IN VITRO GOAT FERMENTATION OF PUFA- DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH YEAST AND C. xanthorrhiza Roxb
The AP ratio in these diets 3.54- 3.88 were about in the same range as that of with alfalfa hay 3.77- 3.81; whereas diet with high carbohydrate gave
lower ratio of 1.87- 2.40. This has been known that type of diet will determine its production of propionate and acetate; carbohydrate produces higher propionate,
while fiber will produce higher acetate. The AP ratio increased with the longer fermentation, suggesting that the more structural carbohydrate was degraded,
thefore, produced higher acetate and lower propionate.
Tannin contents in all PUFA-diets were relatively the same 0.487 - 0.491. Tannin and curcumin added in PDM yielded the highest total VFA
45.27 mM and the lowest isobutirate 0.66. A different result showed that tannin 13.84 from Pakar leaves Ficus infectoria fed to goats showed some
lower variables, such as in total VFA 4mM and propionate 11.86; but higher in N-NH3 5.29mM, asetat 83.56, and total fungi 28.16 than those found
in feed lower in tannin 8.6 as reported by Singh et al. 2011.
Concentration of N- NH3 was decreasing from 11.26 mM in PD0 to 8.73 mM in PDM. This level of NH3 was much higher than that of NH3 8.5- 9.6
mM with pH of around 6.7, in goat fed with extruded soybean with or without NaHCO3 Schmidely et al., 2005. The N-NH3 concentration in dairy cow fed
diet containing tannin extract was detected the lowest 5.1 mM compared to that of control diet 17.2 mM with pH around 7.05- 7.09 Khiaosa- Ard et al. 2008.
Microbial Activity
Total plate count TPC of the fermented diet Table 3.5 was affected decreasing by curcumin PDC or PDM compared to basal diet 107.28 10
5
cfuml. Protozoa population found numerically the lowest 7.90 10
3
cfuml was in PDM, while in control diet PD0 was the highest 32. 10
3
cfuml. These results suggested that yeast or curcuma or their combination worked well in
protecting the PUFA- diet.
Table 3.4
In vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility IVDMD and IVOMD and fermentation characteristics of PUFA-diet
supplemented with yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb in goat rumen liquor
Variable PD0
PDY PDC
PDM P
pH 6.71 ± 0.02
6.73 ± 0.07 6.73 ± 0.05
6.74 ± 0.04 NS
IVDMD 62.72
a
± 1.66 60.26
ab
± 1.90 60.77
a
± 1.63 58.00
b
± 1.05 IVOMD
64.85
a
± 2.22 61.74
bc
± 2.07 62.82
ab
± 1.36 59.63
c
± 0.59 NH3 mM
11.26 ± 3.82 10.28
± 3.82 9.31 ± 3.75
8.73 ± 3.16 NS
VFA total mM 42.13 ± 3.45 43.95 ± 11.09 44.82 ± 12.30 45.27 ±12.92
NS Acetate A, mM
67.13 ± 6.39 67.68 ± 4.43 68.82 ± 4.98 68.46 ± 5.73
NS Propionate P, mM
19.78 ± 4.24 19.35 ± 2.60
18.25 ± 3.20 18.64 ± 3.10
NS Butirate B, mM
11.33 ± 2.90
11.21 ± 3.23 11.13 ± 2.85
11.05 ± 3.86 NS
Iso Butirate , mM 1.27 ± 0.17
1.11 ± 0.24 1.08 ± 0.18
0.66 ± 0.58 NS
Valerate V, mM 1.76 ± 0.66
1.76 ± 0.81 1.80 ± 0.79
1.86 ± 0.85 NS
IsoValerate , mM 2.66 ± 0.30
2.48 ± 0.58 2.46 ± 0.48
2.08 ± 0.87 NS
A:P 3.54 ± 0.97
3.55 ± 0.55 3.88 ± 0.82
3.76 ± 0.77 NS
PD0: PUFA- diet with no additives; PDY: PUFA- diet with 0.5 yeast; PDC: PUFA- diet with 2 curcuma; PDM: PUFA- diet with mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma. Averages with different
superscript, differed significantly P0.05. NS: not significant
Protozoa population in this research was lower than that found in diet added with saponin generated from Yucca schidigera 6.17 10
5
cfuml and Quillaja saponaria
6.17 10
5
cfuml in dairy cow ruminal fermentation Holshausen et al. 2009; while addition of tannin extracted from
Acacia mearnsii was effectively
very low 1.91 10
3
cfuml and the protozoa population could be higher when the additive was not in the form of extract Khiaosa-Ard et al. 2009.
Supplementation of Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves saponin for 5 significantly decreased rumen protozoa population 4.50 10
3
cfuml, compared to control 16.25 10
3
cfuml and dose 20 6.75 10
3
cfuml as reported by Istiqomah et al. 2011. Total protozoa Entodinium spp, Isotrica spp., Dasytrica spp., Epidinium
spp., Ophryoscolex spp., and Diplodinium spp. detected in rumen fermentation of dairy cow supplemented with yeast XP 56gd was much higher 8.03 10
5
cfuml as reported by Hristov et al. 2010. This described that type of plants or
additives, the way to administer them, and the right dose will determine the effectiveness of the bioactives content during the ruminal fermentation.
Gas production CH4 in a mix diet PDM and curcuma diet PDC tended
to be higher around 13- 14, respectively, while the PDY and PD0 tended to produce lower about 12. This implied that supplementation of tannin and
curcumin was not effective in reducing methan CH4 production in this study. On the other hand, Khiaosa- Ard et al. 2009 reported that extract tannin was able
to decrease gas production methan, CO2, and H2 to the lowest 0.454 ld. Decreasing gas production was also found in diet containing silage and
concentrate added with Peltiphyllum peltatum rich in phenol and tannin Jayanegara et al. 2010. Production of methan gas was reported higher 10.3
gd with XP yeast supplementation diet than that in control 9.7 gd in dairy cow Hristov et al. 2010.
