xi
LIST OF TABLE
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Composition of the studied formulations wt.
6
2.2 List of some agro wastes, their availability and potential uses India
9
2.3 Chemical composition of coconut coir
12
2.4Test results of properties of kenaf core panel 17
2.5 Hybrid materials mechanical properties.
18
3.1 Process of extraction of sugarcane fibers
30
3.2 Five different composition ration of PPSK by wt
33
3.3 Total mass of materials used.
33
4.1 The value of Durometer reading, D for five different compositions
44
4.2 The impact energy gained for five different compositions of particle
44 boards.
4.3
Results of maximum flexural stress, σ MPa for five different 45
Compositions
4.4 Results of thermal conductivity, k Wm.K for five different
46 Compositions
5.1 Average results of all mechanical testings
50
5.2 Values of thermal conductivity,k Wm.K of various
54 lignocellulosic insulating particle boards
xii
LIST OF FIGURE
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 SEM imagines for side- view and cross- section surfaces of
14 bamboo fiber a Untreated fiber, b Alkaline treated fiber,
c Steam exploded fiber. 2.2
a Young‘s Modulus b Tensile Strength 19
2.3 Effect of polymer latex ratio on tensile strength and hardness of
19 bagassefibre-cement composites.
2.4 Tensile properties of nano TiO
2
and ZnO reinforced PP 20
ayield strength, b tensile modulus c elongation delastic modulus
2.5 a Flexural Modulus, b Flexural Strength
21 2.6
Graph of average value of impact against the composition of hybrid 23composites of E- Glass and Bamboo Fiber reinforced with
Polypropylene. 2.7
Water absorption sample 25
2.8 SEM micrographs of impact fracture surface of
27 a PSPP blend,
b composite with ratio of 0 coconut 100 jute fiber and c composite with ratio of 100 coconut 0 jute fiber.
Source by Hatta et al., 2010
3.1 Crusher machine
30 3.2
a Pulverizer machine b Vibratory Sieve- Shaker 31
3.3 Sugarcane bagasse fiber
31 3.4
Internal Mixer HaakePolyLab OS- Rheomix 600 34
xiii
3.5 a taking out the batter material from the mixer,
35 b 6 batter form from same composition, c Crushing batter material
d granule form of sample of materials. 3.6
a Hot press machine b granule composites carefully filled onto mold 36 c product of sample after cooling process.
3.7 Model D Durometer
37 3.8
Contact between presser foot and surface of specimen 38
3.9 Samples of different setoff composition
38 3.10
Charpy Pendulum Impact Tester 39
3.11 Position of specimen
40 3.12
30 mm dual- needle SH- 1 sensor 41
3.13 Drilling process
41 3.14
Measuring the thermal conductivity in solid form. 42
4.1 Graph of Flexure Stress,σ MPa against Flexure Extension, mm for
46 80PP10S10K by wt.
5.1 The failed sample of 100 PP particle boards.
48 5.2
End product of 100 PP particle board 48
5.3 Hardness reading, D against composition PPSK, by wt.
51 5.4
Impact Energy, J against composition of PPSK, by wt. 51
5.5 Max Flexure Stress, σ against composition of PPSK, by wt.
52 5.6
Thermal conductivity, Wm.K against composition of 53
PPSK, by wt
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOL AND ABBREVIATIONS
k =
Thermal conductivity, WmK σ
= Flexural Stress, MPa
D =
Hardness Reading, D UTeM
= UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia, Melaka
FKM =
Faculti of Mechanical Engineering FKP
= Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
PP =
Polypropylene K
= Kenaf Core
S =
Sugarcane Fiber WF
= Wood flour
CO
2
= Carbon Dioxide
wt =
Percentage by weight RH
= Relative Humidity,
ASTM =
American Society for Testing and materials.
TAPPI =
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
NaOH =
Sodium Hydroxide PLA
= Polylactic acid
PP-g-MA =
Glycidyl Methacrylate MAH-g-PP
= Maleic Anhydried- grafted PP
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
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PAGE
A Figure 1: Gantt Chart PSM 1
62 Figure 2: Gantt Chart PSM 2
63 B
Figure 3: Samples of particle boards 64
Figure 4:Flexural stress against extension for 801010 65
Figure 5: Flexural stress against extension for701515 66
Figure 6: Flexural stress against extension for 601030 67
Figure 7: Flexural stress against extension for 603010 69
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
