LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE OF INTERMARRIAGES CHINESE FAMILIES.
LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE OF
INTERMARRIAGES CHINESE FAMILIES
A Thesis
Submmitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program Postgraduate
School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
MAIRTATI DEWI
Reg.Number 8146112020
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATED SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Dewi, Mairtati. 8146112020. Language Shift and Maintenance of Intermarriages
Chinese Families. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post
Graduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with language shift and language maintenance of intermarriages
Chinese families.It aims at finding out the factors make language shift and language
maintenance occur in intermarriage Chinese families, finding out how language shift
and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families and finding out why
language shift and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families.This
study was conducted in qualitative method of which design was descriptive case
study. The sources of data for this study were four intermarriage Chinese families;
meanwhile the data was the utterances of the intermarriage chinese families.The data
was analyzed by using Interactive Model by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. To find
out what factors affecting language shift and language maintenance in intermarriage
Chinese families, the researcher used theory suggested by Holmes. Based on the data
analysis, the first finding shows that there were six factors affecting language shift
and language maintenance occured in intermarriage chinese families namely
bilingualism, migration, economic, environment, demographic, and attitude. And as
the second finding was that the language shift and language maintenance in
intermarriage Chinese families occured since there are two languages exist in
interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two languages means the competition
between two languages. The competition of couple’s languages in four intermarriage
Chinese families led to language maintenance in three families namely Chinese Man
– Batak Woman, Acehnese Man – Chinese Woman, Javanese Man – Chinese Woman
and language shift occured in one family namely Chinese Man – Malaynese Woman.
And as the third finding was the reasons why language shift and language
maintenance occured in intermarriage Chinese families are bilingualism in which the
man or woman mastered two languages which led to language maintenance,
migration in which the women migrate to follow their husband which led to language
shift and language maintenance, economic factor dealing with the men and women’s
occupations which affected them to maintain or to shift their languages, environment
where they lived in homogenous or heterogenous ethnic affected them to maintain or
to shift their language, demographic factor which made them to use Indonesian
language, and attitude which might be postive to maintain language or negative to
make language shift occured.
Keywords: language shift, language maintenance, intermarriage,Chinese families,
descriptive qualitative, interactive model
i
ABSTRAK
Dewi, Mairtati. 8146112020. Pergeseran Bahasa dan Pemertahanan Bahasa
dalam Pernikahan antar Suku Keluarga Cina. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik
Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.
2016.
Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam
pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan
faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa
dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina, menemukan bagaimana pergeseran
bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi,
dan menemukan mengapa pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam
pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan
menerapkan metode kualitatif dalam desain studi kasus deskriptif. Sumber data dalam
penelitian ini adalah empat pasangan pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina sedangkan
data penelitian adalah ujaran – ujaran pasangan pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina.
Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif oleh Miles, Huberman, dan
Saldana.Untuk menemukan faktor – faktor apa yang mempengaruhi pergeseran
bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina, peneliti
menggunakan teori Holmes. Berdasarkan data analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa
temuan pertama (1) ada enam faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan
pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina yaitu bilingualism,
migrasi, ekonomi, lingkungan, demografi, dan sikap. Dan temuan kedua (2) yaitu
pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga
Cina terjadi karena ada dua bahasa yang muncul pada pernikahan antar suku.
Keberadaan kedua bahasa ini berarti ada kompetisi kedua bahasa. Kompetisi dari
bahasa – bahasa pasangan dalam empat pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina yang
pada akhirnya memunculkan pemertahanan bahasa dalam tiga keluarga yaitu laki laki
Cina – Perempuan Batak, laki laki Aceh – Perempuan Cina, laki laki Jawa –
Perempuan Cina, dan pergeseran bahasa terjadi dalam keluarga laki laki Cina –
Perempuan Melayu. Dan temuan ketiga (3) yaitu alasan mengapa pergeseran bahasa
dan pemertahanan bahasa terjadi dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina adalah
bilingualism dimana laki laki atau perempuan menguasai kedua bahasa yang
menyebabkan terjadinya pemertahanan bahasa, migrasi dimana perempuan
bermigrasi ke lingkungan suami yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa
atau pemertahanan bahasa, faktor ekonomi, lingkungan dimana mereka hidup dalam
lingkungan homogen atau plural etnik yang mempengaruhi mereka untuk
mempertahankan bahasa mereka, faktor demograpi yang membuat mereka berbahasa
Indonesia, dan sikap positif yang menyebabkan pemertahanan bahasa atau negatif
yang menyebabkan pergeseran bahasa.
Kata Kunci: Pergeseran bahasa, pemertahanan bahasa, pernikahan antar suku,
keluarga Cina, deskriptif kualitatif, model interaktif
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah SWT the most gracious and the most merciful, she
would like to express her sincere gratitude to Allah the Almighty who has given her
blessing health, strength and patience in the process of her study until completing this
thesis with the title Language Shift and Maintenance of intermarriage Chinese
Families as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister
Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State
University of Medan.
This thesis would not also have been possible brought into existence without
the help of many great people. The writer would like to express her gratitude to Prof.
Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as her first and second
adviser who have consciously guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing
with all of the constructive comments, which helped her to complete this thesis.
The writer would also like to express her gratitude to the head of English
Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and the secretary, Dr. Anni
Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and the staff, Farid Ma’ruf who have assisted her in the
process of administration requirement during the process of her study in the
postgraduate program. Then, her thanks to all the lecturers of the English Applied
Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have given their valuable
knowledge to her in their lectures.
Thanks also are due to her proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. T.
Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D , Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum, and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed.
for their appropriate and helpful commentaries and constructive suggestions.
The inexpressible gratitude to her beloved mother , Lasmaidar and her father
Alm for their love, patience, prayer, and support in encouraging the writer to finish
her study. Then to her husband, M. Hardi, Her children M. Arda Nugraha,
iii
Meidhanisa Ardhiati Pratiwi, Oriza Baqi Anshor, and M. Wafi Alirsyad Tsaqib and
all relatives for their love, sincerity, prayer and support.
Very special thanks to the head of SMA Negeri 4 Kejuruan Muda, Drs.Basir
M.M and her all the teachers in SMAN 4 Kejuruan Muda for their support, help, and
motivation during she did the research.