Methane gas was produced through a mechanism starting from anaerobic degradation; trigliceride hydrolysis, saturation of unsaturated fatty acid C18:2
C18:1 C18:0C16:0 C14:0, and successive β-oxidation of saturated fatty
acid C10- C18. These all reactions produced acetate, then reacted with H2 producing CH4 Sage et al. 2008.
Table 3.5
Protozoa, TPC, and methane gas production of PUFA-diet supplemented with yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb in goat rumen
liquor fermentation in vitro
Variable
PD0 PDY
PDC PDM
P
TPC 10
5
cfuml
107.28 7.85
9.41 43.30
NS
Protozoa10
3
cfuml
32.00 ± 24.70 28.50 ± 25.31 25.50± 24.95 7.90 ± 4.09 NS
CH4 vv
12.90 ± 1.25 12.49 ± 1.33
14.20 ±2.79 13.43 ± 2.26 NS
H2 vv
0.04 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.04
0.14 ± 0.17 0.04 ± 0.02
NS
O2 vv
0.006 ± 0.00 0.006 ± 0.00
0.006 ± 0.00 0.006 ± 0.00 NS
CO2 vv
87.07 ± 1.24 87.45 ± 1.30
85.67 ±2.82 86.51 ± 2.22 NS
PD0: PUFA- diet with no additives; PDY: PUFA- diet with 0.5 yeast; PDC: PUFA- diet with 2 curcuma; PDM: PUFA- diet with mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma. NS: not significant
CONCLUSION In spite of having the lowest organic and dry matter digestibilities as well as
N- NH3; however, supported by having low protozoa population and high VFA production in the goat rumen fluid, the PUFA- diet with a mixture of yeast and
curcuma additives was considered the most potential diet.
4. MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION, AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF LATE LACTATION DAIRY GOAT FED POLYUNSATURATED FATTY
ACID DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH YEAST AND C. xanthorrhiza Roxb ABSTRACT
The third experiment, in vivo, was to evaluate milk production and dairy goat health fed PUFA-diet supplemented with yeast of curcuma. The application was using 20 crossbred
Ettawa goats in the late lactation selected based on their production levels and grouped them in Randomized Block design to receive 5 dietary treatments. The treatments were
no supplement PD0, 3 tablets of Asifit PDA, 5gd yeast PDY, 20gd curcuma PDC, and a mix of 5gd yeast and 20gd curcuma PDM in diets containing concentrate with
PUFA sources roasted ground corn, roasted soy bean meal, and corn oil, soybean by- product, and King Grass. Variables measured were milk yield and composition, mastitis
status, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Milk yield was recorded daily pre, during, and post treatment. The PDC numerically had lower ether extract than that of mix
diet and showed higher crude fiber but lower ADF; diet with yeast had lower crude protein; and mix diet showed lower P content. Milk yield during treatment numerically
was higher in PDA and PDY. Post treatment, these milk yields were higher P0.05 than those in PDY and PDC; while the PDM was in between. There were tendencies that
numerically mix diet PDM had lower milk fat, 4 FCM, protein and weight, fat: protein ratio, dry matter, and solid non fat, but it showed higher lactose and Ca
percentage. Mastitis indicators and blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. However, PDM resulted in lowest SCC, higher Hb, PCV, and glucose but had lower
prolactin and triglyceride. In PDM, nutrient intake of ether extract was the highest P0.05, while nutrient digestibilities were mostly affected significantly P0.05 or
P0.01. The PDC had the lowest DM, OM, CP, EE, and GE; whereas PDY and PDM showed higher digestibilities. As conclusion, a mix supplement of 5gd self made dried
yeast and 20gd curcuma powder was considered reasonable since it showed a better recovery in milk yield after treatment with progressing lactation in dairy goat.
Key words: curcuma, dairy goat health, milk yield and components, PUFA-diet,
yeast.
INTRODUCTION
Goat is gaining its popularity as an alternative milk producer due to its nutritional aspect of its milk. Goat population in Indonesia reached 17,482,722 in
2011, with an increased of 20.82 of that in 2007 DGLAH 2011. Goat milk contributed as much as 35 toward world milk production and it has been an
increase about 9 Weinstein 2005. Goat milk is higher in short chain fatty acid of C4- C10 and medium chain of C12- C16 Bouattour et al. 2008; whereas cow
milk contains higher long chain fatty acid of C18 Bernal- Santos et al. 2010. Nutrient contents of feed determine milk composition and its product. In low
forage and high concentrate diets, the low milk fat was improved and milk protein stabilized by the inclusion of 20 extruded soybean with the addition of sodium
bicarbonate in midlactation goats Schmidely et al. 2005. Feeding of 4.6 soybean oil was reported to increase milk fat and milk fatty acid; however, dry
matter intake, milk yield, body weight, and body condition score were not affected in dairy goats Bouattour et al. 2008.
Yeast supplementation in ruminants has been reported with variable results, depending upon the nature of diets and yeast as well as the lactation stage.
