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learning outcomes. The main purpose of summative evaluation is grading.
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Therefore, the students are usually more serious to reach good value in this test, especially if the test conducted in the end of
the year. As the teachers usually do not continuo the bad grade students to the next stage if the students do not get the value
standard in grading. 2 Progress Achievement Test
Progress achievement test is administered regularly during a study to find out how well students have mastered the subject
matter, which has just been taught.
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It can be understood that the test which is intended to show progress achievement test is
formative test. Formative test is intended to monitor learning progress during the instruction and to provide continuous feedback
to both pupil and teacher concerning learning successes and failures.
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Generally, Formative test can gives the information to the teachers about their students ability in comprehending the materials have been
studied. And it can be the medium of the teacher to correct and complete teaching and learning program. Formative test is oriented on the process of
teaching and learning. It is usually conducted in the end of teaching and learning program to know the success degree in teaching and learning
process.
3. The Types of Test Item
The type of test is divided into two general types: subjective and objective.
a. Subjective Test
Subjective test is the test that gives students freedom in relating their own word to answer the questions. The subjective tests that are
usually used in the classroom are essay, short answercompletion.
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Norman E. Gronlund , Measurement and Evaluation…, p.18
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Drs. Wilmar Tinambunan, Evaluation of…, p. 8
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Drs. Wilmar Tinambunan, Evaluation of…, p. 8
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1 Essay
The essay item is the most complex of supply type item. It demands that the students compose a response, often extensive to a
question for which no single response or pattern of response can be cited as correct to the exclusive of all answer.
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Example of instruction: “Explain the differences between subjective test and objective
test”
2 Short answer itemcompletion item
The short answer item and completion item are both supply-type test items which can be answered by a word, phrase,
number or symbol.
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Example of short answer item instruction: “A question which can be answered with a word or short phrase is
called….” Example of completion item instruction:
There are two season in Indonesia, they are…, and….”
b. Objective Test
Objective test are frequently criticized on the grounds that they are simpler to answer than subjective tests. Items in an
objective test, however, can be made just as easy or as difficult as the test constructor wishes.
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While L. R. Gay said, objective tests are sometimes critized on the basis that they are appropriate for
measuring knowledge-level outcome only.
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There are three kinds of objective test, they are:
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Drs. Wilmar Tinambunan, Evaluation of…, p. 86.
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Drs. Wilmar Tinambunan, Evaluation of…, p. 61.
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J. B. Heaton, Writing English…, p.26..
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L. R. Gay, Educational Evaluation and Measurement, Competencies for Analysis and application, second edition, Republic of Singapore: Merrill, 1991, p. 228.
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1 True–false item
A true false item consists of a declarative statement and the student responds ‘true’ if it conforms to accepted truth, or ‘false’ if
it is essentially in correct. True false are also referred to as alternative-response items, and variations of the item ask the
students to react with yes-no, right-wrong, correct-incorrect, fact or option, agree or disagree.
The advantage of true-false item is that the students are able to respond to more true-false items in a given time period than
another selection type item.
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Example: “T F All sentences consist of subject and verb.”
2 Matching item
The matching test item consists of two parallel columns with each word, number or symbol in one column being matched
to a word, sentence or phrases in the other column. Matching items are useful in measuring students’ ability to
make associations, discern relationships, and make interpretations or measure knowledge of a series of facts.
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Example: “The…trains the players in the field
a. Coach The…catches fishes in the sea
b. Doctor The…examines the patient
c. Fisherman”
3 Multiple choice item
The multiple choices item consists of a premise and a set of alternatives. The premise, known as the stem, is presented as a
question or incomplete statement which the student answers or
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Drs. Wilmar Tinambunan, Evaluation of…, p. 70.
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Drs. Wilmar Tinambunan, Evaluation of…,, p. 64.
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completes by selecting one of several alternatives.
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The stem may take the following forms:
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a. An incomplete statement He accused me of …lies.
A. Speaking B. Saying
C. Telling D. Talking
b. A complete statement Everything we wanted was to hand.
A. Under control C. We cared for.
B. Within reach D. Being prepared
c. A question According to the writer, what did Tom Immediately do?
A. He ran home. C. He began to shout.
B. He met Bob. D. He phoned the police.
Usually either four or five alternatives also called options or choices are available. Only one is correct or best response, and the
others are referred to as distractors. The function of the distractors is to distract those students who are uncertain of the answer.
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4. The Characteristics of a Good Test