Then, her sincere thanks to her beloved husband and her niece for sincerity,
support, suggestion, and great contribution from beginning until finishing her study.
Sincere thanks also to her beloved best friends on LTBI B-1 UNIMED 2014, Orli
Binta Tumanggor who give much support and others whom she can not mention one
by one for their love, sincerity, prayers, support and help to the writer until finishing
her study.
The last, the writer offers her regards and thanks to all of her friends in
UNIMED especially LTBI UNIMED 2014, friends and her students in XII IS1, and
all of those who have supported her from beginning until finishing her study,
especially during the completion of this thesis. Thank you very much. I love you to
the moon and back. May Allah bless us.
Medan,
, 2016
The writer
Mairtati dewi
Reg.number 8146112020
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract
.....................................................................................................
i
Abstrak
.....................................................................................................
ii
Acknowledgment ..........................................................................................
iii
Table of Contents ..........................................................................................
v
List of Appendices ........................................................................................
viii
List of Figures ...............................................................................................
ix
List of Tables .................................................................................................
x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...............................................................
1
1.1 The Background of Study....................................................................
1
1.2 The Problem of Study..........................................................................
7
1.3 The Objectives of Study ......................................................................
7
1.4 The Scope of Study .............................................................................
8
1.5 The Significance of Study ...................................................................
8
CHAPTER II . REVIEW OF LITERATURE .........................................
9
2.1 Language Maintenance.......................................................................
9
2.1.1 Language Maintenance in Billingual community .....................
10
2.1.2 The Factors Affecting of Language Maintenance .....................
11
2.2 Language Shift ....................................................................................
12
2.2.1 Factors that Influence Language Shift .....................................
13
2.2.1.1 Bilingualism ....................................................................
15
2.2.1.2 Demographic. ..................................................................
16
2.2.1.3 Attitude ...........................................................................
16
2.2.1.4 Economic........................................................................
18
2.2.1.5 Politic ..............................................................................
18
2.2.1.6 Social ..............................................................................
18
v
2.2.1.7 Migration ...............................................................................
19
2.2.1.8 Environment ..........................................................................
19
2.3 The Pattern of Language Use in Mixed Family ..................................
20
2.4 The Pattern of Language Shift.............................................................
21
2.5 The Dimension in language Shift Study..............................................
25
2.6 The Effect of Language Shift .............................................................
27
2.7 Inter-ethnic Couples and Language Shift/ Maintenance.................
27
2.8 The Relationship between Language Maintenance and
Language Shift ...................................................................................
28
2.9. Relevant Studies ................................................................... .............
31
2.10. Conceptual Framework ....................................................................
39
CHAPTER III . METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH............................
42
3.1 The Research Design ...........................................................................
42
3.2 The Data and Source of Data of the Study .........................................
42
3.3 The Instrument for Collecting Data.....................................................
43
3.4 The Technique of Collecting Data ......................................................
43
3.4.1 Questionnaire-Interview ..............................................................
43
3.4.2. Observation ................................................................................
44
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis .........................................................
44
3.5.1. Data Collection .........................................................................
45
3.5.2. Data Condensation ...................................................................
46
3.5.3 Data Display .............................................................................
47
3.5.4 Drawing Conclusion/Verification ............................................
47
3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study...............................................................
47
3.7 Creadibility ..........................................................................................
48
3.8 Transferability .....................................................................................
49
3.9 Dependability ......................................................................................
49
3.10 Confirmability....................................................................... ............
49
vi
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION
50
4.1 Data Analysis ......................................................................................
50
4.2 Findings ..............................................................................................
51
4.2.1 Factors Affecting Language Shift and language Maintenance
Occur in Intermarriage Chinese Families ..................................
51
4.2.2 The Occurences of Language Shift and Language
Maintenance in
Intermarriages Chinese Families
in Medan ................................................. ...................................
64
4.2.2 The Reasons of Language Shift and Language Maintenance
Occurences in Intermarriage Chinese Families
in Medan .....................................................................................
66
4.3 Discussions .........................................................................................
68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.........................
71
5.1 Conclusions .........................................................................................
71
5.2 Suggestions .........................................................................................
72
REFERENCES............................................................................................
73
APPENDICES ............................................................................................
75
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A ................................................................................................ 75
Apendix B .................................................................................................. 76
Apendix C ................................................................................................. 139
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 2.1 .... ... ........................................................................................... 21
Figure 2.2 .................................................................................................. 29
Figure 2.3 .................................................................................................. 31
Figuer 2.4 ................................................................................................... 41
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1.1
........ .......................................................................................... 4
Table 3.1. ........ ........................................................................................... 43
Table 4.1
........ ......................................................................................... 53
Table 4.2. ........ ........................................................................................... 56
Table 4.3
........ ......................................................................................... 59
Table 4.4. ........ ........................................................................................... 60
Table 4.5
........ ......................................................................................... 61
Table 4.6. ........ ........................................................................................... 62
Table 4.7. ........ ........................................................................................... 66
x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the study
All human activities always involve language as a means to interact
among people. Indonesia consists of many ethnics and languages. So, there is a
tendency that inter-ethnic marriages happens. Inter-ethnic marriage are a
combination of two people from different ethnic and language also. It means that
there are two languages exist in interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two
languages means the competition between two language. So the researcher is
interested in investigating this phenomenon especially in Chinese family in
Kilometre 12 Medan. The researcher found the language shift and language
maintaince that happened in inter marriage of chinese family. Fasold (1984:231)
states that language shift refers to changes in language use among a community of
speakers such as when a community stars to use one language in domains and
functions in which its members had previously used another language and a shift
in the number of speakers of a language. Weinreich (1978:79) states similarly as
Fasold, he defines language shift as the changes from the habitual use of one
language to another.
Furthermore, Romaine (2000:49) says that this shift is unavoidable when
two languages compete for use in the same domain. In nature we find numerous
kinds of communication system, many of which appear to be unique to their
possessors, and one of them is the language of the human species. Basically, the
purpose of communication is the preservation, growth, and development of the
1
2
species (Smith and Miller 1968; 265). Without a language the society can not be
formed and there will no community, It is agreed that language can not be
separated from culture, as language is a product of the culture, language is
holistically part and parcel of human culture which not properly protected and
propogated can loss its true nature and can equally deteriorate like every other
misshandled or unprotected culture. It serves as people’s of life, their heritage and
national identity.