Wallace et al. 1994 described some increases in microbes population, fiber digestibility, protein microbes, feed intake, nutrient supply into digestive
track, eventually improved production performance. Positive effects of yeast were
found on rumen volatile fatty acid, dry matter intake, crude protein, and organic matter digestibility; however the impaired effect on decreasing lactic acid could
be overcomed by increasing concentrate in diet Desnoyers et al. 2009. Improved nutrient digestibility and quantatively increased fat and energy milk
were showed by yeast supplementation Saccharomyces cereviseae CNCM 1- 1077, 1.2 10
10
cfud in Holstein cows Bagheri et al. 2009, increased milk yield with 20 gd in Holstein cows Sulistyowati et al. 2010
b
, and improved milk yield and milk fat with 50g RumiSacc in Holstein cows Yalcin et al. 2011.
Medicinal herbs have been applied to improve health status and production performance as they have galactogouge property and digestive process as reported
by Mirzaei and Prasad 2011 that low dose 125mgkg BW of polyherbal increased milk yield and kids performance. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb powder
15gkg concentrate was optimal in improving milk yield and milk composition in Holstein cows Sulistyowati et al. 2011; whereas Sinaga et al. 2011 reported
that curcumin extract 160 ppm of C. domestica improved energy digestibility of ration, decreased rate of passage such that the retention time was longer and
increased absorption that finally improved body weight in pig. Curcumin was described to increase bile and lipase that will improve fat digestibility and
decrease cholesterol; beside, as anti pathogen microbes, improve nutrient absorption then improve production performance Bauwman et al. 1983.
Therefore, it would be beneficial to apply either yeast or curcuma or in combination in concentrate containing PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid sources
to evaluate milk yield, milk composition, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolite in late lactation dairy goat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Yeast, Curcuma, and PUFA- Concentrate Analyses
Yeast supplement was prepared by combining some ingredients, rice flour, cassava tuber, sugar, garlic, Alpinia galanga Sw, lemon juice, local yeast
Bengkulu, Indonesia, and water based on modification of procedures of Pusbangtepa 1981. These ingredients were all mixed thoroughly, shaped in
10g each, let them dried under the sun for about 10 hours. This made dry yeast contained 3.6 10
7
cfug. Curcuma powder was made of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb tuber which was
sliced thinly, sun dried for about 4 hours, then oven dried in 60° C for 48 hours, grounded and refined. The powder form was about 26.6 ww out of fresh
curcuma. Curcumin and tannin in the powder form of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb were analyzed and contained 0.8 and 1.58, respectively.
Diet that was used containing of the PUFA- concentrate from previous
experiment combined with soybean by- product that was used to be fed to the dairy goat in the farm. The PUFA- concentrate was designated for 30 kg lactating
dairy goat with 1kg of milk production NRC 1981. Ground corn was half roasted, while soy bean meal was all roasted in 80° C for about 25 minutes until
turned light brown. These roasted soy bean meal, roasted ground corn, and corn oil were intended as PUFA sources containing of 50.35, 34.69, and 46.46
out of total FAME fatty acid methyl esters, respectively. Cassava meal was prepared from the fresh tubers, thin sliced, sun dried, then grinded as powder.
Soybean by product was in the form of the skin of soybean after an extrusion from boiling it provided by small scale tofu industry. Mixing of the ingredients was
started from the smallest portion, manually as homogenized as possible. Each treatment was prepared with an addition of respective supplement.
Treatments, Experimental Design, and Animals
Treatments were based on the basic diet containing the same PUFA- concentrate and soybean by- product as PUFA- diet PD. The PUFA- ration
formula and nutrient contents are delivered in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Ingredients and nutrient composition of PUFA-diet containing Asifit,
yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb for dairy goat
Ingredients : PD0
PDA PDY
PDC PDM
KG Rice bran
18.42 18.42
18.42 18.42
18.42 -
Ground corn 15.79
15.79 15.79
15.79 15.79
- Soy bean meal
7.89 7.89
7.89 7.89
7.89 -
Cassava meal 7.89
7.89 7.89
7.89 7.89
- Soy bean by-product
27.49 27.49
27.49 27.49
27.49 -
Corn oil 2.11
2.11 2.11
2.11 2.11
- Mineral
0.53 0.53
0.53 0.53
0.53 -
King grass KG 19.88
19.88 19.88
19.88 19.88
- Asifit
- 0.22
- -
- -
Yeast -
- 0.5
- 0.5
Curcuma powder -
- -
2.0 2.0
Nutrients DM basis: Drymatter
94.13 94.13
93.96 93.72
94.06 92.24
Ash 8.48
8.48 7.96
7.82 8.21
11.65 Crude protein
15.27 15.27
14.11 15.33
15.04 13.42
Ether extract 7.66
7.66 8.14
7.96 8.77
3.22 Crude fiber
13.30 13.30
14.57 18.60
14.51 31.32
NFE 49.12
49.12 49.18
44.0 47.60
32.64 ADF
29.07 29.07
29.54 48.18
29.35 78.99
Gross energyMcalkg 3.84
3.84 3.86
3.83 3.90
3.71 Ca
0.61 0.61
1.20 1.02
0.84 0.7
P 0.47
0.47 0.53
0.57 0.29
0.13 CaP
1.30 1.30
2.26 1.79
2.90 0.64
Tannin 0.487
0.487 0.492
0.491 0.491
- Curcumin
- -
- 0.13
0.11 -
S. cereviseae10
-6
cfug 1.6
1.6 7.3
1.2 4.0
-
PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, with 3 Asifit tablets PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2 curcuma PDC, mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM
Basal diet was a mixture of PUFA- concentrate and soybean by- product as PUFA- diet PD. The basal diet without supplements designated as PD0, added
with 3 tabletsdairy goat of Asifit PDA, 0.5yeast PDY, 2curcuma powder PDC, 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma powder PDM. Asifit, a tablet of food
supplement for a woman in lactation, contains of 114 mg Sauropus androgynus, 20 µg vitamin B12, 15 mg vitamin B6, 2.5 mg vitamin B2, and 10 mg vitamin B1
produced commercially by Kimia Farma, Indonesia. King grass or Panicum maximum
contributed around 19-20 to the overall diet in each treatment. The study was conducted according to a Complete Block design of 5
treatments and 4 replications, with 14 days for adaptation, 21 days for sampling and data recording, and 21 days post treatment was also for data recording. The
dairy goats used were PE Ettawa Crossed, blocked according to their milk production. During the experiment, each of 20 goats was kept individually,
provided with feed twice of 0.5kg PUFA- concentrate and 1kg fresh soybean by- product at 07.00 am and 03.00 pm. Forage was given 2kggoat at afternoon
feeding. Orts of concentrate and forage were weighed in the next morning. Water was given during the afternoon time. Supplements, 3 tablets of Asifit were given
orally to the respected goats in the morning feeding; whereas yeast, curcuma, or combination of both was put as topping on the mixture of PUFA- concentrate.
