Linguistic Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and Social Status.
LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GENDER LANGUAGE
IN FAMILIES WITH PARENTS OF DIFFERENT ETHNICS
AND SOCIAL STATUS
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
ERIKAYANI FRISKA BR SEMBIRING
Registration Number : 8136112013
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Sembiring, Erikayani Friska. RegistrationNumber: 8136112013. Linguistic
Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and
Social Status. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate
School, State University of Medan, 2016.
This research deals with the linguistic characteristics of gender language in
families with different ethnic and social status in Berastagi. The objectives of the
research were to found out the linguistic characteristics and describe the reasons
of linguistic characteristics of gender language in familes with different ethnics
and social status. This research conducted by the qualitative research. The data
were obtained by the observation by recorded the utterances of the parent. The
data collected were analyzed by applying interactive models of Miles and
Huberman. The location of the research was in Desa Rumah Berastagi. The
subject of the research were four parents who have the different ethnics and social
status. The result of the study are there are no consistent characteristics of male
and female in families with different ethnics and social status, some men may
characterize their language to represent either, their powerfulness and
powerlessness. Meaning that a man may use language in the way as the powerful
man does or in the way as woman does. The same thing also happens to the
woman. It caused by the (1)Social status which is divided into two there are
economic status and cultural status and (2) Personality traits.
i
ABSTRACT
Sembiring, Erikayani Friska. Registration Number: 8136112013. Linguistic
Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and
Social Status. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate
School, State University of Medan, 2016.
Kajian ini berkaitan dengan karakteristik bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan di
keluarga yang memilik perbedaan suku dan status sosial di Berastagi. Tujuan dari
kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa karakteristik bahasa laki-laki dan
perempuan dan alasan yang menyebabkan perbedaan karakteristik bahasa
tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif. Data didapatkan
melalui obervasi dengan merekam percakapan antara suami dan istri dalam
keluarga yang memiliki perbedaan suku dan status sosial. Data yang sudah
dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan
Huberman. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di desa Rumah Berastagi. Subjek dari
kajian ini adalah empat keluarga yang mempunyai perbedaan suku dan status
sosial. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tidak adanya karakteristik yang tetap pada
laki-laki dan perempuan yang berbeda suku dan status sosial, laki-laki
menggolongkan bahasa mereka untuk menyatakan kekuasaan dan ketidakuasaan.
Artinya laki-laki menggunakan bahasa dengan karakteristik bahasa laki-laki atau
seperti karakteristik bahasa perempuan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada wanita.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh (1) Status sosial yang dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu status
ekonomi dan status budaya dan (2) Kepribadian.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise is to Jesus Christ, who gives the writer blessing, health, knowledge, power and
opportunity to finish this study. The writer’s deepest gratitude is only for Him, the Most
Gracious and the Most Merciful.
This research could not be completed without a great deal of help of many people. So
in the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to extend her sincere and special
thanks. Her gratitude is intended for her beloved parents, Bapak (Alamta Sembiring), and
mamak (Helmina Br Ginting) for their endless love, prays, motivations, and financial
support and her beloved sister (Afrillia Fani, Am. Keb) and her beloved partner (Saka
Adrison, ST) who never gave up supporting her in accomplishing this thesis on time. She is
nothing without all of them.
Her enormous gratitude and best appreciation are expressed to Dr. Siti Aisyah
Ginting, M.Pd and Prof..Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd her brilliant advisers, who has spent
precious time in giving suggestions, encouragement, guidance, advices until this thesis comes
to its due time.
She also would like to thanks to all lecturers who have given her the valuable
knowledge and science during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of
Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. In particular, she addresses her gratitude
also to Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Pd, the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan,M.Hum the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. The Administration staff (Farid Ma’aruf), for his assistance in the administrative
procedures.
She is also deeply grateful to all her sisters and her brothers and family. Furthermore,
she would like to express her gratitude to her best friends’(Eka Trisna Amd, Elsanta Munthe,
iii
S.Sos, Marlina Novalinda Purba ST, Fitri Puadi Rambe, M.Hum, Kristin Natalia, M.Hum.
And the member of LTBI Unimed Group and friends that can not mention for sharing ideas
and developing her thesis.
