus Waters. Hazel Grace merupakan seorang gadis berusia enam belas tahun yang mengidap penyakit kanker, sedangkan Augustus Waters, seorang pemuda berusia tujuh belas tahun juga mengidap penyakit osteosarkoma. Mereka bertemu di kelompok pendukung kanker dan mulai memiliki rasa satu sama lain. Mereka memiliki mimpi dan tujuan bersama yang membuat mereka kuat dan semangat dalam menjalani kehidupannya melawan penyakit yang dideritanya. Penulis menganalisis motivasi tokoh utama untuk bisa bertahan hidup dalam memperjuangkan mimpi dan cintanya.

Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis motivasi dari kedua tokoh utama tersebut. Yang pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik dari masing-masing karakter yang terdapat di novel. Yang kedua adalah menemukan motivasi-motivasi dari karakter utama dalam menjalani kehidupannya.

Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode data kepustakaan. Data utama diambil dari novel yang berjudul The Fault in Our Stars karya John Green. Untuk mendukung analisa ini, penulis menggunakan artikel-artikel dari berbagai buku serta data dari internet. Ada dua teori yang diaplikasikan di dalam penelitian ini, teori karakter dan penokohan serta teori motivasi. Pendekatan psikologi juga digunakan dalam analisis ini.

Dari analisis ini menemukan bahwa Hazel Grace adalah seorang penyayang dan peduli. Karakteristik ini di pengaruhi oleh kehadiran Augustus Waters, seorang lelaki yang ia cintai. Sebelum mengenal Augustus, Hazel merupakan seorang yang pesimis dan tidak suka bersosialisasi dengan orang di sekitar. Ia tidak ingin terlalu dekat dengan orang lain karena ia tidak ingin melukai hatinya dengan kematiannya. Sedangkan Augustus adalah seorang yang optimis dan peduli terhadap orang sekitar. ia ingin membuat orang sekitar merasa bahagia akan kehadirannya. Augustus adalah seorang yang spontanitas. Ia berani secara langsung mengungkapkan perasaannya terhadap orang lain. Hal-hal yang membuat Hazel dan Augustus termotivasi dapat dilihat melalui teori-teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Augustus memiliki niat yang kuat untuk membuat orang sekitar bahagia. Ia juga ingin menggapai mimpinya bersama Hazel. sedangkan Hazel ingin lebih menghormati dan peduli terhadap orang sekitar. Ia juga ingin menggapai mimpi yang selama ini ia inginkan serta ingin membuat Augustus merasa bahagia dan optimis dalam menjalani kehidupannya.

THE MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS TO

CHERISH THEIR

LIFE AS SEEN IN JOHN GREEN’S

THE

FAULT IN OUR STARS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

LIA DAMAYANTI Student Number: 124214011

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

ii

THE MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS TO

CHERISH THEIR

LIFE AS SEEN IN JOHN GREEN’S

THE

FAULT IN OUR STARS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

LIA DAMAYANTI Student Number: 124214011

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

vii

“But those

who trust in the Lord will be

blessed. They know that the Lord will do what

he says”

viii

For My Beloved Parents

“You are precious to me, and I have given you

a special place of honor. I love you.”

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank my Lord, Jesus Christ for His blessing and help so I could finish my undergraduate thesis. His guidance throughout my life is also very helpful.

I am indebted to my thesis advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum, for his advice, time, patient guidance and inspiration in the process of writing my undergraduate thesis from the beginning until now. My appreciation also goes to my co-advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum for the correction and guidance that help me complete this thesis. I want to also thank all of my lecturers in Sanata Dharma University, secretariat staff and library staff who have helped and supported me during the process of my study.

I would also like to give my greatest gratitude to my beloved parents, Petrus Suryono and Yuliana Sumiati who patiently wait for my thesis and always give me the unconditional support and motivation. Thank you for my brother and sisters, Stefanus Prima Yondiputra, Francisca Natalia and Yosephina Yolla Patricia and also my little niece Maria Michaela Nicholetta. Thank you for their love, guidance, and support for me to finish my study.

I would like to also thank my bestfriend Triyana Wulandari who always gives me the never-ending motivation. Thank you for Christopher Tjia who always gives me continuous support and advice until the completion of my study. Lastly, I am glad for all of my friends in Sanata Dharma University, Jucha and Bromo. Thank you for their happiness, time, motivation and love.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...ii

APPROVAL PAGE ...iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...vi

MOTTO PAGE ...vii

DEDICATION PAGE ...viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...x

ABSTRACT ...xii

ABSTRAK ...xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...1

A. Background of the Study ...1

B. Problem Formulation ...4

C. Objectives of the Study ...4

D. Definition of Terms ...5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...6

A. Review of Related Studies ...6

B. Review of Related Theories ...10

1. Theory of Characters and Characterization...10

2. Theory of Motivation ...12

a. The Need to Achieve by Ruch ...14

b. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs...14

c. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ...16

C. Theoretical Framework...17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...18

A. Object of the Study ...18

B. Approach of the Study ...19

C. Method of the Study ...20

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...22

A. Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace’s Characterization ...22

1. Augustus Waters’s Characteristics ...23

a. Straightforward ...23

b. Caring ...24

c. Optimistic ...26

2. Hazel Grace’s Characteristics ...28

a. Before Meeting Augustus Waters...28

i. Pessimistic ...28

xi

b. After Meeting Augustus Waters ...31

i. Loving ...31

ii. Considerate ...32

B. The Motivation of Augustus and Hazel Grace to cherish their life ...34

1. Motivation of Agusutus Waters...34

a. Extrinsic Motivation ...34

i. To Follow the Encouragement from his Parents ...34

ii. To Make Hazel Happy ...36

iii. To Share an affection with Hazel...36

iv. To Fullfill his Wish ...37

b. Instrinsic Motivation ...39

i. Living his life full of happiness ...39

2. Motivation of Hazel Grace ...40

a. Extrinsic Motivation ...40

i. To Follow the Quotes in Augustus’s House ...40

ii. To Empower herself ...40

iii. To Show her greatfulness to Augustus’s Existence ...41

iv. To Fulfill her wish ...43

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...47

xii ABSTRACT

DAMAYANTI, LIA. The Motivation of the Main Characters to Cherish Their Life as Seen in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The writer discusses the main characters’ motivation Hazel Grace and

Augustus Waters in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars. The novel tells about life, death and love of Hazel and Augustus. Hazel is sixteen years old girl who has tyroid cancer, while Augustus is seventeen years ols boy who also has osteosarcoma. They met in a support group of cancer and fell in love with each other. They have dream together that make them feel strong and encouraged to live their life in order to face their illness. The writer analyzes the motivation of the main characters to hold their dream and love.

There are two formulated problems to analyze the motivation of the main characters. The first is to find out the characteristics of the main characters in the novel. The second is to find out the motivation of the main characters to cherish the life.

In this study, the writer applied the library research method. The main data were collected from the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. To support the analysis, the writer applied articles from some books and internet. There are two theories that are applied in this study, theory of character and characterization and theory of motivation. The psychological approach is also applied in this study.