Goats were in late lactation of 4.6 ± 0.55 months, had pre treatment milk yield of 506.4 ± 19.2 gd, body weight of 46 ± 5.34 kg. The goats were hand milked twice
at 06.00 am and 02.00 pm and milk yield was recorded each morning in each individual stall. Goat assignment for each treatment was done randomly.
Temperature and moisture around the housing in the upper land of Bogor, west Java, were recorded in the am and pm times daily using Hygrometer. The average
temperature and moisture during the experiment were 26.94
C and 78.83, respectively.
Measurement, Sampling, Nutrient and Statistical Analysis
Voluntary feed intake was recorded throughout the experiment, but only the last 7 days were considered for data analysis as they were at the same days for
feces collection. The samples of diets concentrate and forage and feces were oven dried 60
C for 24 hours, ground finely 1mm sieved size analyzed for dry matter DM, organic matter OM, crude protein CP by Kjeldhal method, and
ether extract EE by Soxhlet method AOAC 1990. Cell wall content of acid detergent fiber ADF were determined according to Van Soest et al. 1991.
Curcumin was determined by maceration method in successive steps with orange color as the final indicator Sutrisno et al., 2008. Tannin was analyzed by a
modification of Folin- Ciocalteu method Harborne 1987. Calcium was determined by using Atomic Absorbance AA7000 Shimadzu Co. Serial no A
306647-00345. Phosphor was prepared by wet ashing method and quantified by
using Spectrophotometer UV-200 RS UV VIS LW Scientific. Milk yield was recorded daily before, during, and after treatment period. Sampling of individual
milk was collected from two consecutive milkings of the afternoon and the next morning of the last day of collection period. Milk samples were preserved in the
refrigerator for later analyses of density Lactodensimeter, fat Gerber method, dry matter DM obtained by using Fleischman formula of DM = 1.311 x
fat + 2.738 X 100 x density-1density; solid non fat SNF, = DM- fat; protein = fat2 +1.4. Lactose was determined according to the procedure of
Teles et al. 1978.
Somatic cell count was analysed by Breed method; mastitis test was done using IPB-1 reagent test Sudarwanto and
Sudarnika 2008. This test was a
modification of subclinical mastitis test of AMP and CMT. Scorings of mastitis were +1 starting to clot , +2 clot, and +3 glutinous. Total plate count TPC
microbe was conducted by pour plate method using plate count agar PCA;
Staphylococcus aureus analyzed by using Vogel Johnson agar VJA according to
Veterinary Community Health Laboratory- IPB procedures. Blood samples were drawn from jugular vein into heparinized vacutainer
tubes of each goat at the 35 day of the treatment. Blood parameters were analyzed for prolactin ELISA method using Spectrophotometer Human Diagnostic- USA,
modified in 2007, glucose and triglyceride GOD-PAP method using Cobas 111 Roche diagnostic Ltd. Switzerland- 2010. Blood profile was determined for
hemoglobin Merckotest® method using Spectrophotometer, pack cell volume or PCV Microhematocrite method, erythrocyte and leukocyte Macrohematocrite
Wintrobe method. Erythrocyte part was diluted in Hayem solution and leukocyte diluted in Turk solution, each then calculated using Hemositometer Neubauer.
Differentiation of leukocytes Giemsa solution coloring method contained of neutrophyle neutral granule, smooth, stick when young, segmented when old,
eosinophyle big red granule, basophile big blue granule, and monocyte curvy core cell, bluish, and abundant cytoplasm. This profile was determined
according to the procedures of Physiology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine- IPB
. These are some acitivities done during this experiment as shown in Figure
4.1.
Data were tabulated and analyzed for variance; any differences detected were tested by Duncan Multiple Range Test DMRT in significances of P0.05
and P0.01 according to Lentner and Bishop 1986. a b c d e f
Figure 4.1
Some activities done during the experiment: a PE goat; b additives; c diets; d blood; e milk; f feces samples
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Some significant differences P0.05 or P0.01 were observed either due to the treatment or the blocking of the goat, especially in milk production and
milk composition. The observed treatments were affected significantly mostly in nutrient intakes and nutrient digestibilities.
Diets Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of diets applied in this in vivo experiment is presented in Table 4.2, showing that crude protein CP averaged about 15.00 ±
0.46; all diets were moderately higher than required for dairy goat NRC,
1981. The diets provided markedly higher dry matter DM, was around 5.07 of body weight. Comparing to diets with no or other supplements, the
yeast PDY and mixture of yeast and curcuma powder PDM diets contained higher ether extract 0.33 and 0.96, respectively.