The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, the writer
expects some suggestions and critics for this thesis. At last, the writer hopes that this thesis
will be useful for all.
Medan, 09th June 2016
The Writer,
Erikayani Friska Br Sembiring
Reg. No. 8136112013
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
Abstract .......................................................................................................................
i
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... iii
Table of contents........... .................................................................................. .........
iv
List of Tables ............................................................................................................
vi
List of Matrix ...........................................................................................................
vii
List of Figure............................................................................................................
viii
List of Appendices ..................................................................................................
ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................... ......
1
1.1. The Background of the study .................................................................... .....
1
1.2. The Problems of the Study ......................................................................... .....
4
1.3. The Objective of the Study ......................................................................... .....
4
1.4. The Scope of the Study .............................................................................. .....
4
1.5. The Significance of the Study .................................................................... .....
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW O F LITERATURE ........................................... .....
6
2.1. Gender and Language .............................................................................. ....
6
2.2. Factors Affecting Language Differences in Gender ................................. ...
10
2.2.1 Personality ..................................................................................... ....
15
2.3. The Linguistics Characteristics of Gender Language ............................. .....
16
2.4.Relevant Studies ......................................................................................... ......
22
2.5 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................
24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ....................................................... . ..
26
3.1. The Research Design ................................................................................. ....
26
3.2. Data Source and Data of The Study .......................................................... .....
27
3.3.The Technique Data Collection ................................................................ .....
27
3.4.The Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................... .....
27
3.5 Trustworthiness of The Study ......................................................................
29
v
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ..... 31
4.1 Linguistic Characteristics of Gender Language in Families Interaction ....................
31
4.1.1 Linguistic Characteristics Used by Man of Different Ethnics
and Social Status .............................................................................................
32
4.1.2 Linguistic Characteristics Used by Woman of Different Ethnics
and Social Status ............................................................................................
41
4.2 The Reasons for Use Gender Language in Interethnic Marriage ............................
50
4.3 Research Findings ....................................................................................................
60
4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................
60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...............................................
62
5.1 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................
62
5.2 Suggestions .............................................................................................................
62
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ ............
63
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................
65
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
2.1
The Differences Between Male and Female Biologically .................
7
Table
2.2
The Differences Between Male and Female Sociologically .................
9
Table
2.3
Factors in Affecting Language Differences of Man and Woman ...
15
Table
2.4
The Linguistics Characteristics of Gender Language ....................
19
Table
2.5
Conceptual Framework ..................................................................
24
Table
4.1
List of Data Used for Findings in 4.1.1 ........................................
40
Table
4.2
List of Data Used for Findings in 4.1.2 .........................................
49
Table
4.3
The Direct Language of the Wives Caused by Economic
Status that is Higher than that of the Husband ...............................
Table
4.4
The Direct Language of the Husband Cused by Economic
Status that is Higher than that of the Wives ................................
Table
4.5
4.6
52
The Direct Language of th Husband Caused by the Economic
Status that has same Level with the Wives .........................................
Table
51
53
The Direct Language of The Husband Caused by The Cultural
Status .................................................................................................
55
Table
4.7
The Less Direct Language of The Wives Cused by Cultural Status ...
56
Table
4.8
The Direct Language of The wives Caused by Her Personality ..........
58
Table
4.9
Summary of Reasons for Consistency of Gender Language in
Interethnic Marriage ...........................................................................
vii
59
LIST OF MATRIX
Page
Matrix
3.1
The Multi Case Study Design .................................................... 25
Matrix
3.2
Economic and Cultural Status Contribution
to the Use of Language by Husband and Wife
in Interethnic Marriage ............................................................
viii
57
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A Data .........................................................................................
65
Data I Low Status Vs Low Status ........................................................
65
Data II High Status Vs High Status ........................................................
71
Data III Low Status Vs High Status ................................. .....................
77
Data IV High Status Vs High Status .................................. ....................
83
Appendix B Category of Data ...........................................................................
89
Data I Man Represent Man’s Linguistic Characteristics .........................
89
Data II Man Represent Woman’s Linguistic Characteristics .................
95
Data III Woman Represent Woman’s Linguistic Characteristics .... .......