The study finds out that Hazel Grace is a loving and considerate person. These characteristics are affected by the existence of Augustus, a boy who loves her so much. Before meeting Augustus, Hazel is a girl who is pessimistic and distant person, she did not want to be closer with the others because she did not want to break their heart with her death. While Augustus is an optimistic and a caring person. He wants to make others feel happy because of his existence. Augustus is a straighforward person. He spontaneously tells his feeling to others. Several factors that influence the motivation of Hazel and Augustus can be seen through the theories used in this study. The findings of this study also points out that Augustus has a strong will to make others happy. He also aims to achieve his dream with Hazel, while Hazel concerns on how she should treat people with respect and genuine care. She also aims to reach her dream that she has dreamed of while focusing on how to make Augustus happy and optimistic in cherishing their life.

xiii ABSTRAK

DAMAYANTI, LIA. The Motivation of the Main Characters to Cherish Their Life as Seen in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Penulis membahas tentang motivasi tokoh utama Hazel Grace dan Augustus Waters dalam novel The Fault in Our Stars karya John Green. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang kehidupan, kematian dan cinta yang terjalin antara Hazel Grace dan Augustus Waters. Hazel Grace merupakan seorang gadis berusia enam belas tahun yang mengidap penyakit kanker, sedangkan Augustus Waters, seorang pemuda berusia tujuh belas tahun juga mengidap penyakit osteosarkoma. Mereka bertemu di kelompok pendukung kanker dan mulai memiliki rasa satu sama lain. Mereka memiliki mimpi dan tujuan bersama yang membuat mereka kuat dan semangat dalam menjalani kehidupannya melawan penyakit yang dideritanya. Penulis menganalisis motivasi tokoh utama untuk bisa bertahan hidup dalam memperjuangkan mimpi dan cintanya.

Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis motivasi dari kedua tokoh utama tersebut. Yang pertama adalah menemukan karakteristik dari masing-masing karakter yang terdapat di novel. Yang kedua adalah menemukan motivasi-motivasi dari karakter utama dalam menjalani kehidupannya.

Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode data kepustakaan. Data utama diambil dari novel yang berjudul The Fault in Our Stars karya John Green. Untuk mendukung analisa ini, penulis menggunakan artikel-artikel dari berbagai buku serta data dari internet. Ada dua teori yang diaplikasikan di dalam penelitian ini, teori karakter dan penokohan serta teori motivasi. Pendekatan psikologi juga digunakan dalam analisis ini.

Dari analisis ini menemukan bahwa Hazel Grace adalah seorang penyayang dan peduli. Karakteristik ini di pengaruhi oleh kehadiran Augustus Waters, seorang lelaki yang ia cintai. Sebelum mengenal Augustus, Hazel merupakan seorang yang pesimis dan tidak suka bersosialisasi dengan orang di sekitar. Ia tidak ingin terlalu dekat dengan orang lain karena ia tidak ingin melukai hatinya dengan kematiannya. Sedangkan Augustus adalah seorang yang optimis dan peduli terhadap orang sekitar. ia ingin membuat orang sekitar merasa bahagia akan kehadirannya. Augustus adalah seorang yang spontanitas. Ia berani secara langsung mengungkapkan perasaannya terhadap orang lain. Hal-hal yang membuat Hazel dan Augustus termotivasi dapat dilihat melalui teori-teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Augustus memiliki niat yang kuat untuk membuat orang sekitar bahagia. Ia juga ingin menggapai mimpinya bersama Hazel. sedangkan Hazel ingin lebih menghormati dan peduli terhadap orang sekitar. Ia juga ingin menggapai mimpi yang selama ini ia inginkan serta ingin membuat Augustus merasa bahagia dan optimis dalam menjalani kehidupannya.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

People in the world have their own spirit and motivation in life that is different from each other. People are motivated to achieve their goals, necessities and instincts. It can also be said that motivation shows reasons for behaviors and indicate why people act in a certain way. Motivated behavior is an energetic, oriented and continued behavior (ijhssnet.com, 2013).

Literature functions as the media between work of art and life described through words or texts. Literature is also a part of human’s life. It is stated by Johnson and Danziger that:

Perhaps the oldest and most venerable way of describing literature as an art is to regard it as a form of imitation. This defines literature in relation to life, seeing it as a way of reproducing or recreating the experiences of life in words, just as painting reproduces or recreates certain figures or scenes of life in outline and color (1961: 8).

From the statement above, it means that literature is the reflection of a real life. It consists of characters, plot and interaction in form of dialogue and also creates a value based on those elements. Literature can be the experience of life that is described in words, so that people can create and produce it. People who have motivation in their life actually are more determined in living their life because they feel like they have a sort of purposes, plans and targets in their life. Therefore with literature, it can portray the motivation of people through character and plot in the story.

As a human being, we have the differences in terms of characteristics from one to another. There are two possible results in a character that is good and bad (depends on the way the person treats situation that influences him or her). From those differences, it can create a complexity in the story which contributes the uniqueness of the story itself. The human being’s character is equipped with three aspects which are consciousness, conscience and unconscious. Most human behavior is the result of desires, impulses and memories that have been repressed into an unconscious state, but still influence actions (Jrank, 2015). It means that the human behavior is influenced by their impulses, memories and also desires to do something and it can produce an action from the people.

Bernhardt states that human activity is subject to learning, this learning itself has a cause or is motivated by something (1953: 46). From this statement, the readers can see that every activity or action that people do in their life does not spontaneously come from themself. Yet it is must be learned before and it is influenced by the motivation in theirself.

People have their own modes of thought, belief and also reaction to something. It is because people have their own capacity of motivation that is different from each other. It can be seen in Bernhardt’s statement that

Every individual has habitual modes of reaction, of thought, and of belief. These ways of thinking and acting are of course the lines of least resistance and therefore are the ways in which the individual usually responds to any situation. It usually takes some rather unusual situation or some rather strong motivating factor to divert the individual’s action from these habitual channels (1953: 57).

The Fault in Our Stars is a work of art that is written by John Green. This novel tells about a girl named Hazel Grace who was diagnosed with cancer. The

fact that she was diagnosed with cancer causes her to perceive that her life was worthless, so that she has no motivation in her life and just do whatever she wants and it makes her life more worthless and not productive. Yet after meeting Augustus Waters whom she falls in love with in a support group for children battling with cancer, her life drastically changed. Both of them are dealing with cancer, love and book throughout their life. Hazel Grace feels like she has a new spirit and motivation to live and reach her dream.

The Fault in Our Stars is an extraordinary novel because this novel does not only portray about love and teenager, but also portray the value and the meaning of life and death, as stated by Milo:

Hazel and Augustus are fantastically drawn and the voice of them both is very funny and very well done. It is not a sick lit novel, despite having many of the trappings associated with the genre, it is story about two people in love, one of whom has cancer. It also has a certain philosophical bent in which it discusses the meaning of life and death (Milo, 2014).

This novel tells the readers about love, life, motivation and also death. The author made the story out of darkness and make such as a little humor in this story.

The aspects that the writer wants to analyze are about the motivation of both Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace to cherish their life using the theory in motivation. The chosen topic is interesting because the writer can get a chance to examine the motivation of the characters in doing something that they have not done, which is cherishing their life.

B. Problem Formulation

Considering the background of the study above, the writer formulates the problem into the questions below:

1. How are the characteristics of the main characters (Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace) described in the story?

2. What are the motivations of the main characters (Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace) to cherish their life?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is surely to answer those formulated problems. The writer investigates the characteristics of the main characters, Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace in the novel. This analysis helps the writer to understand the characteristics of those characters in novel The Fault in Our Stars. It will be analyzed through Murphy’s nine ways of charaterization in his book entitled Understanding Unseen. The aim of analyzing the characteristics of both Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace is to show the way they perceive their life journey.