Nutrient Intakes and Digestibility
Intakes of dry matter DM, organic matter OM, crude protein CP, crude fiber CF, nitrogen free extract NFE, acid detergent fiber ADF, and
gross energy GE were not affected significantly by dietary treatments Table 4.2. However, ether extract EE in PDM was the highest P0.05; whereas Ca
and P in PDY were the highest P0.01.
Consistent effects were found in feces of goat with curcuma diet PDC as it is in Table 4.3. Its lowest moisture and ash quantitatively correlated with highest
dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, and crude protein. These high nutrient contents in feces were in contrast with the lower intakes of these nutrients.
Apparently that they were not being digested maximally such that they were excreted in the feces.
Table 4.2
Effects of feedingPUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and C. xanthorrhiza
Roxb on nutrient intakes of dairy goats Intakes gd
PD0 PDA
PDY PDC
PDM SEM
P Dry matter
1228.95 1128.92
1273.07 1153.94
1239.94 60.88
NS Organic matter
1114.60 1023.76
1159.02 1054.85 1127.59
55.29 NS
Crude protein 181.74
166.89 177.25
172.49 181.52
6.33 NS
Ether extract 79.94
ab
73.28
a
86.67
bc
80.90
abc
91.06
c
6.79 Crude fiber
221.08 203.72
243.23 244.02
231.51 16.85
NS ADF
516.91 476.58
546.55 442.55
516.27 40.51
NS Ca
7.78
a
7.15
a
13.55
c
11.03
b
9.99
b
2.58 P
6.32b
c
5.81
b
7.13
c
6.74
bc
4.67
a
0.95
PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, with 3 Asifit tablets PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2 curcuma PDC, mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM. P0.05; P0.01; NS: not significant.
Nutrients digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, NFE, ADF, gross energy, and TDN were showed statistically
the highest P0.05 in yeast diet PDY and slightly lower found in the mix diet PDM; except Ca and P were detected the highest in this diet Table 4.4.
Data showed that improved nutrient digestibility as a result of increased nutrient intake that followed by increased milk yield Table 4.5. Response on
intakes of yeast supplementation have been summarized as variable Desnoyers et al
. 2009. There was no effects of dietary live yeast alone 1.2 10
10
cfud or in combination with mannan-oligosaccharide 32 gd on dry matter intake and
milk yield of lactating Holstein Bagheri et al. 2009. In contrast, the result of yeast diet PDY intakes in this present study tended to be the highest in dry
Table 4.3 Effects of feeding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and
C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on nutrient composition of feces of dairy goats
Nutrients PD0
PDA PDY
PDC PDM
Moisture 5.81
5.51 6.31
5.42 5.62
Dry matter 94.20
94.49 93.49
94.59 94.39
Ash 17.37
16.86 16.54
15.00 16.30
Organic matter 76.67
77.80 77.06
79.75 77.81
Ether extract 4.47
3.05 3.30
4.61 3.34
Crude protein 12.49
12.44 12.24
14.13 12.58
Crude fiber 28.03
28.36 27.56
28.08 29.55
NFE 31.84
33.78 34.06
32.77 32.62
Gross energy kcalg 3724
4002 4010
3976 3904
ADF 75.02
73.15 65.60
59.92 64.07
Ca 1.29
0.84 0.96
0.88 0.56
P 0.66
0.40 0.56
0.41 0.30
PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, with 3 Asifit tablets PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2 curcuma PDC, mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM.
Table 4.4 Effects of feding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and
C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on nutrient digestibility of dairy goats
Digestibility
PD0 PDA
PDY PDC
PDM
SEM P
Dry matter 77.09
ab
78.66
abc
84.82
c
73.77
a
83.49
bc
4.57 Organic matter
76.89
ab
78.46
abc
84.53
c
73.31
a
83.26
bc
4.62 Crude protein
79.46
b
81.00
b
85.76
b
73.80
ab
84.96
ab
4.81 Ether extract
83.30
a
89.40
b
92.13
b
81.81
a
92.05
b
4.88 Crude fiber
62.04
a
64.31
a
76.64
b
63.06
a
72.25
ab
6.43 NFE
82.82
ab
83.07
ab
87.64
b
78.24
a
87.00
b
3.79 ADF
56.53
a
60.60
ab
75.25
c
56.31
a
72.98
bc
9.13 Ca
50.45
a
70.04
b
85.37
c
74.50
b
87.83
c
14.92 P
68.76
a
82.42
b
83.79
b
80.52
b
86.03
b
6.76 TDN
72.42
a
74.07
ab
79.89
b
69.94
a
79.37
b
4.36
PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, with 3 Asifit tablets PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2 curcuma PDC, mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM. P0.05; P0.01.
.
matter and organic matters, crude fiber, and NFE. This has been supported by its high milk yield, 4 FCM, and protein weight Table 4.5. The supplementation of
yeast rich in S. cereviseae, B vitamins, and amino acids has been reported to stabilize ruminal fermentation, increased rumen pH, and altered VFA levels
William et al. 1991 that eventually improve milk production and milk component.
Dietary yeast supplement stimulated rumen microbes growth, increased the use of N- ammonia for protein rumen microbes, and increased digestibility of
fiber, increased feed intakes and nutrient supply to the gut and improved blood metabolites, eventually increased production Wallace et al. 1994.