98
Data IV Woman Represent Man’s Linguistic Characteristics ................
101
x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
Language serves as means of commmunication. People communicate by using the
language(s) they know in order to represent and and exchange their experience. Language
is the mirror of culture. As a way of communication, language is not only a simple range
of letters, but also the embodiment of rich knowledge, history, emotions and attitudes. In
the cross-cultural communication, as people of different cultural backgrounds speak with
their own set of rules or habits, they follow their own way of speaking automatically in
the conversation. Thus, people are accustomed to interpreting others’ words in their own
way of speaking. Hence appear barriers of cross-cultural communication.
The process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and nonverbal means
speech (oral communication), writing (written communication), signs, signals, or
behaviour. Communication is the centre or the heart of intimate / close human
relationship and a strong key a successful male and female or couple relationship, and it is
the foundation on which all other things are built.
Good communication is always one of the most difficult skills and probably a great
source of friction and problems in any organization. There are some cases that can affect
and make the communication will be complicated, such as situation, cultures, and gender.
Gender also influences the language being chosen. Some researches clearly show that
men and women typically use language differently when addressing either members of
the same or the opposite sex. Gender differentiation make a different linguistics
characteristics of male and female, both of them have their own linguistics characteristics.
1
2
According to Tannen (1990) there are two types talks in communication that always
found in man and woman communication, there are report type and rapport type. In the
report type always used by man ,they use the communication to show the power and their
status, and they are direct. While in rapport type talk, it used by the woman, they use the
communication to show the cooperation and show their feeeling each other, and they are
indirect when communicate.
There are some studies about language and gender, Rezeki (2013) found that the
report type talk is always used by male, to show the power and status, while female use
the rapport type talk, to show the cooperation and show the feelings. While Yulia (2013)
found that male are dominantly used amount of talk, interruption, and conversation
support than female presenters do in the talk show news. 2) male presenters are able to
communicate by female like strategies in “Apa Kabar Indonesia Talk Show News
Program on Tvone”, and vice versa female presenters are able to communicate by malelike strategies in
the talk show news. 3) male and female presenters used style
differently, because they have different characteristics in social life.
From the previous studies above, the writer is interested in exploring language and
gender, especially in the parents that have different ethnics and social status in the family.
Romaine (1994) states that the manner in which people communicate often depends on
their power, and power is related to the social status, ethnicity , age and culture of
someone. Man and woman have different in their form, topic, content, and use. Men and
women may grow up in the same country, in the same society and culture, but they are
members of different genders, different subcultures. Men and women talk differently,
they apply different speech norms and have different expectations for their interlocutors.
One underlying principle is that men have more status and power than women in
societies. Wood in Eagly (2004) states that the greater power and status more typical of
3
men’s than women’s roles in patriarchal societies, gender roles also encompass
expectations about traits of dominance and submission. People in more powerful roles
behave in a more dominant style than do people in less powerful roles. Thus, men are
believed to be more dominant, controlling, and assertive, and women are believed to be
more subordinate and cooperative, compliant to social influence, and less overtly
aggressive.
Men and women that come from one ethnics will have their own linguistics
characteristics. For example in Karonese ethnics. Karonese man, will be more direct and
use more of the brief sentences because based on the theory their communication is to
show the power and their status. So their language in the family will be more powerfull
than their wife.
In gender differentiation, man and woman also influenced by their social status in
their society, and in social status will be caused also by some factors , such as occupation
and educational beckground.
People who live in the society will have the different social status each other, social
status can not be separated from the social class. Someone who has high social class will
has the high social status too in a society. As Meyerhoff (2006) states that individuals’
economic situation might be an important factor in defining what class they belong to.
Social status is derived from a range of social actions. Social class here dominantly has
the relation o the occupation, level of education. The effects of occupation interact with a
number of other factors, such as more complex family structures, whether or not a
household has two incomes, the marital status of the heads of household, and whether
there are any children in the household at all.
On the other hand, women compared to other low-status groups in the society, are
viewed not only as expressive and communal but also as nurturing and kind. Social role
4
theory likely is correct in assuming that the nearly exclusive assignment of nurturing roles
to women in our society is responsible for the usually high degree of warmth attributed to
women.