After the writer investigates the characteristics of those characters, the writer analyze the motivations of those characters in cherishing their life using the theory of motivation. The theory of motivation is important to show the reason behind their motivation in cherishing their life although they face certain obstacles in their life. In this case, the obstacle in both Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace’ life is an incurable disease that they suffer.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misinterpretation in understanding this study, there should be an explicit definition about two terms in this study which are motivation and cherish. Firstly, in defining motivation, Nevid in an article “What is Motivation” claims that:

Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something (Nevid, 2013).

From the statement above, it means that motivation is the process that initiates person’s will and it can involves the biological, emotional and social behavior to do something.

Secondly, the term that is used in this study is cherish. According to Henry in an article “Cherish in the Word”, the word cherish is defined in the following five definitions: first, to care for, be fond of or attached to, second, to love and care for somebody, thirth to value something highly, fourth to retain a memory or wish in the mind as a source of pleasure, fifth to cling fondly to a person or memory (Henry, 2011).

Based on the five definitions according to Henry, the definition that is suitable with the context of this study is to value something highly. Thus, this study aims to examine the motivation of both Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace to value their life so highly, despite having to undergo lots of obstacles, such as their life-threatening diseases.

6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, theoretical review is divided into three parts. They are review of related studies, review of related theories and theoretical framework. In the review of related studies, the writer deals with some reviews from different writers and story. Yet, those reviews are still related to the writer’s study. Not only that, it also deals with the comments, information or criticisms that are related to the novel The Fault in Our Stars. The review of theories presents the theories that are used and related to the study. The last is the theoretical framework explains the contribution of the theories that are used in this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

The Fault in Our Stars is a young adult novel that is realistic fiction novel written by John Green. The novel was influenced by Esther Earl, a girl whom Green be friended with who died when she was 16 years old of thyroid cancer. This girl gives Green inspiration to finally write this novel and dedicate it for her.

In this part, the writer takes some studies, which were conducted by another writer related to the concept of motivation. Naomi Pfefferman in an article

“The Fault in Our Stars” Screenwriting Team Inspired by Personal Grief, in a journal jewishjournal.com, states that:

It’s about young people trying to figure out their future and their place in the world. There’s a happy-sad undertone that is bittersweet, not bitter,

which is sort of our sweet spot as writers. It’s Hazel and Gus dealing with practical, real-life issues, as best they can (Pfefferman, 2014).

From the statement above, it means that this novel The Fault in Our Stars tells the readers about young people’s life who are trying to reach their dreams and their future in life. The main characters, Hazel and Augustus are dealing with the problems that appear in their life. Both of them keep trying to deal with those problems and also keep their spirit as best as they can in order to figure out their future. This study is related to the writer’s study because the writer intends to discover something new by the theory of motivation. It means that this study is intended to find another reason of Hazel and Augustus in cherishing their life that is not the same as their intention to figure out their future.

Another study is a thesis written by Esther Yulia Kurniawaty in her undergraduate thesis titled “James’ Motivation for Survival as seen in his Struggle Against Poverty in Marc Cerasini’s Cinderella Man”. Kurniawaty stated that:

He is an example of husband and father who are responsible, loyal honest, persistent, confident, proud and courageous. Those characteristics are manifested in James behavior and it helps him struggle for survival against poverty. His care for family and his dignity of a boxer require him to work hard feed his family and win the Heavyweight Championship of the world (Kurniawaty, 2013: xii).

According to the quotation above, Kurniawaty emphasizes that the motivation of James’s struggle against poverty is because he wants to maintain his dignity as the one who takes care of his family. The other motivation is because James wants to maintain his characteristics as an ideal father and husband in his family. This study aims to develop the studies conducted by Kurniawaty because the writer analyzes the same concept of motivation, but in another story. The writer intends to analyze

Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace’s motivation to fight against their illness in order to cherish their life, not to fight against poverty, or to maintain a character’s dignity.

The other study is an undergraduate thesis written by Brilyan Nilam Pratiwi entitled “Wanderer’s Motivation to Live with Human in Stephenie

Mieyer’s The Host”. Pratiwi said that:

The writer finds out the reasons behind Wanderer’s motivation using Malsow’s hierarchy of needs that are influenced by her characteristics and her conflicts. Wanderer is motivated to live with humans to fulfill her psychological needs, safety needs, love or belongingness needs and esteem needs. (Pratiwi, 2014: xii)

According to the quotation above, Pratiwi states that the Wanderer’s motivation to live with humans is because of certain necessities that she wants to fulfill which are psychological needs, safety, love, belongingness, and esteem. From the study of Pratiwi, it can be related to the writer’s study because the writer develops the concept of motivation to discover Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace’s motivation to cherish their lives which are to fulfill satisfaction, happiness and love in their life.

The other study is an article “The Fault in Our Stars” Screenwriting Team Inspired by Personal Grief in a journal jewishjournal.com written by Naomi Pfefferman. According to Neustadter in Pfefferman claims that:

Somehow, all of us go through life forgetting the fact that we’re all terminal. But these characters are acutely aware that their time is precious, and they approach every decision from that angle, which is a unique and compelling one. What I think is amazing is that at the end of this story, Hazel and Gus have experienced this great love so that they can die knowing they’ve lived a full life (Pfefferman, 2014).

The statement above shows that the motivation of Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters to live their life to the fullest is because of their awareness that time is precious. This statement can be related to this study because it intends to develop the concept of motivation in order to find another reason of Hazel and Augustus’ motivation than their awareness of time.

Another study is a thesis written by Rissa Egitia Yuniarti’s undergraduate thesis entitled “The Influences of The Minor Characters Toward The Main

Character’s Motivation for a Better Life as Seen in Constance Briscoe’s Ugly”. Yuniarti said that:

Her teacher’s kindness teaches her to never give up and to hold on to her dream. The treatments lead Clare to her motivation on a better life, where she can get the love she deserves, never gets beaten anymore and to live in secure financially. Clare’s struggle and survival in her childhood until her teenage life show her motivation influenced by the characters (Yuniarti, 2013: x).

According to the quotation above, Yuniarti emphasizes that the teacher of Clare who gives her motivation to her to get a better life. Clare’s struggle and survival in her childhood is influenced by the characters. This study aims to develop the study conducted by Yuniarti because the writer analyzes the same concept of motivation, but the writer intends to analyze Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace’s motivation to cherish their life. Both of them give the motivation for themselves. Augustus Waters is Hazel Grace’s boyfriend who gives her motivation to cherish her life, never give up and to hold on to her dream.

B. Review of Related Theories

In analyzing the novel The Fault in Our Stars, the writer uses some theories in order to support and answer the questions that are formulated in the problem formulation. There are the theory of character and characterization and theory of motivation.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

The author introduces the characters to the readers as one of the important elements of dramatic or narrative work. The character is very important in this analyzing study, and also important to find the definition of it. According to Abrams the definition of character: “Characters are the persons in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialog), and what they do (the action)” (Abrams, 1981: 20).

According to Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literature, they claimed that “Character is used to designate the individual’s speech and action. Therefore, the character can represent human being actions, behaviors and attitudes” (Holman & Harmon, 1986: 81).

In supporting the characteristic of Hazel & Augustus Holman & Harmon also stated that:

Round character is complex in temperament, motivation and is represented with subtle peculiarity. It is also possess many individual and unpredictable human traits. The round characters usually are major figures in the story. They may be considered dynamic in which they demonstrate their capacities to change or to grow (Holman & Harmon, 1986: 85).

