The bacteriological quality of chicken offal and spoiled egg as feed for Catfish and Tilapia Rearing in Penang, Malaysia
The Bacteriological Quality of Chicken Offal and Spoiled Egg as
Feed for Catfish and Tilapia Rearing in Penang, Malaysia
Titik Budiati1,*, Gulam Rusul1, Wan Nadiah Wan Abdullah2, Yahya Mat Arip3, &
Rosma Ahmad2
1
Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
*Email: titik.budiati@gmail.com
2
Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, UniversitiSains
Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
3
School of Biological Science, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800, Penang,
Malaysia
Abstract
Chicken offal, spoiled egg and commercial fish feed were used as feed in
cultured ponds of catfish and tilapia in and around Penang, Malaysia. The total
aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform was investigated on catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) , tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) and its water. A total of 48 samples (12
intestine of catfish, 12 intestine of tilapia, 24 water samples) were taken from 8 pond
in and around Penang, Malaysia. All fish samples fed by chicken offal or spoiled egg
were heavily contaminated by total aerobic bacteria (5 to 7.26 log10 cfu/gr), coliform
(2800 to 11000 MPN/gr) and fecal coliform (3 to 430 MPN/gr). Meanwhile, fish fed
by commercial pellet were less contaminated by total aerobic bacteria (5.33 to 6.58
log10 cfu/gr), coliform (7 to 11000 MPN/gr) and fecal coliform (3 to 110 MPN/gr).
Chicken offal and spoiled egg polluted the water in aquaculture system more than
commercial fish feed. The highest l evel of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, fecal
coliform in pond water were 7.21 log10 cfu/ml, 11000 MPN/ml and 2800 MPN.ml.
The bacteria load of chicken offal and spoiled egg might contaminate catfish, tilapia
and its water. These will be a concern for quality and safety of catfish and tilapia in
term of nutrition and human health.
Key words: chicken offal, spoiled egg, catfish, tilapia, bacteriological quality
Introducton
In Malaysa, catfsh and tlapa were the mportant aquaculture products and
marketed for domestc consumpton (FAO, 2012). The prces of those fshes were
more consstent compared to marne fsh. Thus, the demand of catfsh and tlapa
244
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
tended to ncrease n the last decade. However, some problems have been met. Those
were the lmted land, the rsng of producton costs, lack of sklled labor, the threat
of dseases, the hgh food safety and qualty requrements. These ssues made the
aquaculture development to be more dffcult (FAO, 2012). The rsng of producton
cost can be reduced by replacng the commercal pellet feed wth cheaper feed such
as food waste from restaurant, chcken offal, spoled egg or others.
In Malaysa, chcken offal and spoled egg have been found to be used as
feed for catfsh and tlapa. However, the study about the effect of those feed for
mcrobologcal aspect n catfsh and tlapa has not yet been done. To fllng ths
gap, the present study wll nvestgate mcrobologcal aspect n catfsh and tlapa
whch fed by dfferent type of feed. The objectve of ths study was to nvestgate the
bacterologcal qualty of chcken offal and spoled egg as feed for catfsh and tlapa
rearng n Penang, Malaysa. The bacterologcal aspects studes were total aerobc
count, coliform count and fecalcoliform count n the ntestnes of fsh and water of
ponds. Fapohunda et al. (1994) reported that the verfcaton of the mcrobologcal
qualty, such as coliform and fecalcoliform, could explan whether the harvest or
producton presents a health hazard or not to human. Coliform and fecalcoliform
were reported to be the most heavly contamnate the ntestnal tract of fsh (Salle,
1964).
Materals and Methods
Catfsh and tlapa were obtaned from 8 ponds located n Penang -Malaysa
n November 2008 – September 2009. Samplng was done 3 tmes vstng for each
ponds. Durng each vst 5-6 lve catfsh and tlapa were purchased from ponds,
placed n sterle plastc bags and transported n polystyrene box to the laboratory. On
arrval at the laboratory, the ntestnes of fsh samples were pooled and analyzed for
Aerobc Plate Count (APC), coliform and fecal coliform. Water samples were also
obtaned from the ponds where both catfsh and tlapa were reared. Ths sampled
and kept n sterle jar at 4 oC durng transportaton to the laboratory. The ponds were
studed based on the type of feed gven to the fsh. The feed types were chcken offal
for catfsh feed, spoled egg for tlapa feed and commercal fsh pellet feed for both.
The chcken offal was steamed and grnded before feed to the fsh. The spoled egg
was mxed wth other ngredents and was formed to pellet.