Based on that phenomena, it is believed that man and woman have the differentiation
in affecting the language based on some factors especially for the parents in a family that
have different ethnics and social status.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
Based on the backgound of the research. the problem of the research are formulated as
the following:
1. What are the linguistics characteristic of gender language used in families with
parents of different ethnics and social status ?
2. Why are the linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with parents
of different ethnics and social status look the way they are ?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems of the study, the objective of the research are:
1. to find out the linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with
parents of different ethnics and social status.
2. to describe the reason of linguistics characteristics of gender language in families
with parents of different ethnics and social status.
1.4 The Scope of The Study
The study belongs to the scope of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics covers a wide
range of aspects, such as language shift, language maintenance, etc. This study is limited
to the power of language and the factors determine it.
5
1.5 The Significances of the Study
It is expected that findings of this study are useful and relevant theoritically and
practically.
1. Theoretically, the findings will be expected to wider and strenghten the theory of
language and power in sociolinguistics.
2. Practically, the findings will be expected to be usefull for :
a. English language learners in their attempt to improve their communication
strategy.
b. The lecturers in their attempt to enrich their instructional material of
sociolinguistics and speaking subject.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis, the conclusions were stated as the following :
1. There are no consistent characteristics of male and female in using the language in
their interaction in the family with different ethnics and social status. Man use the
man’s linguistics characteristics and also use the woman’s linguistic characteristics to
show their powerfulness and powerlessness, It is also happen to the woman.
2. The reasons of causing male and female differentiation in being more direct and less
direct are caused by 2 factors there are (1)
social status which is divide into
economic status and cultural status and (2) personality traits of male in female in the
family.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following :
1. Since the subjects of this study are limited to the Karonese husbands with Javanese
wives, it is suggested that further research with the subject of Javanese husbands and
Karonese wives in order to have further data or finding which may support or weaken
the findings of the present study.
2. Based on the findings, this study is focused on ethnics and social status, it is
suggested to the further researher to point out the other factors to get deeper findings,
such as personality, age, and etc.
3. Based on the findings, this study is suggested to the readers that have the different fact
in the society as the comparison on the theory.
62
IN FAMILIES WITH PARENTS OF DIFFERENT ETHNICS
AND SOCIAL STATUS
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
ERIKAYANI FRISKA BR SEMBIRING
Registration Number : 8136112013
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Sembiring, Erikayani Friska. RegistrationNumber: 8136112013. Linguistic
Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and
Social Status. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate
School, State University of Medan, 2016.
This research deals with the linguistic characteristics of gender language in
families with different ethnic and social status in Berastagi. The objectives of the
research were to found out the linguistic characteristics and describe the reasons
of linguistic characteristics of gender language in familes with different ethnics
and social status. This research conducted by the qualitative research. The data
were obtained by the observation by recorded the utterances of the parent. The
data collected were analyzed by applying interactive models of Miles and
Huberman. The location of the research was in Desa Rumah Berastagi. The
subject of the research were four parents who have the different ethnics and social
status. The result of the study are there are no consistent characteristics of male
and female in families with different ethnics and social status, some men may
characterize their language to represent either, their powerfulness and
powerlessness. Meaning that a man may use language in the way as the powerful
man does or in the way as woman does. The same thing also happens to the
woman. It caused by the (1)Social status which is divided into two there are
economic status and cultural status and (2) Personality traits.
i
ABSTRACT
Sembiring, Erikayani Friska. Registration Number: 8136112013. Linguistic
Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and
Social Status. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate
School, State University of Medan, 2016.
Kajian ini berkaitan dengan karakteristik bahasa laki-laki dan perempuan di
keluarga yang memilik perbedaan suku dan status sosial di Berastagi. Tujuan dari
kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa karakteristik bahasa laki-laki dan
perempuan dan alasan yang menyebabkan perbedaan karakteristik bahasa
tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif. Data didapatkan
melalui obervasi dengan merekam percakapan antara suami dan istri dalam
keluarga yang memiliki perbedaan suku dan status sosial. Data yang sudah
dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan
Huberman. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di desa Rumah Berastagi. Subjek dari
kajian ini adalah empat keluarga yang mempunyai perbedaan suku dan status
sosial. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tidak adanya karakteristik yang tetap pada
laki-laki dan perempuan yang berbeda suku dan status sosial, laki-laki
menggolongkan bahasa mereka untuk menyatakan kekuasaan dan ketidakuasaan.
