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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of theoretical review and theoretical framework. The first section covers theories of character and characterization, theory of personality,
theory of multiple personality disorder, theory of parental influence on psychology of the child, theory of motherhood, theory of conflicts both interpersonal and
intrapersonal conflicts. The second section describes theoretical framework, which describes the application of the theories reviewed in the analysis.
A. Theoretical Review
In answering the problems stated in the problem formulation, some related theories are viewed to support the understanding of the topic. Some theories correlate
with the topic will be discussed. They are theories of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of multiple personality disorder, theory of parental
influence on psychology of the child, theory of motherhood, theory of conflicts both interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts.
1. Characters and Characterization
Character is one of the elements of a literary work. It is all about a person in a literary work. The character also controls the way in which the story goes along.
General readers usually identify some characters from the text. According to Robert PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Stanton in his book, An Introduction to Fiction, the term “character” is commonly used in two ways: it designates the individual who appears in the story and the
mixture of interest, desires, emotions, and moral principle that makes up each of these individuals Stanton 17-18.
Abrams divides character into two types. First is the main or major character. A major character is usually the center of the story and the most important character
in the story. Usually, the story focuses on this character from the beginning until the end. Secondly is minor character. Minor character only appears in a certain setting,
just necessary to become the background for the major character. Their roles are less important than major one because they are not fully developed, and their roles in a
story just support the development of the major characters Abrams 20. According to Murphy 161-173 in his book, Understanding Unseens there
are nine ways employed by the author to make the character understandable and come alive for the readers. First is the personal description. Here, the author gives a
description of character by the appearance and clothes. The author also tells the details of certain personal characterization, i.e. the face, the eyes, and the skin.
Second is character as seen by another. The author gives some descriptions by the comments and the eyes of another character, instead of describing the character
directly. Third is speech. Usually, we can understand the character by the speech of the character or by its speech. Forth is through past life. Here, readers are led to
know character’s past life in order to give some hints to certain actions. This can be done by the author’s direct comments, through the character’s thoughts, through the
conversation and by another character’s thought. Fifth is by conversation of others. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Readers are able to recognize certain characters through the conversation of other character and the things people say about certain characters. Sixth is from the
reactions, the author can give some clues about the character by the reaction of the character in various situations and events. Seventh is through direct comment. The
author gives direct comment or description on a character. Eighth is a thought. By knowing what character thinking about, the author can give us direct knowledge
about a character. In this case, the author explains us that different character has different thought. And the last is from the mannerism. The author may describe a
character’s mannerism, habits, or unconventional behavior that can tell us something about the character.
A well-developed character is the one that has been thoroughly characterized, with many qualities shown in the narrative. The better the audience knows the
character, the better the character development http:web.uvic.cawguidePagesLTCharacter.html.
According to Baldick, character is a person in a narrative or dramatic work. It is different from characterization. Characterization is the way in which a character is
represented. Therefore, a character is the result, while characterization is the process. Baldick also defines that there are three methods of characterization in fiction. The
first method is explicit presentation. It means the author tells the readers through the direct exposition or analysis, which informs the character. The second is the
presentation of the character in action. In this representation, the author only uses a little or no explicit comment, so the readers are able to conclude the attribute of the
actor from action. The last method is the representation from within a character PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
without comments by the author. In this method, the author suggests the reader will come to a clear understanding of attribute of the character clearly through the impact
of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self Baldick 81. Character development is very important in character-driven literature, where
stories focus not on events, but on individual personalities. Whereas, based on information of Wikipedia, characterization is the process of conveying information
about characters in fiction or conversation http:web.uvic.cawguidePagesLTCharacter.html.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder
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