In explaining the idea of characterization, Murphy (1972: 161-173) stated that there are nine techniques of characterization used by the author to describe the characters in the story:

a. Character as seen by another

The author can describe a character through the eyes and opinion of others. b. Personal description

The author uses this method to give description of face, body and other physical appearances.

c. Past life

Describe the character by letting the readers learn about a character’s past life and the author give the clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. It also can be done by direct comment produced by the author through the person’s though, through its character’s conversation or through the medium of another person.

d. Speech

The author gives the readers some clues to a person’s character in the book through what the person says. Whenever a character is in conversation with another and whenever a character gives such opinions, character is giving the readers some clues to its character’s personality.

e. Reactions

The reader can identify the character by know how the person reacts to various situations and events.

A person’s character can be identified through the conversation to other people and the things that they say about character itself.

g. Thought

The author give the readers direct knowledge or what a person thinking about, what the person’s mind and what feels reflect on the character.

h. Direct Comment

The author can describe or give the comment on a person’s character. i. Mannerism

The author describe a person’s way of behaving that particular person has which may also tell the readers something about the character.

2. Theory of Motivation

The writer also analyzes the characters using the psychological criticism, motivation in particular. In psychology, there are also the theories of motivation. According to Pettijohn in Psychology: A Concise Introduction, motivation can be though of as the forces that initiate and direct behavior, and the variables that determine the intensity and persistence of that behavior.

Ruch in Psychology and Life Seventh Edition claims that:

“The important of certain psychological needs to the individual’s health as well as his happiness-together with the fact that such needs are found in people of widely different cultures- has led some psychologist and anthropologist to speculate that these may be inborn rather than acquired” (1967: 395).

The statement above means that the most important thing in human life is about their condition and health. Those things belong to physiological need for human.

The needs are the significant things in human life. Those are the reasons why human must do something in their life. Those needs itself give the motivation for people to act and do their wish, willing or just act whatever they want to. In order to understand more about the characters’ action, there are three chategories of needs which are written by Ruch.

a. Physiological

It is the needs for essential materials and conditions, for a certain rhythm of activity and rest, and for sexual activity.

This need is related to physical need of a human being, for example food, drink and health.

b. Social

It is the needs for affection, belonging and likeness to others.

It is also related to psychological needs, for example love, belonging, and also sharing with each other.

c. Ego-integrative

The needs for contact with reality, harmony with reality, progressive symbolization, increasing self-direction, a fair balance success and failure, and attainment of selfhood. (Ruch, 1967: 396).

This need is related to the experience of a human being with the reality, in which the balance between success and failure become the factor for one to attain one’s selfhood or self-direction.

As stated by Dirgagunarsa, a motivation is derived from “the lackness of an individual that may disturb the balance of someone’s soul (equilibrium)”

(1975: 92). In other words, an individual who realizes his or her lackness will have the sense of necessity to solve their lackness by achieving something. Therefore, the needs of human is the determining factor of someone for having a motivation.

a. The Need to Achieve by Ruch

The need for achievement is defined operationally as behavior which shows effort to do one’s best, to do better than others or to accomplish something. It is believed that success comes to the one who works hard, for example the parents give such a reward for their children if they do their task until it is accomplished or to learn about new skills and not being quitters. A reward itself can give the children motivation to do the best as they can. (Ruch, 1967: 395-404).

Maslow argues that the classification of human has their own hierarchy of needs starting from basic physiology needs and increasing to self-actualization needs (1985: 40). Based on his statement, the necessity of human being that is various becomes the main motivation of them to continue their life for the sake of their fulfillment, including fulfilling the needs of basic physiology, and self-actualization.

b. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

Pettijohn mention that there is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in motivation Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a humanistic theory that incorporates several different types of needs. People first must satisfy physiology needs, which include hunger, thirst and sex. Safety needs include security, stability, protection and freedom from fear and anxiety. Belongingness and love needs include motives such as love and

affection. Esteem needs include a high evaluation of oneself, self respect, self esteem and the esteem of others. When these needs have been met, people are motivated by self actualization, the full realization of one’s potential. (Pettijohn: 1992: 375)

Maslow argues that the hierarchy is important to reveal “higher needs can only emerge only as lower needs are satisfied.” (qtd in. McClelland, 1985: 41). It means that as a human being, our necessity will start from the primary needs. In this case, the primary needs is the physiological needs that include air, shelter, water, food, sleep, and sex. After all of these things are fulfilled, human can upgrade their necessity to a higher level, such as safety and security, continued by social needs, such as friendship and family as the need for belongingness and love, continued by esteem needs (need for self-esteem, confidence, and achievement), and ended with self-actualization needs (the need of creativity, problem solving, authenticity, and spontaneity).

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, three types of needs can be fulfilled simultaneously, such as physiological needs, safety and security, and social needs as long as the physiological needs are fulfilled. The reason is because physiological needs is the means of survivability in human being, without it, human being will be unable to sustain their life or survive.

This figure below will illustrate the explanation about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that have been explained previously:

Figure 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs c. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation also can be divided into two parts, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This statement is claimed by Huffman. He claims that

Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act for its own sake in an individual. There is no external influence on the intrinsic motivation. To be distinguished from the intrinsic one, extrinsic motivation is more desire to perform an act because of external reward or avoidance of punishment (Huffman, 2000: 401).

Based on the quotation above, it means that intrinsic motivation is a form of motivation that is derived inside yourself, without any external influence, for example: strong free will from an individual, due to a personal goal that they would like to achieve. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is a form of motivation that is derived from the external influences, such as achieving external reward, or avoiding external punishment. For example, you would like to achieve a good grade in order to be accepted in a job, while avoiding bad grade in order to avoid any assumption that you are not capable for a job.

C. Theoretical Framework

To analyze the formulated problems, the writer uses some theories that are discussed in the previous part. The theories used are firstly the theory of character and characterization and secondly the theories of motivation. Besides using the novel as the primary source of data, the writer also uses library research method, articles, internet sources and psychology books that deal with the motivation.

The theory of characters and characterization above can be used to answer the first formulated problem about the characteristic of the main characters, namely Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace. The nine ways of characterizations proposed by Murphy will be related to the quotes in the novel. For example, several quotes are related to the past life of the character, the speech of the character, or the mannerism. With the nine ways of characterizations proposed by Murphy, the writer can analyze this problem by seeing the illustration about the character’s behavior and attitude.

Not only the writer uses the theory of character and characterization, but also the writer uses the theory of motivation in psychological approach in order to analyze the motivations of the characters to cherish their life. In specific, Huffman’s extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is used to identify the motivation of both Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace. Their extrinsic or intrinsic motivation will be strengthened with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Ruch’s need to achieve as the factors that derive the motivation of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace.

18 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars. This novel is written by John Green who was born on August 24, 1977, in Indianapolis, Indiana. He is an award winning, New York Times bestselling author whose many accolades include the Printz Medal, a Printz Honor and the Edgar Award. He has twice been a finalist for the LA Times Book Prize. With his brother, Hank. John is one half of the Vlogbrothers (youtube.com/vlogbrothers), one of the most popular online video projects in the world.

The first novel that he wrote is Looking for Alaska that published by

2005. This novel is inspired by Green’s time at Indian Springs. Green published a

second novel in 2006 entitled An Abundance of Khaterines. This novel was successful publication which was able to garner runner-up position for the Printz Award. John Green also works in collaboration with other writers include Let It Snow: Three Holiday Romances (2008) and Will Grayson, Will Grayson (2010).

This novel The Fault in Our Starts get some awards for some categories. In the Time Magazine named The Fault in Our Stars as the number1 fiction book of 2012. Kirkus Reviews listed it among the top 100 children's books of 2012. It also made USA Today’s list of the top 10 books of 2012. In 2013, the Edmonton Journal named the book one of their "favorite books of the year”.