The ntestnes of catfsh and tlapa were taken aseptcally and chopped by
usng sterle knfe. Twenty fve grams of ntestnes was mxed wth 225 ml of 1.5%
Pepton Water (Oxod) and homogenzed by usng stomacher (Interscence) for 120
sec. The dluton was prepared by ppetng 1 ml of alquot and mxed wth 9 ml of
1.5% Pepton Water (Oxod). The dluton was done from 10-1 untl 10-6. About 100
ml of alquot was spread on Plate Count Agar (Merck) and ncubated at 37oC for
24-48 hours. Total number of colones were counted and calculated as BAM Manual
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
245
Protocol (Maturn et al., 2001). Total aerobc count was expressed as log cfu/g.
Coliform and fecalcoliformcount were determned by usng MPN method
(Feng et al., 2002). One ml of 10-1 untl 10-5 dluton of ntestnes and water samples
were transferred nto three tubes of Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose (LST) Broth (Oxod)
and ncubated at 37oC for 24h. Approxmately, 10 µl of broth from postve tubes
were transferred nto 10 ml of Brllant Green Lactose Ble (BGLB) broth (Merck)
and ncubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Turbd tubes wth gas were consdered as postve and colform count were expressed as MPN/g or MPN/ml. Fecalcoliform count
was determned by transferrng 10 µl of BLGB broth from postve tubes nto three
tube of EC broth (Merck) and was ncubated at 44-45 oC for 24 hours. Tubes showng gas and turbdty were consdered postve for the presence of fecalcoliform and
these were expressed as MPN/g or MPN/ml. E. coli cultures (Food Mcrobology
Laboratory, School of Industral Technology, USM) were used as control.
Statistical Analysis
The dfference n APC, coliform and fecal coliform ponds was determned by
usng one-way ANOVA, SPSS software for Wndows Verson 13.
Results and Dscusson
In present study the mcrobologcal qualty of catfsh and tlapa fed by usng
chcken offal, spoled egg and commercal feed were evaluated. Our results showed
that total aerobc count on ntestnal of catfsh and tlapa fed bychcken offal and
tlapa fed by spoled egg were observed relatvely hgher compared to catfsh and
tlapa fed by commercal fsh feed. The aerobc plate count ranged from 5.00 to
7.26 log10 CFU/gcatfsh fed wth chcken offal, 5.97 to 6.69 log10 CFU/gcatfsh fed
wth commercal feed, 5.33 to 6.58 log10 CFU/g tlapa fed spoled egg, 5.11 to
6.11 log10 CFU/g tlapa fed commercal fsh feed. Later on, the fsh whch were
not evscerated properly, the bactera mght spread and contamnate through the
apparatus of the fsh ntestnal such as ntestnal wall and ntestnal cavty. The
proteolytc enzymes orgnated from ntestnes and/or the nsde of ntestnal canal
mght act for the spolage process (Andrej et al., 2006).
In water samples, chcken offal and spoled egg showed to be relatvely hgher
on total aerobc count compared to commercal fsh feed. There were no sgnfcant
dfferences between type of feed on catfsh, tlapa and water (P>0.05). The aerobc
plate count n water samples ranged from 6.00 to 7.21 log10 CFU/g for water obtaned
from the pond use chcken offal, 6.00 to 6.9 log10 CFU/gfor pond use commercal
feed, 5.32 to 6.58 log10 CFU/g for water obtaned from the pond use spoled egg,
5.05 to 6.18 log10 CFU/g for pond use commercal feed.
Chcken offal was more contamnate the water n pond compare to spoled
egg. Other study reported that chcken loaded by aerobc bactera (Cohen et al.,
246
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
2007). Spoled egg was formed as pellet to feed tlapa. The pellet form could fed
tlapa effcently and reduced the remaned feed n water. Thus, the contamnaton
n water was observed less than chcken offal whch was not formed n pellet. The
form of pellet n fsh feed can sgnfcantly reduce polluton caused by fsh feedng
and mprove both the feed effcency as well as fsh health (Agrculture Fsheres
and Conservaton Technology, 2004).