Chinese Indonesian account for about 3% of the population but they are
influential, controlling most of the country's wealth and commerce. Nowadays,
vernaculars in Indonesia as mother tounge face a challenge against the existence
of Indonesia language and foreign language. Many vernaculars in Indonesia
shifted even endangered. As it was informed in Kompas (2007) about 726 of 746
vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one
million language users. Speaking about Chinese -Indonesians are ethnic Chinese
people living in Indonesia, as a result of centuries of overseas Chinese migration.
The Chinese-Indonesian experience in Indonesia is one of extremes. On the one
hand, they have made it their home and it's been a land of plenty as many have
become fabulously rich, mostly in business. On the other hand, there have been
some bloody pogroms targeting them, the most recent in 1998. Official
discrimination is still on the books (or, at least, implemented as such) in most
government offices.
Currently, there are roughly nine million Chinese-Indonesians spread
throughout the archipelago, mostly in large urban centers. There are
approximately three million Chinese-Indonesians in Greater Jakarta and despite
3
being a tiny minority of the overall ethnic makeup of Indonesia (less than 4
percent of the total), their enormous economic strength and concentration in the
capital city means the Chinese-Indonesian "footprint" is ubiquitous in many
sectors. Speaking about one of the ethnic groups is chinese. Chinese: The most
significant ethnic minority of foreign origin in Indonesia. Chinese began
inhabiting Indonesia since the 15th century with significant waves in 18th and
19th century. Mostly concentrated in pecinan (chinatowns) in urban Java, Sumatra
and
Kalimantan
cities
with
significant
numbers
in
Jakarta, North
Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung Islands, and West Kalimantan.
Since Indonesian independence, the Javanese and Bataknese have replaced the
Chinese as the largest ethnic group in Medan in 2000 census: A highly visible
component of Medan's population is the large number of Chinese, the largest
Chinese community on Sumatra Island, who are active in the business and trading
sector. Almost all Chinese residents in Medan can speak fluent Hokkien, a dialect
originating from Fujian Province in Southern China. Medan also has its own
variation of Hokkien, known as Medan Hokkien the Chinese living spread
throughout the city.
This research related with the previous study done by Musgrave (2006)
from Monash University, which discussed about language shift and language
maintenance in Indonesia. But the explanation which is given by him is not clear
enough. That is the first reason why the researcher chooses language shift and
language maintenance as her topic. The second reason, Indonesia consists of
many ethnics and languages. So there there is a tendency that inter marriage
happens. The third reason is from the previous research focused on National
4
language such as Bahasa Indonesia and some other ethnic language such as
Mandailingnese, Karonese, Javanese, Bataknese and so on. But for Chinese still
less, so in this research the researcher is interested to do the research in Chinese
family.
The researcher in this study found it is important to conduct a study on
Chinese language shift and language maintaince in mixed married families.In
Medan, Chinese people socialized with many people who are from other ethnics.
In this case, a man from Chinese is looking for a no Chinese woman or a Chinese
woman is looking for a non Chinese man then they got married with. We
classified their family into intermarriage families because they are different ethnic
and culture. For example:
Married
couple
Husband
Wife
Table 1.1. Intermarriage Families
1st family
2nd family
3rd family
Chineseman
Chineseman
Acehneseman
Bataknese
Woman
Malaynesewoma
n
Chinese
Woman
4th family
Javanesem
an
Chinese
woman
From the intermarried family above the researcher find out language shift
happened when a certain language has shifted the use of their mother tongue to
the use of dominant language, and usually it happens to young generation.
Reseacher
Subject 1
Researcher
Subject 1
Researcher
: Dek, Kamu suku apa?
(Dek, What is your ethnic?)
: Kalau bapak suku China dan mamak suku Melayu kak
( My father is Chinese and Mom is Malaynese )
: Jadi kalau di rumah orangtua pakai bahasa apa?
( So if you are at home, What language do you use with
your parents ?)
: Pakai bahasa Indonesia kak
(using Indonesia language Sis )
: Ngga pakai bahasa China atau bahasa Melayu ?
(doesn’t use Chinese language or Malaynese language?)
5
Subject 1
Researcher
Subject 1
: Ngga kak, bapak kalau kumpul ama keluarganya pakai
bahasa China. Tapi mamak pakai bahasa Melayu kalau
kumpul sama keluarganya
( No, it doesn’t Sis, my father uses Chinese language with
his family but my mother uses Malaynese with her
family)
: Jadi kalian satu keluarga tidak ada yang mengerti bahasa
Cina?
(So None of you understand chinese language ?)
: Ngga kak
( No Sis )
In line with the conversation above, it could be seen that the child from
intermarriage Chinese Man and Malaynese woman shifted their language into
Indonesian.
Reseacher
Subject 2
Researcher
Subject 2
Researcher
Subject 2
: Dek, Kamu suku apa?
(Dek, What is your ethnic?)
: Kalau bapak suku China dan mamak suku Batak.
( My father is Chinese and Mom is Bataknese )
: Jadi kalau di rumah orangtua pakai bahasa apa?
( So if you are at home, What language do you use with
your parents ?)
: Pakai bahasa Cina kak
(using Chinese language Sis )
: Ngga pakai bahasa Batak?
(doesn’t use Chinese language or Malaynese language?)
: Ngga kak
( No Sis )
In line with the conversation above, it could be seen that the child from
intermarriage Chinese Man and Bataknese woman maintened Chinese langauge.
Holmes states that (1992;29) “People may select a particular variety of
code because it makes it easier to discuss a particular topic,regardless of where
they speaking. Therefore,the numbers of the multiethnic speech communities have
to decide on what language to use when they are in different domains. At home,
people often discuss work or school, for instance, using the language associated
with those domains, rather than the language of the family domain then people
6
from different ethnicity share more than one language, the question of appropriate
choice of language arises because different speech commuities have a range of
linguistic variation. In these case, a speaker must choose which set of variants to
use with in a single language in any given situation.