The Fault in Our Stars by John Green was published in 2012. It was the highest grossir novel of 2012. This novel has 313 pages and consists of 25 chapters. The Fault in Our Stars tells about a teen girl named Hazel grace with a terminal lung cancer, who keeps waiting for the sword to fall. Unlike other kids

she didn’t have much to aspire for until she meets Augustus Waters who had once

suffered from cancer himself. A sudden twist of fate takes them on a trip to Amsterdam and the journey changes everything for them. This novel has now been adapted for big screen that was releasing in June 2014.

B. Approach of the Study

In analyzing the novel The Fault in Our Stars, the writer uses the psychological approach. The psychological approach is the most appropriate approach, for it concerns with the psychological condition of the characters. Thus, answering the first formulated problem about the characteristics of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace would be best by using this approach. The psychological approach also deals with human motivation. Bernhardt (1953:45) says that the theory of human motivation is needed in order to see what success an individual will achieve in life or in any occupation, we need to know something about his abilities, his past experiences and his motivations.

Motivation can be thought of as the forces initiate and direct behavior, and the variables that determine the intensity and persistence of that behavior.

Motives arouse and direct the individual’s behavior toward some goal (Pettijohn,

This approach is suitable because the function of this approach is to know the motivations of the characters in this novel. Therefore, it is hoped that this theory can help the writer in answering the motivations that are aimed to be analyzed.

C. Method of Study

In resolving this research, the writer used a library research method. It means that the writer got the materials or data taken from the library. The writer also searched from the internet as well for had some valuable information. This study used primary and secondary sources. The primary source in this study was certainly the novel The Fault in Our Stars written by John Green. The secondary sources were some articles related to the work and criticism that is related to the work. The writer analyzed several problems that had been formulated in problem formulation above using some steps.

The first step was analyzing the literary work and reading it for several times in order to understand as well about the story in the novel. By understanding the story, the writer tried to find everything that is done by the author in this novel. In this novel The Fault in Our Stars, it could be seen that it was good characters in the story who are build the story alive and also the plot that is very

interesting to be analyzed that is about the characters’ struggle and motivation.

Finally the writer decided to analyze the characters and also the characterization of the person’s characters.

The second step was analyzing both Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace’s characteristics using the theory of character and characterization.

The third step was finding the motivation of the characters and how the motivation itself could be raised in their life in order to cherish the characters’ life. After that, the writer finally made a conclusion. The conclusion itself contained the statement of the writer’s observation in the analysis that was presented in the thesis.

22 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer answers the problem formulations that have been presented in the previous chapter. The analysis of the work is divided into two parts. The first part is the analysis on the characteristics of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace. The second part is analysis on the motivation of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace to cherish their life.

A. Augustus Waters and Hazel Graze’s Characteristics

There are two main characters in John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars,

Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace. Augustus Waters was seventeen years old boy who had a little touch of osteosarcoma. After one and a half year, he survived from that disease, but the survival cost him to lose one of his legs due to an inevitable amputation. He met Hazel Grace at the support group specifically made for the communal support to people battling with diseases, mostly cancer. On the other hand, Hazel Grace was sixteen years old girl who suffered from thyroid with mets in her lungs which forced her to always put on an oxygen-drizzling nubs on her nostrils to help her breath every single day. She also met Augustus Waters in the support group as well, and therefore, they built a relationship after continuous interaction. Thus, to know more about the characteristics of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace, Murphy’s theory of characterization is applied in this analysis.

1. Augustus Waters’ Characteristics

In this sub part, there are three findings on the characteristics of Augustus Waters which are:

a. Straightforward

Augustus Waters is a straightforward person. He is a seventeen years old boy with a charming physical appearance. He has got Hazel’s attention and makes Hazel fall in love with him. He can be described as a straightforward person based on his conversation with Hazel.

“What?” I asked. “Nothing,” he said.

“Why are you looking at me like that?”

Augustus half smiled. “Because you’re beautiful, I enjoy looking at beautiful people, and I decided a while ago not to deny myself the

simpler pleasures of existence” (2012: 16).

From the statement above, it shows that the way he described Hazel as someone who is beautiful was done directly with an explicit statement of “you’re beautiful” to Hazel Grace. As stated by Murphy, identifying a characteristic in a character can be done through his or her conversation with another character in the story (speech). In this case, Augutus Waters’s conversation with Hazel reveals that he is a straightforward person through the way he explicitly describes Hazel Grace as someone who is beautiful without any hesitation at all.

The characteristic of Augustus Waters as a straightforward person can also be identified through his conversation with Hazel that talked about how relationship in teenagers was filled with awkwardness. His statement shows the

way he directly stated his opinion about teenagers’ relationship to Hazel.

straightforward person through the way he criticized Hazel for “killing his vibe” in observing the kissing scene done by Isaac and his girlfriend which is the example of public display affection done by teenagers.

Without looking at me, Augustus said, “You’re killing my vibe here,

Hazel Grace. I’m trying to observe young love in its many-splendored

awkwardness (2012: 19). b. Caring

He is also a caring person. He wants to leave a mark on everything and everyone that he touches in his life because he was afraid of being oblivion, so that he tries to do anything for his life and other’s life. It can be seen through his statement (speech):

“Imagine taking that last drive to the hospital, I said quietly. “The last time you’ll ever drive a car.”

My name is Augustus Waters,” he said. “I’m seventeen. I had a little

touch of osteosarcoma a year and a half ago, but I’m just here today at

Isaac’s request.” (2012: 11).

His statement above shows that Augustus Waters cares so much in fulfilling the requests of his friend, including Isaac. Based on the story, it is described that Isaac was going to get an eye surgery that would cost his ability to see things or in other words, being blind (p.10). Isaac even emphasized that Augustus’s existence is supportive and helpful for him, thus through the idea of Murphy about character as seen by other, it can be applied to reveal Augustus Waters’ caring personality as seen by Isaac:

Not to complain or anything because I know a lot of us have it worse, but yeah, I mean, being blind, does sort of suck. My girlfriend helps, though. And friends like Augustus.” (2012: 10).

Isaac’s statement proves that Augustus cares so much towards him, thus one of the things that he could do in order to support Isaac is by fulfilling his request of attending the Support Group. Not only his statement proves that he cares about Isaac by fulfilling his request but also his attendance is the exact proof that he cares about him. In supporting the idea that he is a caring person, it can be proven through his speech that he said in the Support Group: “I fear oblivion, “he said without a moment’s pause. “I fear it like the proverbial blind man who’s afraid of

the dark.” (2012: 12). His statement shows that he does not want to be in the state

of oblivion in which he will be forgotten or not seen as someone worthy. Thus, he focuses on maintaining himself as a caring person to ensure that people will remember himself as someone who is kind, caring, and worthy to be kept as a friend or a person who needs to be cherished. It can be strengthened by his explanation about oblivion to Hazel Grace (speech):

“Sure, I fear earthly oblivion. But, I mean, not to sound like my parents, but I believe humans have souls, and I believe in the conversation of souls. The oblivion is something else, fear that I won’t be able to give anything in exchange for my life. If you don’t live a life in service of a

greater good, you’ve gotta at least die a death in service of a greater

good, you know? And I fear that I won’t get either a life or a death that

means anything.” (2012: 168).