Supplementation of yeast only or in combination in this treatment did affect the goats reflecting the nature of diets, phase of lactation, feeding regime, yeast type
and level, forage type and level, and environment condition as stated by
Yalçın et al
. 2011. In terms of tannin and curcumin contents in the rations, yeast only PDY,
curcuma only PDC, or in combination with curcuma PDM seemed to affect intakes and digestibility of ether extract that were higher P0.05 than that in
basal diet or Asifit diet. These supported the result of tannin and saponin sources from Yucca schidigera that increased digestibility of DM, GE, CP, and ADF
Holtshausen et al. 2009.
Total digestible nutrient TDN of PDY and PDM were markedly higher 79.89 and 79.37, respectively than that in other diets, such as being the
lowest in PDC 69.94. The results indicated that supplementation of yeast only or in combination with curcuma was more efficient in stimulating the
digestion of nutrients than that with curcuma only.
To correlate with, the high nutrient contents DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, and GE in feces of the goat with curcuma diet PDC, consequently showed the
opposite effects by giving the lowest digestibility P0.05 or P0.01 of these nutrients. This might be as the result of the nature of curcuma powder given on
top of the concentrate that would taste bitter and smell strong that the goat avoided or by passing it in such a way that the nutrients in the diet would be
decreasingly digested. In contrast, the most nutrient digestibility values both in yeast diet PDY and mix diet PDM were significantly high P0.05 or P0.01,
suggesting that yeast stimulated the fermentation better either singly or in combination with curcuma. These diets were showing higher digestibilities in dry
matter, and crude fiber compared to that of 1.2 10
10
cfud yeast diet in Holstein dairy cows as reported by Bagheri et al. 2009. This suggested that the yeast
concentration of 1.8 10
8
cfud could be considered as the appropriate level for improving nutrient digestibility in the late lactation goat in our study.
Milk Yield, Milk Component, and Milk Microbiology
Milk yield and composition are shown in Table 4.5. Milk yield is calculated in gram after the application of milk density of each treatment. There
were tendencies of decreasing milk yield as the time of lactation were progressing.
Any supplementation did not affect significantly on milk yield pre and during treatment. In contrast, in post treatment, the milk yield was hold in better
quantity with Asifit, yeast, and mix diets; whereas no supplement and curcuma diet goats were decreasing sharply P0.05 Figure 4.2.
Table 4.5 Effects of feeding PUFA-diet supplemented with asifit, yeast and
C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on milk yield and composition of dairy goats
Variables
PDO PDA
PDY PDC
PDM SEM
P
Milk yield gd Pre treatment
513 520
520 505
474 19
NS
During treatment
391 524
521 372
378 78
NS
Post treatment
105
a
572
b
526
b
90
a
324
ab
226
Persistency
77.1 102.2
101.7 68.6
78.4 15.4
NS
Milk fat
6.83 6.65
6.73 6.60
6.15 0.26
NS
4 FCM g
548 722
729 512
477 120
NS
Protein
4.81 4.73
4.76 4.70
4.48 0.13
NS
Protein g
18.5 24.4
24.6 17.3
16.1 4.0
NS
Fat: Protein
1.42 1.40
1.41 1.40
1.37 0.02
NS
Dry matter
11.89 11.63
11.78 11.83
10.93 0.39
NS
Solid non fat
5.06 4.98
5.05 5.24
4.78 0.16
NS
Lactose
3.33 4.77
2.79 4.19
5.41 1.06
-
Lactose g
14.89 24.60
14.22 18.53
21.06 4.33
NS
Ca
0.095 0.114
0.114 0.115
0.118 0.009
-
Ca g
0.42 0.59
0.58 0.51
0.46 0.07
NS
P
0.114 0.129
0.145 0.173
0.152 0.022
-
P g
0.510 0.665
0.739 0.765
0.592 0.110
NS
CaP
0.83 0.88
0.79 0.66
0.78 0.08
NS PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, with 3 Asifit tablets PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2
curcuma PDC, mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM. P0.05; P0.01; NS: not significant.
Figure 4.2
Milk production along the research pre, during, and post treatment
However, they were different significantly P0.05 due to blocking of the goat. Blocking were supposed to reduce variability of milk yield and milk
components among the goats. Contrary, after the treatments, diets with Asifit PDA and yeast PDY
were significantly higher P0.05 than that in no supplement, mix, and curcuma diets. The decreasing milk yield was deeper across time in curcuma diet PDC
than other treatments. This was supported by its lowest persistency 68.6. However, there was a synergistic effect when it was mixed with yeast, the milk
yield was improved as high as 360. This high milk yield produced by dairy goat in late lactation fed with diets containing yeast singly or in combination with
curcuma or Asifit containing Sauropus androgynus and high in vitamin B might be due to improved rumen metabolism as the result of microbial function
especially S. cereviseae and vitamin B in the yeast. At the same time, bio actives tannin, curcumin, saponin, and others found in these herbs might depress
unwanted microbes such as protozoa, therefore the nutrient in flow would be much more effectively converted into milk and eventually will affect milk
composition as reviewed by Francis et al. 2002. Over all, milk yield of late lactation Ettawa goats in this study were about 35.54 of that in late lactation
British Saanen goat Singh and Ludri 2002.
Curcumin and tannin contents of these diets were decreasing average of 16.25 and 27.33 out of its pure curcuma powder 0.8 and 1.58,
respectively. The lowest ether extract in curcuma diet PDC seemed to be the effect of curcumin blocking this nutrient that in some ways this was preferred for
any healthy reason. Tannin contents of the diets were much lower than that in polyherbal supplements 3.69 in cross bred dairy goat as reported by Mirzaei
and Prasad 2011.