Therefore, when we consider within language variation to be a kind of
language choice problem, then language choice is possible for monolingual
speakers as well as bilinguals (Romaine, 1994,181). Certain social factors such as
the participants, domains, the function and the topic of the interaction, social
distance, the status relationship between people, features of the setting and the
dimension of formality turn out to be important in accounting for language choice
in many different of kinds of speech communities (Holmes,1992).
This thesis is a study of language shift and maintenance in mixed
marriages in Chinese families. Broadly the goals of this thesis are as follows :
firstly, to asses the degree of language shift in Chinese families, Secondly, to
know the phenomenon of language shift or maintenance that occurs in mixed
marriages in Chinese families. Chinese man has significance influenced language
shift than the women who are from Chinese. Thirdly, in presenting these results ;
to contribute to the area of language shift and maintenance.
To their family’s member, they have some reasons why they choose one
ethnics language or Bahasa Indonesia as their united communication in their
family. The first reason, the couple do not know use their ethnics language to
communicate with their family’s members at home. They use Indonesia language
in their communication at home. Second, one of the couples do not know how to
say well or pronounce their ethnics language. For example, the man from Chinese
7
(CM) married with the woman from Malaynese (MW). His wife doesn’t know
how to speak Chinese, so the couple deal with Indonesian Language for their
language. The third, they used one ethnics language to communicate. For
instance, when they lived in Chinese environment mother is from Chinese and
father is from Acehnese, they agree to use Chinese language at home. This
situation explained that Chinese language can be maintain. Another case father is
from Chinese and mother is from Malaynese. Mother does not know how to speak
Chinese but both of them know Indonesian Language so they agreed to speak
Indonesian Language.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the previous background the problems are formulated as the
following :
1. What factors make language shift and language maintenance occur in
intermarriage Chinese families?
2. How do language shift and language maintain occur in intermariage
Chinese families ?
3. Why do language shift and language maintain occur in intermariage
Chinese families ?
1.3 The Objectives of the study
In relation to the problems the objectives of the study are :
1. To find out the factors make language shift and language maintenance
occur in intermarriage Chinese families
8
2. To find out how language shift and language maintain occur in
intermarriage Chinese families
3. To find out why language shift and language maintain occur in
intermarriage Chinese families
1.4 The Scope of the study
This study focused on language shift and language maintance in
intermarriage
families in Medan should be very interesting and it is closely
related to language planning in intermarriages families, The writer only took 4
groups of families in that place. They are Chinese and Javanese, Chinese and
Acehnese, Chinese and Bataknese and Chinese and Malaynese.
1.5 The Significance of the study
After conducting this study, it is hoped significantly relevant to
theoretically and practicaly aspects.
Theoretically, this research finding hoped to be useful for the next
researher who will do in depth research dealing about language maintenance and
shift or any research about Chinese Language in mix marriages. Practically, it is
hoped to be useful for all Chinese to realize that it is important to maintenance
their language in order to keep the existence of their ethnic groups.
73
REFERENCES
Bano, K.F. 2010. Characteristics of Language Shift in Two American Hungarian
Bilingual Communities. International Journal of the Sociology of
Language 2. 6-18
Bayer, J.M. 2005. Sociolingusitic Perspectives of Cultures in Transition Indian
Tribal Situation.Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics,Vol. 31 No. 2
Bogdan, R.C. &Biklen, S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education;
Introduction to Theory and Methods 2ndedn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Burns, R.B. 1995. Introduction to Research Methods. London: Longman Chin,
N.B. & Wigglesworth, G. 2007. Bilingualism: An Advanced Resource
Book. New York: Routledge
Cavallaro, Fransesco and Serwe, Stefan Karl. 2010. Language use and language
shift among the Malays in Singapore. Retrieved at:
http://publicactions.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/4460/1/ALR_06Cavallaro.pdf
on June 2016.
Conkline, N. & Lourie, M. 1983. A Host of Tongues: Language Communities in
the United States. New York: Free Press. Society.
Conklin, N.F. &Margareth, A.L. 1983. Multilingualism and Language Change.
London: The Free Press Collier Macmillan
Crystal, D. 1997. English As a Global Language. Cambridge University Press
Crystal, D. 2003. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Csilla, B. 2003. Language Shift in Romani – Speaking Communities in Hungary
Combining Macro and Micro Interpretations. International Journal of the
SociologyOf Language, Vol. III, P. 93 – 102
Fasold, R. 1984. The sociolinguistics of Society. New york : Basil Blackwell
Ferguson, C.A. 1996.Sociolinguistic perspective. New york : Oxpord University
Press
Fase, W. Jaspaert, K & Kroon, S., eds. 1992. Maintenance and Loss of Minority
Languages. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Fishman, J.A. 1972. The Sociology of Language. Massachusetts: Newbury House
Publication.
Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon Avon : Multilingual
Matters.
73
74
Fishman, J. 1996 Language Maintenance and Language shift as afield of inguiry.
In J. Fishman (Ed), Language Loyalty in the United States (pp: 424-458).
London, UK: Mouton
Fishman, J. 1980. Language Maintenance. In S. Thernstorm (Ed), Harvard
encyclopedia of American ethnic groups (pp: 629-638). Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press.
Masruddin. 2014. Influenced Factors Towards The Language Shift Phenomenon
Of Wotunese. Vol 4 No 2. Retrieved at:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/viewFile/10673/110
03 on June 2016.
Michieka, Martha. 2012. Language Maintenance and Shift among Kenyan
University Students.Retrieved at:
http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/41/paper2746.pdf on June 2016
Miles, M.B., M.A. Huberman., & J. Saldana. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A
Methods Sourcebook. USA: Sage.
Putri, R.S., Setiawan, Slamet. 2014. Language Shift and Maintenance among
Chinese Community in Surabaya: A Case of Non-Migrant Community.
Vol 2 No 2. Retrieved at: http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/languagehorizon/article/view/7665 on June 2016.
Rice,, F.P . 1990 .The Adolescent Development , Relationship & Culture(6th ed).
Boston:Ally &Bacon.
Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
New York: Oxford University Press
Samadi, S.P. 2007. PelestarianBahasaJawaMelaluiSekolah.SuaraKarya
Schmid, M.S. 2004. First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on
Methodological Issues. Amsterdam: Benjamins
INTERMARRIAGES CHINESE FAMILIES
A Thesis
Submmitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program Postgraduate
School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
MAIRTATI DEWI
Reg.Number 8146112020
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATED SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Dewi, Mairtati. 8146112020. Language Shift and Maintenance of Intermarriages
Chinese Families. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post
Graduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with language shift and language maintenance of intermarriages
Chinese families.It aims at finding out the factors make language shift and language
maintenance occur in intermarriage Chinese families, finding out how language shift
and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families and finding out why
language shift and language maintain occur in intermarriage Chinese families.This
study was conducted in qualitative method of which design was descriptive case
study. The sources of data for this study were four intermarriage Chinese families;
meanwhile the data was the utterances of the intermarriage chinese families.The data
was analyzed by using Interactive Model by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. To find
out what factors affecting language shift and language maintenance in intermarriage
Chinese families, the researcher used theory suggested by Holmes. Based on the data
analysis, the first finding shows that there were six factors affecting language shift
and language maintenance occured in intermarriage chinese families namely
bilingualism, migration, economic, environment, demographic, and attitude. And as
the second finding was that the language shift and language maintenance in
intermarriage Chinese families occured since there are two languages exist in
interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two languages means the competition
between two languages. The competition of couple’s languages in four intermarriage
Chinese families led to language maintenance in three families namely Chinese Man
– Batak Woman, Acehnese Man – Chinese Woman, Javanese Man – Chinese Woman
and language shift occured in one family namely Chinese Man – Malaynese Woman.
And as the third finding was the reasons why language shift and language
maintenance occured in intermarriage Chinese families are bilingualism in which the
man or woman mastered two languages which led to language maintenance,
migration in which the women migrate to follow their husband which led to language
shift and language maintenance, economic factor dealing with the men and women’s
occupations which affected them to maintain or to shift their languages, environment
where they lived in homogenous or heterogenous ethnic affected them to maintain or
to shift their language, demographic factor which made them to use Indonesian
language, and attitude which might be postive to maintain language or negative to
make language shift occured.
Keywords: language shift, language maintenance, intermarriage,Chinese families,
descriptive qualitative, interactive model
i
ABSTRAK
Dewi, Mairtati. 8146112020. Pergeseran Bahasa dan Pemertahanan Bahasa
dalam Pernikahan antar Suku Keluarga Cina. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik
Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.
2016.
Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam
pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan
faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa
dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina, menemukan bagaimana pergeseran
bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi,
dan menemukan mengapa pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam
pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina terjadi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan
menerapkan metode kualitatif dalam desain studi kasus deskriptif. Sumber data dalam
penelitian ini adalah empat pasangan pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina sedangkan
data penelitian adalah ujaran – ujaran pasangan pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina.
Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif oleh Miles, Huberman, dan
Saldana.Untuk menemukan faktor – faktor apa yang mempengaruhi pergeseran
bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina, peneliti
menggunakan teori Holmes. Berdasarkan data analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa
temuan pertama (1) ada enam faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan
pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina yaitu bilingualism,
migrasi, ekonomi, lingkungan, demografi, dan sikap. Dan temuan kedua (2) yaitu
pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga
Cina terjadi karena ada dua bahasa yang muncul pada pernikahan antar suku.
Keberadaan kedua bahasa ini berarti ada kompetisi kedua bahasa. Kompetisi dari
bahasa – bahasa pasangan dalam empat pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina yang
pada akhirnya memunculkan pemertahanan bahasa dalam tiga keluarga yaitu laki laki
Cina – Perempuan Batak, laki laki Aceh – Perempuan Cina, laki laki Jawa –
Perempuan Cina, dan pergeseran bahasa terjadi dalam keluarga laki laki Cina –
Perempuan Melayu. Dan temuan ketiga (3) yaitu alasan mengapa pergeseran bahasa
dan pemertahanan bahasa terjadi dalam pernikahan antar suku keluarga Cina adalah
bilingualism dimana laki laki atau perempuan menguasai kedua bahasa yang
menyebabkan terjadinya pemertahanan bahasa, migrasi dimana perempuan
bermigrasi ke lingkungan suami yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa
atau pemertahanan bahasa, faktor ekonomi, lingkungan dimana mereka hidup dalam
lingkungan homogen atau plural etnik yang mempengaruhi mereka untuk
mempertahankan bahasa mereka, faktor demograpi yang membuat mereka berbahasa
Indonesia, dan sikap positif yang menyebabkan pemertahanan bahasa atau negatif
yang menyebabkan pergeseran bahasa.
Kata Kunci: Pergeseran bahasa, pemertahanan bahasa, pernikahan antar suku,
keluarga Cina, deskriptif kualitatif, model interaktif
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah SWT the most gracious and the most merciful, she
would like to express her sincere gratitude to Allah the Almighty who has given her
blessing health, strength and patience in the process of her study until completing this
thesis with the title Language Shift and Maintenance of intermarriage Chinese
Families as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister
Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State
University of Medan.
This thesis would not also have been possible brought into existence without
the help of many great people. The writer would like to express her gratitude to Prof.
Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as her first and second
adviser who have consciously guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing
with all of the constructive comments, which helped her to complete this thesis.
The writer would also like to express her gratitude to the head of English
Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and the secretary, Dr. Anni
Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and the staff, Farid Ma’ruf who have assisted her in the
process of administration requirement during the process of her study in the
postgraduate program. Then, her thanks to all the lecturers of the English Applied
Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have given their valuable
knowledge to her in their lectures.
Thanks also are due to her proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. T.
Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D , Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum, and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed.
for their appropriate and helpful commentaries and constructive suggestions.
The inexpressible gratitude to her beloved mother , Lasmaidar and her father
Alm for their love, patience, prayer, and support in encouraging the writer to finish
her study. Then to her husband, M. Hardi, Her children M. Arda Nugraha,
iii
Meidhanisa Ardhiati Pratiwi, Oriza Baqi Anshor, and M. Wafi Alirsyad Tsaqib and
all relatives for their love, sincerity, prayer and support.
Very special thanks to the head of SMA Negeri 4 Kejuruan Muda, Drs.Basir
M.M and her all the teachers in SMAN 4 Kejuruan Muda for their support, help, and
motivation during she did the research.
