12
Forest conservation by utilization of local resources
HAYASHI Yukihiro TOKOYODA Masaki
1.
Influence of landuse Tumpangsari in forest on rural life and environment
1.1. Introduction
In Indonesia, a farming system Tumpangsari; in Indonesian of growing crops in the reforestation area has spread. The reforestation in the mountain of the Bandung basin in western Java, is not an exception, either.
Generally, the landless farmers become a sharecropper or performs Tumpangsari in the reforestation area. People who live near the reforestation area use the trees of a forest as firewood Hayashi and Ochiai, 2004.
Moreover, a tree has been cut if trees become the obstacle of crop cultivation like shading. Therefore, the trees in the forest which is performing Tumpangsari has decreased in number gradually, and caused soil
erosion and drain of water resources. In order to secure the food production and drinking water which were stabilized over the future, healthy water environment, conservation of a water cycle system and the
consideration about management are required Especially in Java where land is reduced to poverty for the increase in population, almost all natural forests are already replaced with a secondary forest or the
reforestation. In many cases, the trees of the forest where Tumpangsari is performed decreased in number. Furthermore, rural area in tropics, people depends on the trees of a forest in order to boil well water and
springwater and to cook. This means that forests decrease in number further as population increases. The problem is that a forest with conservation of the water environment of watershed and the stable water cycle
system loses storage of water, and the function of supply. In this section, Tumpangsari expanded in Java reports the influence which it has on a forest and farm village water environment.
1.2. Outline of study site
Indonesia has about 13,000 islands and a total land area of 1,904,570 km
2
. The total population is about 206,265,000 UN, 2004, but the annual population growth rate of population decreased significantly from
2.32 per cent 1971-1980 to 1.60 per cent 1990-2000 BPS: 1997 and U.N.:2004. The population is not evenly distributed among islands; the number of people living in Java was 58.95 per
cent of the total population in 1998 BPS: 1999. The Indonesian climate reflects the country’s position between 6°N and 11°S, approximately centered on the
Equator. Heavy rainfall covers most of Indonesia from November to March, and the climate is dominated by rain-bearing northwest winds. From May to September, the zone of heavy rain covers only northern parts
of Indonesia, and the climate is dominated by southeast winds. Java is an island of about 126,566 km
2
exclusive of Madura Island. In 1998, Java had about 114.7 million
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inhabitants living at an average density of 900 people km
2
, ranging from nearly 40,000 in some parts of Jakarta to virtually zero in some of the remaining wild areas. The extremely high population density in Java
is largely a result of historical influences, and the very fertile soil, which lend them to terracing for irrigated rice Whitten et a1.1996.
The study site, where Bandung Kabupaten Bandung in West Java is located, is a plateau and surrounded by mountains. In the plains in the Bandung basin, the mean annual maximum temperature and minimum
temperature are below 30° and 20°C, respectively. The mean annual temperature ranges between 22°C and 24°C. The mountainous area has lower temperatures than in the plains, because the gradual decrease in
temperature with increasing altitude has been determined to be about 0.6°C100 m. Above 2,000 m it is regularly less than 10°C at night, and occasionally local frost can interfere with crops RePPProT, 1991.
Rainfall is generally higher on the side of a mountain facing the prevailing wind than on the surrounding lowlands. The annual rainfall in the Bandung basin, based on the Bandung meteorological station records
for 10 years1986 to1995, is about 1,800 mm in the plains and 4,000 mm in the mountainous area. Thus, climatic fluctuation by landform is tremendously different in each location. This indicates that the
agroecological environment, in particular land use under the water environment and the recycling systems, may yield some differences in each location Whitten et al. 1996.
Therefore, farming systems in the plains of the Bandung basin is dominantly irrigated paddy fields, while mixed farming is found in slope land areas located middle stream of Citarum river, with the uplands mainly
terraced rice farming. The high altitude area, where the headwater of the river is located, is dominantly upland crops in the forest Hayashi and Ochiai, 2004.
A part for the administrative district of the study site is Kabupaten Bandung, Kecamatan Kertasari, Desa Cihawuk, and Kampong Pinggirsari and Ciakar. Cihawuk village Desa Cihawuk is located headwater of
Citarum river and about 1,600 m above the sea level. Main crops grown in this area is upland crop, not to see paddy rice even on the terrace. Carrot, onion, cabbage, cucumber, potato, sweet potato, maize and other
leaf vegetables is planted depend on rainfall. In the area above upland fields tea and quinine estate or reforestation like pine tree and Eucalyptus spp. is found, and some temperate vegetables is grown under the
trees; Tumpangsari. These vegetables also have been carried and sold in market of Bandung or Jakarta. Recently, most of farmers in this area raise some cow to product milk, because the demand for milk is
increasing in reflecting a change of their food life style in urban area. The number of cow raised a household is little, at most 5-6 animals and 2-3 animals on the average. Fodder for cow is used crop
residue or weeds around the village or in the forest. Cow’s milk is collected by milk tanker in twice a day. Cows usually are raised in cow house, and their dung is directly thrown in the stream, which pour into
Citarum River through the branch. This is one of causes that quality of Citarum water is degraded. Reforestation area is controlled by the Department of Forestry under the State government of West Java.
When farmer use the field in the forest, they have to get permission for land use from the Department of Forestry. In most case, it is only an oral promise. It suggests that the authority acquiesce doing it. On the
other hand, farmers must not cut any tree in the forest except for rotted or dead wood that can be used for firewood Hayashi, et al. 1997.