Augustus’s statement above explains that oblivion is his fear that he

cannot avoid, thus he wants to ensure that his life will not end in oblivion. Therefore, he explained to Hazel Grace that he wanted to have a life that he could use to serve a greater good for another people, such as Hazel, his parents, Isaac, or his friends. The main reason of him for wanting to have that kind of life is because he wanted to face death with the memory that he had served a greater

good for the people around him. The last sentence of the statement above shows that Augustus Waters is afraid of having a life or facing a death that is not meaningful for him, therefore serving a greater good for the others is the way to make his life meaningful. In conclusion, his caring personality can be identified through Murphy’s theory of characterization which are speech and character as seen by another.

c. Optimistic

Augustus Waters is an optimistic person. He gives a positive reinforcement in his life in order to stay optimistic and keep having the hope for a better life, although he was suffering from a life-threatening disease. It can be seen in his statement about his opinion about disease (speech):

“And how are you feeling?” asked Patrick. “Oh, I’m grand.” Augustus

Waters smiled with a corner of his mouth. “I’m on a roller coaster that

only goes up, my friend.” (2012: 11).

His statement above reveals that he always wanted to stay positive by answering

Patrick’s question that he is feeling grand even though he suffered from a

life-threatening disease. He also emphasized his answer by using the metaphor of roller-coaster that only goes up as a tool to describe that his life is never going down due to sadness, sorrow, or things that may discourage him. Thus, he denied that his disease threatened him that much which shows that his denial to the osteosarcoma that he suffered is a sign of optimism. The main reason of his denial is to show that his life is going well even though the disease was worsening day by day.

His optimism can also be seen through his conversation with Hazel Grace

(Murphy’s theory of characterization which is speech) when he declined Hazel

Grace’s attempt to tell about her “cancer story” by asking her interests, hobbies, passions, or weird fetishes (p. 32). It can be elaborated by his statement:

“Don’t tell me you’re one of those people who becomes their disease. I

know so many people like that. It’s disheartening. Like cancer is in the growth business, right? The taking-people-over business. But surely you

haven’t let it succeed prematurely.” (2012: 32).

Augustus’s statement above shows his disagreement for Hazel to embrace her

disease because he thought that it was disheartening or discouraging. The way he disliked people who embrace their disease that was disheartening shows that he is an optimistic person based on his speech (conversation with Hazel). It can be strengthened by Hazel Grace’s thought that affirms Augustus Waters as an optimistic person :

It occured to me that perhaps I had. I struggled with how to pitch myself to Augustus Waters, which enthusiasm to embrace, and in the silence that followed it occurred to me that I wasn’t very interesting” (2012: 32-33).

Hazel’s thought (through the theory of characterization by Murphy which is

character as seen by another) above shows that she still struggled to cope up with Augustus Waters’ optimism. For instance, by knowing which things that should be embraced enthusiastically and she even affirmed herself that she was not a very interesting person because of not embracing her hobbies, passions, and interests that could complement her life. Thus, her thought strengthens the fact that Augustus Waters is an optimistic person, seen through the way he prioritizes his interests, passions, or hobbies instead of worrying or dwelling too much on his

life-threatening disease (osteosarcoma). His optimistic personality is proven

through Murphy’s theory of characterization which are speech and character as

seen by another.

2. Hazel Grace’s Characteristics

Hazel Graze is the other main character in this novel. The characteristics of Hazel Grace will be explained in two parts due to the different characteristics that oppose each other in a certain time setting. The first part will explain Hazel

Grace’s characteristics that can be seen before she met Augustus Waters. The

second part will explain Hazel Grace’s characteristics that can be seen after she met Augustus Waters.

a. Before Meeting Augustus Waters i. Pessimistic

Hazel Grace is a pessimistic person. She is a girl who does not think about her state of health. Hazel seriously does not care about her life and always thinking about her death, wanting it to be happening soon because she is desperate enough to bear lots of medication. Looking at her condition, her mother is afraid that Hazel is not seizing life and decided that Hazel was depressed, but actually she is not depressed. She just wants to do what she likes. It can be indicated by her thought: “I rarely left the house, spent quite a lot of time in bed, read the same book over and over, ate infrequently and devoted a bit of my abundant free time to

thinking about death” (2012: 3). Based on her thought and it also can be seen

through Murphy’s theory of characterization which is thought, it shows that she is

reinforcement, such as reading the same book over and over, thinking about death, or spending most of her time in bed. Based on her activity, it shows that she perceived her life as worthless in the story because she had a belief that she was dying soon.

The pessimistic character of Hazel Grace can also be seen through her conversation with Kaitlyn (speech):

“Is it even possible to walk in these? I mean, I would just die” and then stopped short, looking at me as if to say I’m sorry, as if it were a crime to mention death to the dying. “You should try them on,” Kaitlyn continued, trying to paper over the awkardness. “I’d sooner die,” I assured her. (2012: 44).

The conversation (speech) above shows that Hazel is pessimistic to her condition by assuring Kaitlyn that she would die soon when she said, “I would just die”. Even though Hazel realized that she might upset Kaitlyn by thinking that it was like a crime to mention death to the dying, she still held on to the belief that she was dying. It can be proven through the way she said that she would sooner die after Kaitlyn had persuaded her to walk on a pair of strappy hooker shoes (p.44). Her pessimistic personality can be identified through Murphy’s theory of characterization which are speech and thought.

ii. Distant

She is also a distant person. She does not care and does not want to be closer with people around her because she is trying not to hurt other people by not letting them to be attached to her and feel sad because of her death later on. She tried not to be closer to people so she would not let them feel her loss once she

was dead. It can be seen from Hazel’s conversation with her mother (Murphy’s theory which is speech) when she said:

“Honey,” my mom said. “What’s wrong?”

“I’m like. Like. I’m like a grenade, mom. I’m a grenade and at some

point I’m going to blow up and I would like to minimize the casualties,

okay?”

“I’m grenade ,” I said again. “I just want to stay away from people and read books and think and be with you guys because there’s nothing I can do about hurting you, you are too invested, so just please let me do that, okay? I’m not depressed. I don’t need to get out more. And I can’t be a regular teenager, because I’m grenade (2012: 99).

From her statement above, she tried to portray herself as a grenade that would blow up and caused many casualties because she thought that many people who were close to her (including her parents) would feel sad, thus becoming the casualties of her death. Therefore, she would like to minimize the casualties of her death by not getting too close to people, so in the event that she was dead, no one would feel the loss that could cause sadness, sorrow, or pain. One of the thoughts that could strengthen the fact that she prioritized her parents’ happiness could be seen below:

“I wanted to make my parents happy. There is only one thing in this world

shittier than biting it from cancer when you’re sixteen and that’s having a kid who bites it from cancer” (2012: 8).

From Hazel’s thought above (Murphy’s theory which is thought), it shows that Hazel just wants to make her parents happy. The main reason of her desire to make her parents happy was because she thought that being a sixteen year old girl with cancer is better than having a child suffering from cancer. Therefore, the reason why she was being distant was because she tried to avoid her parents from the sadness, pain, or regret once Hazel was dead eventually. The other example of

her being distant to people can also be seen through Hazel and her mother’s conversation:

“Me: I refuse to attend Support Group.

Mom: One of the symptoms of depression is disinterest in activity. Me: Please just let me watch America’s Next Top Model. It’s an activity. Mom: Television is passivity.

Me: Ugh, Mom, please.

Mom: Hazel, you’re a teenager. You’re not a little kid anymore. You need to make friends, get out of the house, and live your life.

Me: If you want me to be a teenager, don’t send me to Support Group. Buy me a fake ID so I can go to clubs, drink vodca and take pot...”