Then, her sincere thanks to her beloved husband and her niece for sincerity,
support, suggestion, and great contribution from beginning until finishing her study.
Sincere thanks also to her beloved best friends on LTBI B-1 UNIMED 2014, Orli
Binta Tumanggor who give much support and others whom she can not mention one
by one for their love, sincerity, prayers, support and help to the writer until finishing
her study.
The last, the writer offers her regards and thanks to all of her friends in
UNIMED especially LTBI UNIMED 2014, friends and her students in XII IS1, and
all of those who have supported her from beginning until finishing her study,
especially during the completion of this thesis. Thank you very much. I love you to
the moon and back. May Allah bless us.
Medan,
, 2016
The writer
Mairtati dewi
Reg.number 8146112020
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract
.....................................................................................................
i
Abstrak
.....................................................................................................
ii
Acknowledgment ..........................................................................................
iii
Table of Contents ..........................................................................................
v
List of Appendices ........................................................................................
viii
List of Figures ...............................................................................................
ix
List of Tables .................................................................................................
x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...............................................................
1
1.1 The Background of Study....................................................................
1
1.2 The Problem of Study..........................................................................
7
1.3 The Objectives of Study ......................................................................
7
1.4 The Scope of Study .............................................................................
8
1.5 The Significance of Study ...................................................................
8
CHAPTER II . REVIEW OF LITERATURE .........................................
9
2.1 Language Maintenance.......................................................................
9
2.1.1 Language Maintenance in Billingual community .....................
10
2.1.2 The Factors Affecting of Language Maintenance .....................
11
2.2 Language Shift ....................................................................................
12
2.2.1 Factors that Influence Language Shift .....................................
13
2.2.1.1 Bilingualism ....................................................................
15
2.2.1.2 Demographic. ..................................................................
16
2.2.1.3 Attitude ...........................................................................
16
2.2.1.4 Economic........................................................................
18
2.2.1.5 Politic ..............................................................................
18
2.2.1.6 Social ..............................................................................
18
v
2.2.1.7 Migration ...............................................................................
19
2.2.1.8 Environment ..........................................................................
19
2.3 The Pattern of Language Use in Mixed Family ..................................
20
2.4 The Pattern of Language Shift.............................................................
21
2.5 The Dimension in language Shift Study..............................................
25
2.6 The Effect of Language Shift .............................................................
27
2.7 Inter-ethnic Couples and Language Shift/ Maintenance.................
27
2.8 The Relationship between Language Maintenance and
Language Shift ...................................................................................
28
2.9. Relevant Studies ................................................................... .............
31
2.10. Conceptual Framework ....................................................................
39
CHAPTER III . METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH............................
42
3.1 The Research Design ...........................................................................
42
3.2 The Data and Source of Data of the Study .........................................
42
3.3 The Instrument for Collecting Data.....................................................
43
3.4 The Technique of Collecting Data ......................................................
43
3.4.1 Questionnaire-Interview ..............................................................
43
3.4.2. Observation ................................................................................
44
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis .........................................................
44
3.5.1. Data Collection .........................................................................
45
3.5.2. Data Condensation ...................................................................
46
3.5.3 Data Display .............................................................................
47
3.5.4 Drawing Conclusion/Verification ............................................
47
3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study...............................................................
47
3.7 Creadibility ..........................................................................................
48
3.8 Transferability .....................................................................................
49
3.9 Dependability ......................................................................................
49
3.10 Confirmability....................................................................... ............
49
vi
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION
50
4.1 Data Analysis ......................................................................................
50
4.2 Findings ..............................................................................................
51
4.2.1 Factors Affecting Language Shift and language Maintenance
Occur in Intermarriage Chinese Families ..................................
51
4.2.2 The Occurences of Language Shift and Language
Maintenance in
Intermarriages Chinese Families
in Medan ................................................. ...................................
64
4.2.2 The Reasons of Language Shift and Language Maintenance
Occurences in Intermarriage Chinese Families
in Medan .....................................................................................
66
4.3 Discussions .........................................................................................
68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.........................
71
5.1 Conclusions .........................................................................................
71
5.2 Suggestions .........................................................................................
72
REFERENCES............................................................................................
73
APPENDICES ............................................................................................
75
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A ................................................................................................ 75
Apendix B .................................................................................................. 76
Apendix C ................................................................................................. 139
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 2.1 .... ... ........................................................................................... 21
Figure 2.2 .................................................................................................. 29
Figure 2.3 .................................................................................................. 31
Figuer 2.4 ................................................................................................... 41
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1.1
........ .......................................................................................... 4
Table 3.1. ........ ........................................................................................... 43
Table 4.1
........ ......................................................................................... 53
Table 4.2. ........ ........................................................................................... 56
Table 4.3
........ ......................................................................................... 59
Table 4.4. ........ ........................................................................................... 60
Table 4.5
........ ......................................................................................... 61
Table 4.6. ........ ........................................................................................... 62
Table 4.7. ........ ........................................................................................... 66
x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the study
All human activities always involve language as a means to interact
among people. Indonesia consists of many ethnics and languages. So, there is a
tendency that inter-ethnic marriages happens. Inter-ethnic marriage are a
combination of two people from different ethnic and language also. It means that
there are two languages exist in interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two
languages means the competition between two language. So the researcher is
interested in investigating this phenomenon especially in Chinese family in
Kilometre 12 Medan. The researcher found the language shift and language
maintaince that happened in inter marriage of chinese family. Fasold (1984:231)
states that language shift refers to changes in language use among a community of
speakers such as when a community stars to use one language in domains and
functions in which its members had previously used another language and a shift
in the number of speakers of a language. Weinreich (1978:79) states similarly as
Fasold, he defines language shift as the changes from the habitual use of one
language to another.
Furthermore, Romaine (2000:49) says that this shift is unavoidable when
two languages compete for use in the same domain. In nature we find numerous
kinds of communication system, many of which appear to be unique to their
possessors, and one of them is the language of the human species. Basically, the
purpose of communication is the preservation, growth, and development of the
1
2
species (Smith and Miller 1968; 265). Without a language the society can not be
formed and there will no community, It is agreed that language can not be
separated from culture, as language is a product of the culture, language is
holistically part and parcel of human culture which not properly protected and
propogated can loss its true nature and can equally deteriorate like every other
misshandled or unprotected culture. It serves as people’s of life, their heritage and
national identity.