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The total area of Cihawuk is 931.38ha. Total population of the village is 4,842 people in 1,244 households, in
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The tree planting of 8,000 was performed in 2003. Tree planting currently raised by nursery will be three
able 11.1.
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Till ten years before, water and drinking water in water way were drawn from the Brasek pond in the
ever in the water way to a illage. It can be surmised that reduction of the trees in the forest and reduction of the amount of pond water
ulating in the Brasek pond, the life of the village became very difficult. People ave to carry drinking water and household use water from long distance springwater at the dry season.
mountain side of Mt. Brasek to the village. This pond was a big pond till ten years before. However, since the eroded soil flowed into the pond from field of Tumpangsari on a pond as the number of the trees of a
forest decreased, the water depth became shallow gradually. Since the big landslide occurred in 1995, the pond of the water depth was 3m but it became shallower and shallower. The farmers recognize it as it being
because the trees in forest have been cut down for Tumpangsari. The area of the present Brasek pond is 2769m
2
. Now, it is only 1m in depth of the pond and the area of a pond is reduced to the dry season to 14 comparing to it of the rainy season
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Regulation of Tumpangsari
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F igure
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On the other hand, the forestry management association established by each Kampong may achieve reproduction of a forest by financial assistance of the Department of Forestry of State government. However,
ers of the study site have depended for the main livelihood means on umpangsari in the forest area. Dont the means or resources which maintain a livelihood in the village
hat is, e way of the augmentation using the various environmental resources which are in the area concerned as
preserved and its ving is also made. Tumpangsari glue has the possibility of strawberry cultivation as a source of an income
. On farm research for conservation of forest reserves by local resources
evelopment of the technique of reconciling the conservation of forest and rural life called for. While utilizing local resources as one of them, some rural development techniques managed so
ll the elements that include the atmosphere an air it is a question whether it is useful to it maintaining the livelihood of a land-less farmer. In the study site, the
farmers are troubled by the dilemma which lies between the environmental loads for maintaining the environmental conservation and livelihood for their comfortable life. Isnt there actually any means of the
solution that reconciles the both? As stated so far, the land-less farm
T already have anything to them?
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labor, knowledge, wisdom, etc. For example, the environment in tropics can use the temperature environment from the Frigid Zone to the Tropical Zone according to an altitude difference. That is, at the
high altitude area in tropics, temperate crops can grow, such as Welsh onion, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, potato, strawberry, etc. and also some temperate fruit trees: there are areas which can grow an apple, pear,
peach, grape, etc. There is tropical zone which can utilize low temperature as resources. The indigenous knowledge and the local technologies are valuable resources as well as the other natural
sources like weather, soil and vegetation and so on. It is important to decrease the outflow of rural
tageous environment for food production or a life convertible into more dvantageous environment? How can we contribute to enrich a society that maintains the environment and
materials? Ueda described that stainable development is that a peculiar culture to the region is maintained, and developed. It means that
: rstanding the problems that the rural area has.
. Execution of inventory investigation of rural resources which can be used for. pe. The local water
seedling production of the fruits and
This rural t research has been carried out since 1998. The purposes are to establish a steady rural
fe system by the subsisting farming and energy creation through the effective use of rural resources and
.2. Utilization of forest products and rural resources
a forest. Tumpangsari is one of the ethods using the land of a forest, and the villagers also consider Tumpangsari to be one of gifts from a
re resources which has already did damage to build up a secured rural life. Agricultural development that does
not cause the destruction of the environment by the outflow of rural resource is expecting. It is possible in the frame of the rural development.
If it carries out, how is the disadvan a
the resources simultaneously in a rural area? It is rural development to solve the problems of the rural life environments under social and economic environments, and to enrich life. The rural development starts
from the understanding of pleasing and suffering of life in any rural area. Is it possible to achieve the development without depending on external
su people in a region are well-concerned about their local resources, and the resources should be exploited while
implementing any regional development project. Therefore, sustainable development is the development which values the regional peculiarities Ueda: 1998.
The activities performed in this research are as follows 1. Carrying out an agro-ecological survey for unde
2 3. On-farm trials for rural development like a Biogas and strawberry trial.
4. Construction of water supply system from the mountain with the PVC pi management union took the responsibility of maintenance.
5. Expanding the possibility of the water use, e.g. Drinking purpose, irrigation to the home-gardens, all-season through the year production of vegetables for
other trees. developmen
li management. The study site of this research is the same village as described in section 1.
2
The villagers of Ciakar use various forest-products as a gift from m
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forest. The present from a forest is in large numbers in others. For example, there is firewood as fuel, food, medicine, construction material, the food of livestock, accessories, farm machines and implements, a life tool,
a fence, etc. There are more than 100 kinds eaten as vegetables among the food given from a forest. Table 11.2 shows
e vegetables from a forest used well. Moreover, the forest-products and directions other than edible are
les from forest in local name, mainly in Sunda th
shown in Table 11.3.
Table 11.2.
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Local name Sunda Usage
Kiseur firewood, hoe grip,
Kayu ruma building material
Teklan for soil amelioration
Dadap packing material, feed for livestock, medical use analgesic for backache, preservative
cin
t g
ent Kumisk
ornament Konyal
string, fruit, fertilizer, firewood
Honge fruit,
vegetable Areuy
ornament, medical use stimulan Benying
feed for livestock, firewood Sembun
medical use analgesic Kopi
medical use
antipyretic Sauhen
feed for livestock, ornam Bubukan
firewood, fence
2.3. Household energy and utilization from forest
