storytelling, interviews, story completion, reporting, playing cards, picture narrating and describing, and find the difference.
In regard with the activities which are able to promote the students’ speaking skill, teachers may apply those activities in the classroom.
f. Assessing Speaking
Assessing is different from testing. Assessment means collecting information about leaner’s performance in order to make judgements about their
learning Spratt, et.al, 2005:102. It can be carried out through formal assessment and informal assessment. Formal assessment usually uses a kind of
test. While, teachers can also informally assess the learners through monitoring or observing them while they are doing ordinary classroom activities. With the
same idea, assessment is an ongoing process that encompasses a much wider domain Brown, 2004:4. Whenever a student responds to a question, offers a
comment, or tries out a new word or structure, the teacher subconsciously makes an assessment of the students’ performance.
In conclusion, assessment is a process of measuring the students’
performance. The teacher may choose different types of assessment as it addresses at different functions. T
o measure the students’ performance, the researcher reffered to the rating scale proposed by Dick, Gall and Brog
2003:571 in giving score see Appendix F.
g. Instructional Media
A medium, broadly conceived, is any person, material or event that establishes conditions which enable the learner to acquire knowledge, skills and
attitudes Gerlach and Ely, 1980:241. They define media as the graphic, photographic, electronic, or mechanical means for arresting, processing, and
reconstituting visual or verbal information.
Teaching aids are useful to be used in teaching and learning process as it is used to explain language meaning and constructions, to engage students in
a topic, or as the basis of the whole activity Harmer, 2004:134-136. In addition, Harmer mentions some media which can be used to support the
teaching and learning process, such as pictures and images, overhead projector, board, bits and pieces, language laboratory, and computer.
Sugeng 2010:159-164 states that certain types of media are frequently used in schools. They are printed media, still media, audio media, visual media,
audio-visual media, real object media, and simulated media. Similar to Sugeng, Gerlach and Ely 1980:242 classify the media to
teach into six general categories, such as still picture, audio recording, motion picture, TV, real things, simulation, and model. Still Picture consists of
photographs or any object or events, which may be larger or smaller than the object or event it represent. In audio recording media, the recording is made on
magnetic tape, disc, motion picture, and soundtrack. They are reproductions of actual event or soundtrack. Unlike still picture, a motion picture is a moving
image in color or black and white produced from live action or from graphic representation. While, TV includes all types of Audio Video electronic
distribution system which eventually appear on TV monitor. The last is real things, simulation, and model. They include people, events, objects, and
demonstration real things as constructed with other media. To conclude, teaching media is any supporting materials, tools,
equipment, or techniques used to facilitate the student’ learning and to enable them to acquire the knowledge or understand the contents of the teaching and
easily.
3. Pictures