Artinya laki-laki menggunakan bahasa dengan karakteristik bahasa laki-laki atau
seperti karakteristik bahasa perempuan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada wanita.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh (1) Status sosial yang dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu status
ekonomi dan status budaya dan (2) Kepribadian.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise is to Jesus Christ, who gives the writer blessing, health, knowledge, power and
opportunity to finish this study. The writer’s deepest gratitude is only for Him, the Most
Gracious and the Most Merciful.
This research could not be completed without a great deal of help of many people. So
in the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to extend her sincere and special
thanks. Her gratitude is intended for her beloved parents, Bapak (Alamta Sembiring), and
mamak (Helmina Br Ginting) for their endless love, prays, motivations, and financial
support and her beloved sister (Afrillia Fani, Am. Keb) and her beloved partner (Saka
Adrison, ST) who never gave up supporting her in accomplishing this thesis on time. She is
nothing without all of them.
Her enormous gratitude and best appreciation are expressed to Dr. Siti Aisyah
Ginting, M.Pd and Prof..Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd her brilliant advisers, who has spent
precious time in giving suggestions, encouragement, guidance, advices until this thesis comes
to its due time.
She also would like to thanks to all lecturers who have given her the valuable
knowledge and science during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of
Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. In particular, she addresses her gratitude
also to Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Pd, the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan,M.Hum the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. The Administration staff (Farid Ma’aruf), for his assistance in the administrative
procedures.
She is also deeply grateful to all her sisters and her brothers and family. Furthermore,
she would like to express her gratitude to her best friends’(Eka Trisna Amd, Elsanta Munthe,
iii
S.Sos, Marlina Novalinda Purba ST, Fitri Puadi Rambe, M.Hum, Kristin Natalia, M.Hum.
And the member of LTBI Unimed Group and friends that can not mention for sharing ideas
and developing her thesis.
The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, the writer
expects some suggestions and critics for this thesis. At last, the writer hopes that this thesis
will be useful for all.
Medan, 09th June 2016
The Writer,
Erikayani Friska Br Sembiring
Reg. No. 8136112013
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
Abstract .......................................................................................................................
i
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... iii
Table of contents........... .................................................................................. .........
iv
List of Tables ............................................................................................................
vi
List of Matrix ...........................................................................................................
vii
List of Figure............................................................................................................
viii
List of Appendices ..................................................................................................
ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................... ......
1
1.1. The Background of the study .................................................................... .....
1
1.2. The Problems of the Study ......................................................................... .....
4
1.3. The Objective of the Study ......................................................................... .....
4
1.4. The Scope of the Study .............................................................................. .....
4
1.5. The Significance of the Study .................................................................... .....
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW O F LITERATURE ........................................... .....
6
2.1. Gender and Language .............................................................................. ....
6
2.2. Factors Affecting Language Differences in Gender ................................. ...
10
2.2.1 Personality ..................................................................................... ....
15
2.3. The Linguistics Characteristics of Gender Language ............................. .....
16
2.4.Relevant Studies ......................................................................................... ......
22
2.5 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................
24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ....................................................... . ..
26
3.1. The Research Design ................................................................................. ....
26
3.2. Data Source and Data of The Study .......................................................... .....
27
3.3.The Technique Data Collection ................................................................ .....
27
3.4.The Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................... .....
27
3.5 Trustworthiness of The Study ......................................................................
29
v
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ..... 31
4.1 Linguistic Characteristics of Gender Language in Families Interaction ....................
31
4.1.1 Linguistic Characteristics Used by Man of Different Ethnics
and Social Status .............................................................................................
32
4.1.2 Linguistic Characteristics Used by Woman of Different Ethnics
and Social Status ............................................................................................
41
4.2 The Reasons for Use Gender Language in Interethnic Marriage ............................
50
4.3 Research Findings ....................................................................................................
60
4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................
60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...............................................
62
5.1 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................
62
5.2 Suggestions .............................................................................................................