Curcuma supplementation, singly or in combination with yeast in this present study produced milk 19.43 than that in crossbred goat with high
polyherbal combination 11.15 gd. This level of herb reduced milk yield significantly compared to that with half level in that study as reported by Mirzaei
and Prasad 2011, meaning that the level in this treatment was four times higher that could have been too high for an optimal level in producing milk yield of the
goat. This was in coherence with the previous level of 15 g curcumakg concentrate was the optimal level for milk production in dairy cow Sulistyowati
et al
. 2011. Meanwhile, Sinaga et al. 2011 reported the optimal dose 160 ppm of curcumin extract of C. domestica increased energy digestibility of ration,
reduced rate of passage of the feed in the digestive tract so that its absorption improved, decreased coliform and total bacteria in feces, eventually increased
body weight, but did not affect HDL level in pig.
Milk fat of dairy goat fed high concentrate diet 80 with or without supplement in the present study was higher 6.59 ± 0.26 than other finding.
Milk protein content averaged of 4.696 ± 0.13 equaled to 20.18 ± 0.13gd were relatively unaffected.
High contents of ether extract were as the result of fatty sources incorporated in each diet. These contents were even much higher average of
8.04 compared to that in 20 extruded soybean diet 5.19 for lactating goat Schmidely et al. 2005. These results confirmed that roasted corn grain, roasted
soybean meal, and corn oil did increase fat content of the diets. This could be a
beneficial effect to improve low fat milk when fed to dairy goat with high concentrate. The ADF of the 0.5 yeast diet contained more than twice higher
that diet with 50g Rumisacc Yalç ın et al. 2011. Populations of S. cereviseae in
diets with yeast and mix diet were unusually higher than diets with no herbal supplementation. This is in the opposite with the previous result using curcuma
fluid in a block supplement that caused a decrease in total fungi with the increasing level of this herb Sulistyowati et al. 2008
b
. High fat contents in this present treatment were as the effect of PUFA-
sources roasted corn, roasted soybean meal, and corn oil supplementation in diets fed for the goat at late lactation. This is on the contrary to other finding that
high concentrate 70 with 20 extruded soybean produced low milk fat of 3.69 in dairy goat Schmidely et al. 2005, whereas, diet containing soybean oil
produced higher milk fat of 5.24 in dairy goat Bouattour et al. 2008. These findings of higher milk fat out of high concentrate low fiber supplemented with
these PUFA sources could be a practical solution for low fat milk producer. Supplementing fat sources to mid
– late lactation goats increased milk fat content markedly +0.057 or 5.7gkg, whereas milk production was not affected
Chilliard et al. 2003. This could be the reason for the opposite phenomenon that in late lactation when there is a low dilution effect due to decreasing milk yield.
The dairy goat with yeast PDY diet showed second high fat percentage but had quantitatively highest 4 FCM 729gd, this was about 18.50 of that with
extruded soybean.
Milk protein content was higher than that in extruded soybean Schmidely et al
. 2005 and soybean oil Bouattour et al. 2008, however in weight basis, the present study produced lower milk protein due to lower milk yield. Fat
supplementation usually suppress milk protein content as it happened in these diets, in which mostly the milk fat and milk protein stayed relatively at the same
levels. Milk lactose in the same late lactation goat but different breed was detected within the range, while the average milk fat and protein were higher than
that as reported by Singh and Ludri 2002.
Ratio of Ca: P in all diets were above the standard of 1.2 : 1 as required for goat according to NRC 1981. Diet with yeast and in combination with curcuma
contained relatively the same higher level than other diets. This might be due to the effect of the yeast in fermenting the diet including the curcuma that made it
higher in its ratio. Consequently, this supported the Ca intake that was markedly the highest 42. 69 found in the yeast diet PDY; while the curcuma and the
mix diets relatively contained the same levels. Meaning that, the curcuma supplement contributed some amount of Ca higher than Asifit or no supplement
diets.
Over all comparison, the mix diet PDM, yeast and curcuma consistently tended to show the lowest content of milk fat, FCM, protein, fatprotein ratio, dry
matter, and solid non fat SNF; however, its lactose 5.41 and Ca percentages were quantitatively the highest. Milk lactose was found the lowest 2.79 in
yeast diet PDY which was unlikely since the yeast supposedly fermented carbohydrate more than other diets without yeast.
Mammary Health and Hygienic Status
Some indicators of mammary health and hygienic status of the goats during treatment
Table 4.6 were not significantly different. Somatic cell count SCC
decreased progressively in milk of goat with yeast, curcuma, and mix diet. The lowest 6.2 10
5
ml was found in the mix diet, whereas the highest 79.3
10
5
ml was detected in milk of goat with Asifit diet.
One of contagious pathogens, Staph. aureus,
was found the highest 222.0 cfu 10
2
ml on the contrary of the lowest SCC in milk of goat with mix supplement. This was more due to
environment effects.
Samples that contained S. aureus were defined as intramammary infection IMI according to NMC 1999. Milk of this treatment also contained the
highest total plate count TPC of 5.05 cfu 10
3
ml. These results suggested that with the lowest SCC level in goat with mix diet, the samples were classified
between 5- 6 level in Linear Score system with 45 potential loss of milk production Ingalls 2001. All milk showed SCC scores 6.2 10
5
- 7.9 10
6
cells were higher than 1 10
6
cellsml indicating an infection or mastitis Bytyqi et al. 2010. There is a different relationship between the SCC level the lowest and
milk components that were also the lowest happened in samples of goat in the mix yeast and curcuma diet PDM. This was supposed in contrast of which high
SCC milk shows a negative impact on milk component Sharma et al. 2011. On the other way, this lowest SCC milk showed the highest lactose content as it is
otherwise stated by Harmon 1994. The antimicrobial function of curcumin in the diet curcuma only or in combination with yeast seemed to work well in
suppressing the SCC. However, milk production with curcuma diet was the lowest 90 gd but improved 324 gd when combined with yeast. This herbal
supplement supported the result of organic operating farm EU and USA protocol that after six months of practicing the system, there was a significant
decrease in bacterial isolates found in milk of dairy cow Suriyasathaporn 2010. Concerns of high SCC milk is not only for the animals but also to human health
through consuming especially the raw milk.