(2012: 7).

From the conversation above, it shows that Hazel is not interested in Support Group because she felt like support group is the chance for her to make

friends which is something that she avoids as a “grenade”. Therefore, she kept

refusing to attend the Support Group even though her mother insisted her to do so. She even tried to order her mother to purchase a fake ID for her so she would be eligible to go to the clubs to consume alcohol or drugs by herself without having to make friends or being close to anyone. Thus, her distant personality can be seen through the idea of characteristic by Murphy which are speech and thought.

b. After Meeting Augustus Waters i. Loving

Actually, she is a loving person. She loves Augustus so much and finds herself giving into all the sweet, real feelings that she has for Augustus by thinking that:

“He wasn’t perfect or anything. He wasn’t your fairytale prince Charming or whatever. He tried to be like that sometimes, but I liked him best when that stuff fell away.” (25.3)

From the statement above, the writer sees that Hazel loves Augustus so much and she accepts with all of her heart. It can be proven through the way she described Augustus as someone who was imperfect and he was not the ideal prince Charming, but she loved him unconditionally and wholeheartedly. This personality can be seen through the idea of Murphy that is thought.

She does not only love Augustus Waters as her boyfriend, but she also loves her parents that always give the motivation and also spirit to through her illness. It is can be seen from her thought, “I wanted to make my parents happy” (2012: 8). From the previous statement, it shows that Hazel loved her parents so much. She did not want make them feel sad and hurt their feeling. All that she wanted is to make her parents feel happy and blessed with the existence of Hazel Grace. Her loving personality can be seen through the theory of characterization by Murphy which is thought.

ii. Considerate

Hazel Grace is also a considerate person. She cared about her friends a lot, especially Isaac. Isaac was a friend of Augustus Waters. She met Isaac in the Supporting Group and their relationship as a friend became stronger since Hazel and Augustus had a relationship as a soul mate. It was proven when Hazel visited him after he had a surgery for his eyes because of cancer.

“Isaac, hi, it’s Hazel from Supporting Group, not your evil ex-girlfriend.

His mom walked him to me, and I pilled myself out of the dining room chair and hugged him, his body taking a moment to find me before he

From the statement above, it shows that Hazel Grace cared a lot to Isaac and she eventually had the interest to make friends with other people. Thus, her intention to befriend Isaac proves that she was considerate by starting to consider the feeling of Isaac to have a friend like her to share affection, such as sharing stories, giving hugs, or keeping in touch to have a moment together.

Not only she cared a lot to her friends, but also she cared a lot with her boyfriend, it can be seen through her conversation with Augustus Waters:

“Hazel Grace, I’m at the gas station. Something’s wrong. You gotta help me.

“What? Where are you?”

“The Speedway at Eighty-sixth and Ditch. I did something wrong with

G-tube and I can’t figure it out and-“

“I’m calling nine-one-one,” I said.

“No nononono, they’ll take me to a hospital. Hazel, listen to me. Do not call nine-one-one or my parents I will never forgive you don’t please just come and fix my goddamned G-tube. I’m just, God, this is the stupidest

thing. I don’t want my parents to know I’m gone. Please. I have the

medicine with me; I just cannot get it in. Please” He was crying. I’d never heard him sob like this expect from outside his house before Amsterdam.

“Okay,” I said. “I’m leaving now.” (2012. 242-243)

From the conversation above, it shows that Hazel Grace cares so much with Augustus. She automatically wanted to call ambulance to bring Augustus to a hospital for a further treatment because she realized that Augustus’s condition was more threatening than it used to be. Therefore, she did not want anything bad happening to him, which is the indication of a considerate person. This personality can be seen through the idea of characteristic by Murphy which is speech.

B. The Motivation of Augustus and Hazel Grace to Cherish their Life

In the analysis before, the writer finds out the characteristics of the main characters. The characteristics itself occur because there is motivation and drive that direct person to act on their personal goal. Below are the motivation of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace.

1. Motivation of Augustus Waters

In this analysis of motivation, the writer classified the motivation of Augustus Waters into two parts which are extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. In revealing the motivation of Hazel Grace, extrinsic motivation is the only theory employed in this study.

a. Extrinsic Motivation

i. To Follow the Encouragement from his Parents

Augustus Waters gets the motivation from his family. His parents make such quotes put in his house. With those quotes, Augustus Waters feels like he has such spirit and also courage in living his life. Because of living in the middle of optimistic family, he is influenced to maintain the optimism to himself. It can be seen through the conversation between Augustus and Hazel Grace.

“I followed him inside. A wooden plaque in the entry way was engraved in cursive with the words Home Is Where the Heart Is, and the entire house turned out to be festooned in such observation. Good Friends Are Hard to Find and Impossible to Forget read an illustration above the coatrack. True Love Is Born from Hard Times promised a needle pointed pillow in their antique-furnished living room. Augustus saw me reading. “My parents call them Encouragement,” he explained. “They’re

From the statement above, the writer analyzes that Augustus Waters get the motivation from his parents. He also grew up in the family who has the highest spirit to life, so that he accustomed to his life that full of joy and spirit. Thus, his optimistic personality mentioned previously is valid because Augustus Waters got the positive reinforcement from his parents.

Not only from his family, Augustus Waters also got extrinsic motivation from Hazel Grace and also his dream. Augustus Waters love Hazel so much, he wants to be with her in the end of his life.

“And I am in love with you. I’ll fight it. I’ll fight it for you. Don’t you worry about me, Hazel Grace? I’m okay. I’ll find a way to hang around and annoy you for a long time.” (2012: 216).

From the statement above, show that Augustus Waters really love Hazel. He is brave to fight his love in any conditions. Because of the existence of Hazel Grace that makes Augustus Waters living on from his illness, he can maintain his optimism.

His dream is also Hazel Grace’s dream. Augustus Waters wants to reach his dream for Hazel Grace. He feels happy if he can make Hazel feels happy too. Everything that he does is for Hazel who makes him feel alive.

“Now, I’m not going to give you my wish or anything. But I also have an

interest in meeting Peter Van Houten, and it wouldn’t make sense to meet

him without the girl who introduced me to his book.”

“So I talked to the Genies, and they are in total agreement. They said Amsterdam is lovely in the beginning of May. They proposed leaving May third and returning May seventh.”

“Sure I do,” he said. “I found my wish.” (5.89-90)

From the statement above shows that Augustus Waters is a caring person, he cherish life for Hazel Grace because he feels alive doing that.

ii. To Make Hazel Happy

As the writer analyzed before, Augustus is a caring and optimistic person, he has a high motivation in himself to do his activities even though he has cancer. He still cherishes his life and tries to do everything in order to make such as a mark in his life. For example, he has a high motivation to make his girlfriend, Hazel, to feel comfortable and happy because he loves her so much. It can be seen through the statement of Augustus that said:

“And I am in love with you. I’ll fight it. I’ll fight it for you. Don’t you worry about me, Hazel Grace? I’m okay. I’ll find a way to hang around and annoy you for a long time.” (2012: 216).

It shows that Augustus’ source of motivation is Hazel. He wants to fight it all

because of her. He also does not care with his illness. He just thinks about Hazel and always wants to be with her, because he is absolutely in love with her. It can

be related to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is the idea of love/belonging.