62
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ ............
63
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................
65
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
2.1
The Differences Between Male and Female Biologically .................
7
Table
2.2
The Differences Between Male and Female Sociologically .................
9
Table
2.3
Factors in Affecting Language Differences of Man and Woman ...
15
Table
2.4
The Linguistics Characteristics of Gender Language ....................
19
Table
2.5
Conceptual Framework ..................................................................
24
Table
4.1
List of Data Used for Findings in 4.1.1 ........................................
40
Table
4.2
List of Data Used for Findings in 4.1.2 .........................................
49
Table
4.3
The Direct Language of the Wives Caused by Economic
Status that is Higher than that of the Husband ...............................
Table
4.4
The Direct Language of the Husband Cused by Economic
Status that is Higher than that of the Wives ................................
Table
4.5
4.6
52
The Direct Language of th Husband Caused by the Economic
Status that has same Level with the Wives .........................................
Table
51
53
The Direct Language of The Husband Caused by The Cultural
Status .................................................................................................
55
Table
4.7
The Less Direct Language of The Wives Cused by Cultural Status ...
56
Table
4.8
The Direct Language of The wives Caused by Her Personality ..........
58
Table
4.9
Summary of Reasons for Consistency of Gender Language in
Interethnic Marriage ...........................................................................
vii
59
LIST OF MATRIX
Page
Matrix
3.1
The Multi Case Study Design .................................................... 25
Matrix
3.2
Economic and Cultural Status Contribution
to the Use of Language by Husband and Wife
in Interethnic Marriage ............................................................
viii
57
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A Data .........................................................................................
65
Data I Low Status Vs Low Status ........................................................
65
Data II High Status Vs High Status ........................................................
71
Data III Low Status Vs High Status ................................. .....................
77
Data IV High Status Vs High Status .................................. ....................
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Appendix B Category of Data ...........................................................................
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Data I Man Represent Man’s Linguistic Characteristics .........................
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Data II Man Represent Woman’s Linguistic Characteristics .................
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Data III Woman Represent Woman’s Linguistic Characteristics .... .......
98
Data IV Woman Represent Man’s Linguistic Characteristics ................
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
Language serves as means of commmunication. People communicate by using the
language(s) they know in order to represent and and exchange their experience. Language
is the mirror of culture. As a way of communication, language is not only a simple range
of letters, but also the embodiment of rich knowledge, history, emotions and attitudes. In
the cross-cultural communication, as people of different cultural backgrounds speak with
their own set of rules or habits, they follow their own way of speaking automatically in
the conversation. Thus, people are accustomed to interpreting others’ words in their own
way of speaking. Hence appear barriers of cross-cultural communication.
The process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and nonverbal means
speech (oral communication), writing (written communication), signs, signals, or
behaviour. Communication is the centre or the heart of intimate / close human
relationship and a strong key a successful male and female or couple relationship, and it is
the foundation on which all other things are built.
Good communication is always one of the most difficult skills and probably a great
source of friction and problems in any organization. There are some cases that can affect
and make the communication will be complicated, such as situation, cultures, and gender.
Gender also influences the language being chosen. Some researches clearly show that
men and women typically use language differently when addressing either members of
the same or the opposite sex. Gender differentiation make a different linguistics
characteristics of male and female, both of them have their own linguistics characteristics.
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According to Tannen (1990) there are two types talks in communication that always
found in man and woman communication, there are report type and rapport type. In the
report type always used by man ,they use the communication to show the power and their
status, and they are direct. While in rapport type talk, it used by the woman, they use the
communication to show the cooperation and show their feeeling each other, and they are
indirect when communicate.
There are some studies about language and gender, Rezeki (2013) found that the
report type talk is always used by male, to show the power and status, while female use
the rapport type talk, to show the cooperation and show the feelings. While Yulia (2013)
found that male are dominantly used amount of talk, interruption, and conversation
support than female presenters do in the talk show news. 2) male presenters are able to
communicate by female like strategies in “Apa Kabar Indonesia Talk Show News
Program on Tvone”, and vice versa female presenters are able to communicate by malelike strategies in
the talk show news. 3) male and female presenters used style
differently, because they have different characteristics in social life.