Chinese Indonesian account for about 3% of the population but they are
influential, controlling most of the country's wealth and commerce. Nowadays,
vernaculars in Indonesia as mother tounge face a challenge against the existence
of Indonesia language and foreign language. Many vernaculars in Indonesia
shifted even endangered. As it was informed in Kompas (2007) about 726 of 746
vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one
million language users. Speaking about Chinese -Indonesians are ethnic Chinese
people living in Indonesia, as a result of centuries of overseas Chinese migration.
The Chinese-Indonesian experience in Indonesia is one of extremes. On the one
hand, they have made it their home and it's been a land of plenty as many have
become fabulously rich, mostly in business. On the other hand, there have been
some bloody pogroms targeting them, the most recent in 1998. Official
discrimination is still on the books (or, at least, implemented as such) in most
government offices.
Currently, there are roughly nine million Chinese-Indonesians spread
throughout the archipelago, mostly in large urban centers. There are
approximately three million Chinese-Indonesians in Greater Jakarta and despite
3
being a tiny minority of the overall ethnic makeup of Indonesia (less than 4
percent of the total), their enormous economic strength and concentration in the
capital city means the Chinese-Indonesian "footprint" is ubiquitous in many
sectors. Speaking about one of the ethnic groups is chinese. Chinese: The most
significant ethnic minority of foreign origin in Indonesia. Chinese began
inhabiting Indonesia since the 15th century with significant waves in 18th and
19th century. Mostly concentrated in pecinan (chinatowns) in urban Java, Sumatra
and
Kalimantan
cities
with
significant
numbers
in
Jakarta, North
Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung Islands, and West Kalimantan.
Since Indonesian independence, the Javanese and Bataknese have replaced the
Chinese as the largest ethnic group in Medan in 2000 census: A highly visible
component of Medan's population is the large number of Chinese, the largest
Chinese community on Sumatra Island, who are active in the business and trading
sector. Almost all Chinese residents in Medan can speak fluent Hokkien, a dialect
originating from Fujian Province in Southern China. Medan also has its own
variation of Hokkien, known as Medan Hokkien the Chinese living spread
throughout the city.
This research related with the previous study done by Musgrave (2006)
from Monash University, which discussed about language shift and language
maintenance in Indonesia. But the explanation which is given by him is not clear
enough. That is the first reason why the researcher chooses language shift and
language maintenance as her topic. The second reason, Indonesia consists of
many ethnics and languages. So there there is a tendency that inter marriage
happens. The third reason is from the previous research focused on National
4
language such as Bahasa Indonesia and some other ethnic language such as
Mandailingnese, Karonese, Javanese, Bataknese and so on. But for Chinese still
less, so in this research the researcher is interested to do the research in Chinese
family.
The researcher in this study found it is important to conduct a study on
Chinese language shift and language maintaince in mixed married families.In
Medan, Chinese people socialized with many people who are from other ethnics.
In this case, a man from Chinese is looking for a no Chinese woman or a Chinese
woman is looking for a non Chinese man then they got married with. We
classified their family into intermarriage families because they are different ethnic
and culture. For example:
Married
couple
Husband
Wife
Table 1.1. Intermarriage Families
1st family
2nd family
3rd family
Chineseman
Chineseman
Acehneseman
Bataknese
Woman
Malaynesewoma
n
Chinese
Woman
4th family
Javanesem
an
Chinese
woman
From the intermarried family above the researcher find out language shift
happened when a certain language has shifted the use of their mother tongue to
the use of dominant language, and usually it happens to young generation.
Reseacher
Subject 1
Researcher
Subject 1
Researcher
: Dek, Kamu suku apa?
(Dek, What is your ethnic?)
: Kalau bapak suku China dan mamak suku Melayu kak
( My father is Chinese and Mom is Malaynese )
: Jadi kalau di rumah orangtua pakai bahasa apa?
( So if you are at home, What language do you use with
your parents ?)
: Pakai bahasa Indonesia kak
(using Indonesia language Sis )
: Ngga pakai bahasa China atau bahasa Melayu ?
(doesn’t use Chinese language or Malaynese language?)
5
Subject 1
Researcher
Subject 1
: Ngga kak, bapak kalau kumpul ama keluarganya pakai
bahasa China. Tapi mamak pakai bahasa Melayu kalau
kumpul sama keluarganya
( No, it doesn’t Sis, my father uses Chinese language with
his family but my mother uses Malaynese with her
family)
: Jadi kalian satu keluarga tidak ada yang mengerti bahasa
Cina?
(So None of you understand chinese language ?)
: Ngga kak
( No Sis )
In line with the conversation above, it could be seen that the child from
intermarriage Chinese Man and Malaynese woman shifted their language into
Indonesian.
Reseacher
Subject 2
Researcher
Subject 2
Researcher
Subject 2
: Dek, Kamu suku apa?
(Dek, What is your ethnic?)
: Kalau bapak suku China dan mamak suku Batak.
( My father is Chinese and Mom is Bataknese )
: Jadi kalau di rumah orangtua pakai bahasa apa?
( So if you are at home, What language do you use with
your parents ?)
: Pakai bahasa Cina kak
(using Chinese language Sis )
: Ngga pakai bahasa Batak?
(doesn’t use Chinese language or Malaynese language?)
: Ngga kak
( No Sis )
In line with the conversation above, it could be seen that the child from
intermarriage Chinese Man and Bataknese woman maintened Chinese langauge.
Holmes states that (1992;29) “People may select a particular variety of
code because it makes it easier to discuss a particular topic,regardless of where
they speaking. Therefore,the numbers of the multiethnic speech communities have
to decide on what language to use when they are in different domains. At home,
people often discuss work or school, for instance, using the language associated
with those domains, rather than the language of the family domain then people
6
from different ethnicity share more than one language, the question of appropriate
choice of language arises because different speech commuities have a range of
linguistic variation. In these case, a speaker must choose which set of variants to
use with in a single language in any given situation.