The idea of love/belonging can be seen through Augustus Waters who wants to maintain his relationship with Hazel Grace in every condition. Even though he is sick and realize that he also does not have longer time to be with Hazel, but he still uses the time as much as he can do it. This motivation is shows that Augustus Waters is a caring person. He motivates himself to make Hazel happy by fulfill the needs of love and belonging mentioned by Maslow.

iii. To Share an Affection with Hazel

The idea of esteem in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs means that the characters need affection for making their life as worthy as possible. In the story,

Augustus Waters needs Hazel’s love and affection, so that her affection can boost

Augustus’s self-esteem that can maintain his optimism to always cherish his life.

“She is funny without ever being mean. I love her. I am so lucky to love

her, Van Houten. You don’t get to choose if you get hurt in this world, old man, but you do have some say in who hurts you. I like my choices. I hope she likes her.” (2012: 313).

Through his letter to Peter Van Houten, Augustus reveals his straightforward personality by showing how lucky he is to have Hazel Grace as part of his life journey before his death. It means that Augustus Waters is motivated to cherish his life due to the affection and love that he has shared throughout his life. Thus, the statement above can be included as the idea of

esteem in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and related to his characteristics of being

straightforward. Through sharing his affection to Hazel, it proves that he is straightforward in deciding his own way to cherish life, in this case by sharing his affection with Hazel.

iv. To Fulfill his Wish

Augustus is an optimistic person and also he has highest spirit to live his life even though he was sick. As an optimistic person, he also has a wish. Actually his wish is inspired from Hazel Grace’s wish in which he also wants to meet the author of the book An Imperial Affliction named Peter van Houten. Augustus wants to go to there with Hazel Grace who introduced him about the book. Because of wanting to fulfill Hazel Grace’s wish, he has a spirit and also never gives up to keep his wish until it comes true. It means that Augustus Waters has the motivation because of his love for Hazel who wants the same dream as

45 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the analysis of this study will be concluded. The novel written by John Green entitled The Fault in Our Stars is the tale of doomed teenage love that has attracted millions of readers. In this study, the objectives are to describe the characteristics of Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace and to identify their motivation to cherish their life. In order to achieve the objectives, this novel is discussed from the characters and their characteristics as the intrinsic element of the story. The characterization uses the theory proposed by Murphy which is nine ways of characterization. After analyzing the characteristics of each main character namely Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace, the writer analyzes their motivation to cherish their life based on a psychological approach, with the theory of motivation as the specific concept inside that approach.

The psychological approach is the best tool for the analysis, for it concerns more on the psychological condition of the characters in the story. Based on the findings, it appears that they have different characteristics. Augustus Waters is straightforward, optimistic and caring people proven by his direct speech. He has a high spirit to live his life positively even though he has a cancer. He wants to make a mark in his life because he is afraid of being oblivion. Meanwhile, Hazel Grace is pessimistic, distant and loving person also proven by her direct speech. She doesn’t want to be closer with people in her life because she is afraid that she will hurt them.

Their motivation in cherishing their life can also be reflected through Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that concern with the classification of needs that human have in their life, such as physiological needs, security, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. Other than Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, their motivation can also be seen through the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation by Huffman and also the need to achieve by Ruch. After the analysis on the characteristics of Augustus Waters, his motivations of Augustus Waters in extrinsic are: to follow the encouragement from his parents, to make Hazel happy, to share an affection with Hazel, and to fulfill his wish. His intrinsic motivation is to live his life with lots of happiness. The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of Augustus Waters results into the fulfillment of two stages in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which are love/belonging, esteem (respect by others).

On the other hand, Hazel Grace’s motivation is only based on extrinsic motivation which are: to follow the quotes in Augustus’ house, to empower herself, to show her gratefulness to Augustus Waters’s existence, and to fulfill her wish. Her extrinsic motivation also fulfills two stages in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which are esteem (respect of others and self- esteem) and love/belonging.

The motivation of those characters to cherish their life is their love to each other itself. Augustus Waters who love Hazel so much, he is brave to do anything to make Hazel feel comfortable and happy, and also Hazel, she loves Augustus so much that she tries living her life and learning from his spirit to cherish the life that she is living.

47

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Danziger, Marlies K and W. Stacy Johnson. An Introduction to Literary Criticism. Boston: D.C. Heath, 1961.

Dirgagunarsa, Dr. Singgih. Pengantar Psikologi. Jakarta: Penerbit Jakarta, 1975. Green, John. The Fault in Our Stars. New York: Penguin Group INC, 2012. Huffman, K Vorney and Vorney J. Psychology in Action Fourth Edition. New

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Kurniawaty, Esther Yulia. James’ Motivation for Survival as seen in his Struggle Against Poverty in Marc Cerasini’s Cinderella Man. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

McClelland, David C. Human Motivation. New York: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1985.

Murphy, M. J. Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and The English Novel for Everseas Student. London: George Allen &Unwin Ltd, 1972.

Pettijohn, Terry F. Psychology: A Concise Introduction Third Edition. Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Group, INC, 1992.

Pratiwi, Brilyan Nilam. Wanderer’s Motivation to Live with Human in Stephenie Mieyer’s The Host. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Ruch, Floyd L. Psychology and Life Seventh Edition. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1967.

Yuniarti, Rissa Egitia. The Influences of The Minor Characters Toward The Main Character’s Motivion for a Better Life as Seen in Constance Briscoe’s Ugly. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Online References:

Henry SS. Cherish in the Word. http://sshenry.com/2011/12/17/cherish-is-the-word/. 2011 (13 September 2015)

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http://psychology.about.com/od/mindex/g/motivation-definition.htm. 2013 (13 September 2015)

The Fault in Our Stars. 2016. <www.gradesaver.com/the-fault-in-our-stars/study-guide/summary> (24 July 2016)

The Fault In Our Stars by John Green- review. November 17, 2013. <https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/17/review-fault-in-our-stars-john-green> (24 July 2016)

49 APPENDIX

Summary of The Fault in Our Stars

The Fault in Our Stars is a book about a young teenage girl Hazel Grace who is sixteen years old and has been diagnosed with cancer and her cancer began as thyroid cancer but spread to her lung, causing her to need to breathe oxygen from a tank at all times throughout the day. She attends a support group at a church. She is reluctant to go to the support group, but she soon realises that it was a good idea.

There, she meets a friend named Isaac and a romantic interest named Augustus Waters. Augustus has had osteosarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer. He has been in remission after losing his leg some years prior. Hazel starting a relationship with him and not wanting to hurt him if her illness takes another turn for the worse. She introduces Augustus to her favorite book entitle An Imperial Affliction. Augustus has a plan in which they will travel to Amsterdam together to meet the mysterious author, Peter Van Houten and find out what happens after the book end.

Finally, they are able to take this trip, but when they arrive to meet the author he is drunk and surly, causing Hazel and Augustus to flee from the drunken author’s home. Augustus confesses that his health is not as good as Hazel had been led to believe. They both of them affirm their love and support for each other. Upon their return to Indianapolis, Augustus’s health is much worse than the

previous time and he ends up in the ICU for a few days. Augustus fearing about his death and invites Hazel and Isaac to his prefuneral and give eulogies.

Because of his illness become worse, Agustus dies soon after. After this event, Peter van Houten the author of the book attends Augustus’s funeral and tries to apologize to Hazel. Hazel realizes that the book that she read alot which is about a young girl with cancer was based on his daughter who died. Hazel copes with Augustus’s death and comforting with the strength of her family and a letter from Augustus that sent to the author before his death. Hazel realize that actually Augustus was writing a sequel to An Imperial Affliction and says getting hurt in this world is inevitable, but we do get to choose who we allow to hurt us and that he is happy with his choice, and hopes Hazel likes her choice too.