From the previous studies above, the writer is interested in exploring language and
gender, especially in the parents that have different ethnics and social status in the family.
Romaine (1994) states that the manner in which people communicate often depends on
their power, and power is related to the social status, ethnicity , age and culture of
someone. Man and woman have different in their form, topic, content, and use. Men and
women may grow up in the same country, in the same society and culture, but they are
members of different genders, different subcultures. Men and women talk differently,
they apply different speech norms and have different expectations for their interlocutors.
One underlying principle is that men have more status and power than women in
societies. Wood in Eagly (2004) states that the greater power and status more typical of
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men’s than women’s roles in patriarchal societies, gender roles also encompass
expectations about traits of dominance and submission. People in more powerful roles
behave in a more dominant style than do people in less powerful roles. Thus, men are
believed to be more dominant, controlling, and assertive, and women are believed to be
more subordinate and cooperative, compliant to social influence, and less overtly
aggressive.
Men and women that come from one ethnics will have their own linguistics
characteristics. For example in Karonese ethnics. Karonese man, will be more direct and
use more of the brief sentences because based on the theory their communication is to
show the power and their status. So their language in the family will be more powerfull
than their wife.
In gender differentiation, man and woman also influenced by their social status in
their society, and in social status will be caused also by some factors , such as occupation
and educational beckground.
People who live in the society will have the different social status each other, social
status can not be separated from the social class. Someone who has high social class will
has the high social status too in a society. As Meyerhoff (2006) states that individuals’
economic situation might be an important factor in defining what class they belong to.
Social status is derived from a range of social actions. Social class here dominantly has
the relation o the occupation, level of education. The effects of occupation interact with a
number of other factors, such as more complex family structures, whether or not a
household has two incomes, the marital status of the heads of household, and whether
there are any children in the household at all.
On the other hand, women compared to other low-status groups in the society, are
viewed not only as expressive and communal but also as nurturing and kind. Social role
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theory likely is correct in assuming that the nearly exclusive assignment of nurturing roles
to women in our society is responsible for the usually high degree of warmth attributed to
women.
Based on that phenomena, it is believed that man and woman have the differentiation
in affecting the language based on some factors especially for the parents in a family that
have different ethnics and social status.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
Based on the backgound of the research. the problem of the research are formulated as
the following:
1. What are the linguistics characteristic of gender language used in families with
parents of different ethnics and social status ?
2. Why are the linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with parents
of different ethnics and social status look the way they are ?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems of the study, the objective of the research are:
1. to find out the linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with
parents of different ethnics and social status.
2. to describe the reason of linguistics characteristics of gender language in families
with parents of different ethnics and social status.
1.4 The Scope of The Study
The study belongs to the scope of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics covers a wide
range of aspects, such as language shift, language maintenance, etc. This study is limited
to the power of language and the factors determine it.
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1.5 The Significances of the Study
It is expected that findings of this study are useful and relevant theoritically and
practically.
1. Theoretically, the findings will be expected to wider and strenghten the theory of
language and power in sociolinguistics.
2. Practically, the findings will be expected to be usefull for :
a. English language learners in their attempt to improve their communication
strategy.
b. The lecturers in their attempt to enrich their instructional material of
sociolinguistics and speaking subject.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis, the conclusions were stated as the following :
1. There are no consistent characteristics of male and female in using the language in
their interaction in the family with different ethnics and social status. Man use the
man’s linguistics characteristics and also use the woman’s linguistic characteristics to
show their powerfulness and powerlessness, It is also happen to the woman.
2. The reasons of causing male and female differentiation in being more direct and less
direct are caused by 2 factors there are (1)
social status which is divide into
economic status and cultural status and (2) personality traits of male in female in the
family.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following :
1. Since the subjects of this study are limited to the Karonese husbands with Javanese
wives, it is suggested that further research with the subject of Javanese husbands and
Karonese wives in order to have further data or finding which may support or weaken
the findings of the present study.
2. Based on the findings, this study is focused on ethnics and social status, it is
suggested to the further researher to point out the other factors to get deeper findings,
such as personality, age, and etc.
3. Based on the findings, this study is suggested to the readers that have the different fact
in the society as the comparison on the theory.
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