Therefore, when we consider within language variation to be a kind of
language choice problem, then language choice is possible for monolingual
speakers as well as bilinguals (Romaine, 1994,181). Certain social factors such as
the participants, domains, the function and the topic of the interaction, social
distance, the status relationship between people, features of the setting and the
dimension of formality turn out to be important in accounting for language choice
in many different of kinds of speech communities (Holmes,1992).
This thesis is a study of language shift and maintenance in mixed
marriages in Chinese families. Broadly the goals of this thesis are as follows :
firstly, to asses the degree of language shift in Chinese families, Secondly, to
know the phenomenon of language shift or maintenance that occurs in mixed
marriages in Chinese families. Chinese man has significance influenced language
shift than the women who are from Chinese. Thirdly, in presenting these results ;
to contribute to the area of language shift and maintenance.
To their family’s member, they have some reasons why they choose one
ethnics language or Bahasa Indonesia as their united communication in their
family. The first reason, the couple do not know use their ethnics language to
communicate with their family’s members at home. They use Indonesia language
in their communication at home. Second, one of the couples do not know how to
say well or pronounce their ethnics language. For example, the man from Chinese
7
(CM) married with the woman from Malaynese (MW). His wife doesn’t know
how to speak Chinese, so the couple deal with Indonesian Language for their
language. The third, they used one ethnics language to communicate. For
instance, when they lived in Chinese environment mother is from Chinese and
father is from Acehnese, they agree to use Chinese language at home. This
situation explained that Chinese language can be maintain. Another case father is
from Chinese and mother is from Malaynese. Mother does not know how to speak
Chinese but both of them know Indonesian Language so they agreed to speak
Indonesian Language.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the previous background the problems are formulated as the
following :
1. What factors make language shift and language maintenance occur in
intermarriage Chinese families?
2. How do language shift and language maintain occur in intermariage
Chinese families ?
3. Why do language shift and language maintain occur in intermariage
Chinese families ?
1.3 The Objectives of the study
In relation to the problems the objectives of the study are :
1. To find out the factors make language shift and language maintenance
occur in intermarriage Chinese families
8
2. To find out how language shift and language maintain occur in
intermarriage Chinese families
3. To find out why language shift and language maintain occur in
intermarriage Chinese families
1.4 The Scope of the study
This study focused on language shift and language maintance in
intermarriage
families in Medan should be very interesting and it is closely
related to language planning in intermarriages families, The writer only took 4
groups of families in that place. They are Chinese and Javanese, Chinese and
Acehnese, Chinese and Bataknese and Chinese and Malaynese.
1.5 The Significance of the study
After conducting this study, it is hoped significantly relevant to
theoretically and practicaly aspects.
Theoretically, this research finding hoped to be useful for the next
researher who will do in depth research dealing about language maintenance and
shift or any research about Chinese Language in mix marriages. Practically, it is
hoped to be useful for all Chinese to realize that it is important to maintenance
their language in order to keep the existence of their ethnic groups.
73
REFERENCES
Bano, K.F. 2010. Characteristics of Language Shift in Two American Hungarian
Bilingual Communities. International Journal of the Sociology of
Language 2. 6-18
Bayer, J.M. 2005. Sociolingusitic Perspectives of Cultures in Transition Indian
Tribal Situation.Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics,Vol. 31 No. 2
Bogdan, R.C. &Biklen, S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education;
Introduction to Theory and Methods 2ndedn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Burns, R.B. 1995. Introduction to Research Methods. London: Longman Chin,
N.B. & Wigglesworth, G. 2007. Bilingualism: An Advanced Resource
Book. New York: Routledge
Cavallaro, Fransesco and Serwe, Stefan Karl. 2010. Language use and language
shift among the Malays in Singapore. Retrieved at:
http://publicactions.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/4460/1/ALR_06Cavallaro.pdf
on June 2016.
Conkline, N. & Lourie, M. 1983. A Host of Tongues: Language Communities in
the United States. New York: Free Press. Society.
Conklin, N.F. &Margareth, A.L. 1983. Multilingualism and Language Change.
London: The Free Press Collier Macmillan
Crystal, D. 1997. English As a Global Language. Cambridge University Press
Crystal, D. 2003. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Csilla, B. 2003. Language Shift in Romani – Speaking Communities in Hungary
Combining Macro and Micro Interpretations. International Journal of the
SociologyOf Language, Vol. III, P. 93 – 102
Fasold, R. 1984. The sociolinguistics of Society. New york : Basil Blackwell
Ferguson, C.A. 1996.Sociolinguistic perspective. New york : Oxpord University
Press
Fase, W. Jaspaert, K & Kroon, S., eds. 1992. Maintenance and Loss of Minority
Languages. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.
Fishman, J.A. 1972. The Sociology of Language. Massachusetts: Newbury House
Publication.
Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon Avon : Multilingual
Matters.
73
74
Fishman, J. 1996 Language Maintenance and Language shift as afield of inguiry.
In J. Fishman (Ed), Language Loyalty in the United States (pp: 424-458).
London, UK: Mouton
Fishman, J. 1980. Language Maintenance. In S. Thernstorm (Ed), Harvard
encyclopedia of American ethnic groups (pp: 629-638). Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press.
Masruddin. 2014. Influenced Factors Towards The Language Shift Phenomenon
Of Wotunese. Vol 4 No 2. Retrieved at:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/viewFile/10673/110
03 on June 2016.
Michieka, Martha. 2012. Language Maintenance and Shift among Kenyan
University Students.Retrieved at:
http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/41/paper2746.pdf on June 2016
Miles, M.B., M.A. Huberman., & J. Saldana. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A
Methods Sourcebook. USA: Sage.
Putri, R.S., Setiawan, Slamet. 2014. Language Shift and Maintenance among
Chinese Community in Surabaya: A Case of Non-Migrant Community.
Vol 2 No 2. Retrieved at: http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/languagehorizon/article/view/7665 on June 2016.
Rice,, F.P . 1990 .The Adolescent Development , Relationship & Culture(6th ed).
Boston:Ally &Bacon.
Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
New York: Oxford University Press
Samadi, S.P. 2007. PelestarianBahasaJawaMelaluiSekolah.SuaraKarya
Schmid, M.S. 2004. First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on
Methodological Issues. Amsterdam: Benjamins