Table 4.6 Effects of feeding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and
C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on microbial composition and mastitis indicator
of dairy goats
Variable PD0
PDA PDY PDC PDM SEM
P SCC cells 10
5
ml 71.8
79.3 57.1
18.5 6.2
3.27 NS
Mastitis score 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 1.25
0.54 NS
Staph. aureus cfu 10
2
ml 15.9
2.31 16.5
2.7 222.0 95.35
NS TPC cfu 10
3
ml 2.68
1.88 2.7
1.85 5.05
1.32 NS
PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, 3 tablets of Asifit PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2 curcuma PDC, 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM. NS: not significant.
Blood Profile and Blood Metabolite
Nutritional aspects determine hematological status of an animal which eventually reflects its production and health. In this study, there were no
significant effects of supplementation on all blood profile Table 4.7. However, blood profile averages of Hb 9.6 gdl and PCV 25.42 were within the normal
range of Hb 9- 13 gdl and PCV 23- 33.
The mix diet PDM showed quantitatively the highest blood Hb and PCV, with the second highest of erythrocyte and the second lowest after the Asifit diet,
while their leucocyte were at the same level. This showed that supplement rich with vitamin B in Asifit and yeast combined with herbs, Sauropus androgynus
or C. xanthorrhiza Roxb will stimulate erythrocyte production and suppressed any infection indicated by lower leucocyte and lymphocyte.
Differentiation of leucocytes revealed that PDM had the second lowest after the Asifit diet and the highest in neutrophyle within the range of 30- 48 and
monocyte within the range of 0- 4. The blood metabolites of glucose and triglyceride in this study were higher than that in grazing goat Khaled 1999 and
in goat with tea supplement Zhong et al. 2011.
Prolactin in this present study was lower than that in late lactation 120- 150 days goat 4.71- 5.88 ngml Singh and Ludri, 2002. In contrast, prolactin was
found the highest 4.18 ngml in diet with no supplements PD0 but its milk yield was about the same as that in yeast, curcuma, and their combination during
the treatment with lower prolactin.
Blood triglyceride of goat with yeast diet 37.0 mgdl was about 4.53 times higher than that in Rumisacc diet
Yalçın et al. 2011. Glucose was the highest in mix diet PDM, while blood prolactin in goat with this diet was the lowest.
However, this milk yield was plunging markedly P0.05 even though its prolactin was that high after the treatment.
Table 4.7
Effects of feeding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and C. xanthorrhiza
Roxb on blood parameters of dairy goats
Variable PD0
PDA PDY
PDC PDM
SEM P
Hemoglobin gdl 9.65
9.17 9.89
9.36 9.97
0.34 NS
PCV 25.89
24.63 26.48
22.81 27.30 1.75
NS Erythrocyte 10
6
mm
3
16.60 19.57
17.67 18.91 19.36
1.26 NS
Leucocyte 10
3
mm
3
14.45 12.53
13.19 15.19 12.53
1.19 NS
Differentiations of Leucocyte Lymphocyte
52.75 39.00
44.50 42.50 40.67
5.36 NS
Neutrophyle 38.00
50.00 49.50
48.25 51.00
5.32 NS
Monocyte 2.75
4.00 2.75
2.50 4.33
0.84 NS
Eosinophyle 6.50
7.00 3.25
6.75 4.00
1.74 NS
Basophyle -
- -
- -
Glucose mgdl 53.75
50.25 47.25
54.75 58.00 4.15
NS Triglyceride mgdl
25.50 25.00
37.00 32.50 28.75
5.04 NS
Prolactin ngml 4.18
3.58 3.58
2.99 1.64
0.07 NS
PUFA- diet without supplements PD0, with 3 Asifit tablets PDA, 0.5 yeast PDY, 2 curcuma PDC, mix of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma PDM; NS: not significant.
Blood glucose 58 mg100 ml in goat with the mix diet was exactly the same level as in 56gd XP yeast diet in dairy cow Hristov et al. 2010, but was
slightly higher than that in dairy goat Singh and Ludri 2002. Yeast diet PDY, in contrast, showed the lowest blood glucose as it was reflected by the lowest
milk lactose and highest triglyceride. The PUFA diet supplemented with PDM mix of yeast and curcuma improved the physiological status of the goats showed
by the high metabolite yield of glucose. Therefore, prolactin only, without support of a good amount of milk precursor will not improve milk yield. On the
other hand, yeast contained S. cereviseae that was important during fermentation in rumen, while curcuma powder contained curcumin acting as antimicrobial,
such as suppressing protozoa in the rumen in such a way that nutrient metabolism process was improved, eventually the blood metabolites, milk yield, and milk
composition will be improved as well. Therefore, a synergistic function between both supplements gave a positive impact in the blood values of the goats.
CONCLUSION
A mix supplement of 0.5 yeast and 2 curcuma powder is considered good since it showed a better recovery in milk yield post treatment with
progressing lactation in dairy goat. Besides, it showes some tendencies of lower milk fat, 4 FCM, and SCC; higher lactose and Ca percentages; higher Hb, PCV,
and glucose in blood; higher ether extract intakes and Ca digestibility, supported by relatively high nutrient digestibility in most nutrients.