CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A Study of Food Acces, Food Hygiene, Environmental Sanitation, And Coping Mechanisms of The Households At Slum Area

31 4. METHOD he size n was derived through simple random sampling by the following formula Cochran, 1982: where: n = sample size N = size of the household population s 2 = variance of incomes of the households Rpcapita month t α2 v = value of t-student random variable, so that P|t|t α2 v=α; v= degree of freedom of t d = accuracy between the average parameters and sample of income of the households in slum areas, so that | x -µ| d x = average income of sample of the households in the slum areas µ = average income of population of the households in the slum areas From the study by Patriasih et al. 2009 it is found that the standard deviation for the income of households who have street children in Bandung, West Java is Rp 103 244,-capitamonth. In this case it is assumed that the income of the households in slum areas approaches the income of the households of the street children so that s in the above formula will be close to s=103 244,-. he accuracy value is set at d=103700,- the maximum diference between the average income of samples and population, with the probability of 32 Study of Food Access, Food Hygiene, Environmental Sanitation, and Coping Mechanism of Households at Slum Areas 95 or P | x -µ|d=1-α=0.95 or α=0.05. With v assumed to be big, then t 0.025 v=1.96. With an assumption that the population size of households in slum area is big or N=∼, so n can be calculated as follows: Sample allocation is presented in Table 4.1 below. Table 4.1. Sample allocation by research location i th Stratum Location Stratum Stratum Size N i Sample Size n i 1 Along rail way in Senen Sub-District 339 141 2 Along the riverbank in Tebet Sub-District 423 159 Total 762 300 With the sample size n=300, it can mean that the maximum diference between the average income of the sample from households and of its population is Rp 11700 with the probability of 95 . his is based on the assumption that sampling is made by a simple random technique without replacement. 4.3. Data Collection Data to be collected consist of primary and secondary data. he primary data include: 1. Data on social aspects formal education, occupation, household ownership, asset 2. Data on income and expenditure 3. Data on food consumption food frequency, food habits, and food recall 33 4. METHOD 4. Hygiene, food safety and environmental sanitation 5. Healthy life styles 6. Anthropometric data 7. Morbidity 8. Knowledge, attitude, practice of nutrition 9. Coping mechanism for food insecurity he methods of measurement and collection for primary data are listed in Table1 below. he secondary data are the information related to population, sanitation, garbage disposal, water sources in the slum area. he data was collected by ive enumerators. hey are student in their eighth semester and graduates in the related ields. hey were selected through interviews. Before collecting data, the enumerators are trained and informed of the research materials that include objectives, scope, methods of illing in questionnaires and interview techniques. Table 4.2. Methods of measurement and collection of primary data Aspects Variables Methods of Measurement Methods of Collection Social Name Sex Age Adress Occupation Education Household member Assets Recording Interview using questionnaire Economy Income Expenditure Food Non-food Recording Interview using questionnaire School age children’s participation Education Working Recording Interview and observation using questionnaire 34 Study of Food Access, Food Hygiene, Environmental Sanitation, and Coping Mechanism of Households at Slum Areas Aspects Variables Methods of Measurement Methods of Collection Food Consumption Type and quantity of food consumed 2 x 24 hours recall and food frequency Interview using questionnaire Hygiene , food safety and environmental sanitation Physical Biological Chemical Recording, observation, laboratory examination E. Coli, salmonella, heavy metal on water foods Collecting food and water samples Healthy-life behavior Use of clean water disposal of waste environmental cleanliness availability of bath, washing equipment, toiletslatrines Recording Interview using questionnaire Nutritional status: Antropometric Body Weight Body Height Weight scale Microtoice Direct measurement Morbidity Frequency and length of: Diarrhea ISPA Skin diseases Recording Interview using questionnaire Nutrition Aspects Knowledge Attitude Practice Recording Interview using questionnaire Coping Mechanism Ways of solving food insecurity at the household level Recording Interview using questionnaire Table 4.2. Methods of measurement and collection of primary data Continued 35 4. METHOD he data were collected by using questionnaires. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and tried out irst before use. he feedback from the try-out was used to improve the questionnaire as to make it more operational. After the data were collected, they were directly checked. For incomplete or incorrect data, the enumerators had to have them completed or corrected. he researchers as the supervisors were responsible for the task. 4.4. Data Analysis and Management he preparation before the data entry involved coding variables and creating the structure of iles. he data were checked irst for editing before the entry. he ile structure was arranged by using Microsoft excel. he data were put into a ile structure, and then they were edited by comparing them with the data in the questionnaire. For any diference , the data were edited or corrected. After the data in the ile were edited, the next steps were generating variables, merging sheets, sorting and merging iles as needed so that the data were ready for an analysis. Elementary statistics such as mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and proportion were estimated and presented in the forms of tables and diagrams. 4.5. Research Limitations Some data were collected by a recalling technique, which could be a weakness of this study because the respondents’ remembering ability may be very limited to recall all things. However, this method is the most practically-administered one in an on-ield survey. 36 Study of Food Access, Food Hygiene, Environmental Sanitation, and Coping Mechanism of Households at Slum Areas 4.6. Relevance Of Research Slum areas is a neglected part of urban development. his is indicated by social demographic conditions in slum areas such as high population density, environmental conditions which are not suitable for habitation and do not meet the requirements, lack of educational, health facilities, and of socio-cultural infrastructure. he growth of slums occurred because urbanization cannot be stopped. Settlement will not stop as the source of the problem in the history of human life. he more expanding slum areas in a region, especially in Jakarta, exacerbate a number of problems faced by the people living in these locations and the local government. Unit dwellings such as houses that are too crowded, the buildings which are not permanent, limited clean water, and dirty environment are the causes of high risk of contracting various diseases such as diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections ARI, and skin diseases. he results of a research conducted in the slum area in Bali showed 80 admitted not having any latrines and defecating in a river. A poor health status coupled with the low purchasing power of food due to poverty further aggravates the condition of the nutritional status of families, particularly vulnerable groups such as infants, toddlers and pregnant women. Riskesdas data 2010 showed that about 35 of children were stunted and 17 were malnourished. Another impact of poverty in the slum area is the low participation rate of children to attend school and the high participation of children to work, eventhough the government has launched a policy of compulsory education of 9 years or until junior high school level. he data show that the number of primary school age children which were accommodated in the formal and non-formal education only reached about 98 of the total number of primary school age children in Indonesia Lynck, 2007. he remaining 2 until now has not been served in formal and non formal schools, which mostly occurred in remote areas. In Indonesia, the rate of primary school dropouts and children who have 37 4. METHOD