The detected values of coliform n ntestnal of catfsh and tlapafed by
usng chcken offal and spoled egg showed to be relatvely hgher compared to
commercal fsh feed. These were observed also n water samples. Thus, chcken
offal and spoled egg mght be the source of colform. There were sgnfcant dfferent
between ntestnes of catfsh fed chcken offal and catfsh fed commercal fsh feed
(P1 5?@>5.A@5;:;21>;.5/#8-@1;A:@5:/-@25?4@58-;.@-5:102>;9 ;9
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spoled egg, from 7 to 11000 MPN/g tlapa fed commercal
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81B18;2
Proceeding
#!32;88;C10.D5:@13?@5:1?;2@58-
Feed for Catfish and Tilapia Rearing in Penang, Malaysia
Titik Budiati1,*, Gulam Rusul1, Wan Nadiah Wan Abdullah2, Yahya Mat Arip3, &
Rosma Ahmad2
1
Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
*Email: titik.budiati@gmail.com
2
Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, UniversitiSains
Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
3
School of Biological Science, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800, Penang,
Malaysia
Abstract
Chicken offal, spoiled egg and commercial fish feed were used as feed in
cultured ponds of catfish and tilapia in and around Penang, Malaysia. The total
aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform was investigated on catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) , tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) and its water. A total of 48 samples (12
intestine of catfish, 12 intestine of tilapia, 24 water samples) were taken from 8 pond
in and around Penang, Malaysia. All fish samples fed by chicken offal or spoiled egg
were heavily contaminated by total aerobic bacteria (5 to 7.26 log10 cfu/gr), coliform
(2800 to 11000 MPN/gr) and fecal coliform (3 to 430 MPN/gr). Meanwhile, fish fed
by commercial pellet were less contaminated by total aerobic bacteria (5.33 to 6.58
log10 cfu/gr), coliform (7 to 11000 MPN/gr) and fecal coliform (3 to 110 MPN/gr).
Chicken offal and spoiled egg polluted the water in aquaculture system more than
commercial fish feed. The highest l evel of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, fecal
coliform in pond water were 7.21 log10 cfu/ml, 11000 MPN/ml and 2800 MPN.ml.
The bacteria load of chicken offal and spoiled egg might contaminate catfish, tilapia
and its water. These will be a concern for quality and safety of catfish and tilapia in
term of nutrition and human health.
Key words: chicken offal, spoiled egg, catfish, tilapia, bacteriological quality
Introducton
In Malaysa, catfsh and tlapa were the mportant aquaculture products and
marketed for domestc consumpton (FAO, 2012). The prces of those fshes were
more consstent compared to marne fsh. Thus, the demand of catfsh and tlapa
244
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
tended to ncrease n the last decade. However, some problems have been met. Those
were the lmted land, the rsng of producton costs, lack of sklled labor, the threat
of dseases, the hgh food safety and qualty requrements. These ssues made the
aquaculture development to be more dffcult (FAO, 2012). The rsng of producton
cost can be reduced by replacng the commercal pellet feed wth cheaper feed such
as food waste from restaurant, chcken offal, spoled egg or others.
In Malaysa, chcken offal and spoled egg have been found to be used as
feed for catfsh and tlapa. However, the study about the effect of those feed for
mcrobologcal aspect n catfsh and tlapa has not yet been done. To fllng ths
gap, the present study wll nvestgate mcrobologcal aspect n catfsh and tlapa
whch fed by dfferent type of feed. The objectve of ths study was to nvestgate the
bacterologcal qualty of chcken offal and spoled egg as feed for catfsh and tlapa
rearng n Penang, Malaysa. The bacterologcal aspects studes were total aerobc
count, coliform count and fecalcoliform count n the ntestnes of fsh and water of
ponds. Fapohunda et al. (1994) reported that the verfcaton of the mcrobologcal
qualty, such as coliform and fecalcoliform, could explan whether the harvest or
producton presents a health hazard or not to human. Coliform and fecalcoliform
were reported to be the most heavly contamnate the ntestnal tract of fsh (Salle,
1964).
Materals and Methods
Catfsh and tlapa were obtaned from 8 ponds located n Penang -Malaysa
n November 2008 – September 2009. Samplng was done 3 tmes vstng for each
ponds. Durng each vst 5-6 lve catfsh and tlapa were purchased from ponds,
placed n sterle plastc bags and transported n polystyrene box to the laboratory. On
arrval at the laboratory, the ntestnes of fsh samples were pooled and analyzed for
Aerobc Plate Count (APC), coliform and fecal coliform. Water samples were also
obtaned from the ponds where both catfsh and tlapa were reared. Ths sampled
and kept n sterle jar at 4 oC durng transportaton to the laboratory. The ponds were
studed based on the type of feed gven to the fsh. The feed types were chcken offal
for catfsh feed, spoled egg for tlapa feed and commercal fsh pellet feed for both.
The chcken offal was steamed and grnded before feed to the fsh. The spoled egg
was mxed wth other ngredents and was formed to pellet.
The ntestnes of catfsh and tlapa were taken aseptcally and chopped by
usng sterle knfe. Twenty fve grams of ntestnes was mxed wth 225 ml of 1.5%
Pepton Water (Oxod) and homogenzed by usng stomacher (Interscence) for 120
sec. The dluton was prepared by ppetng 1 ml of alquot and mxed wth 9 ml of
1.5% Pepton Water (Oxod). The dluton was done from 10-1 untl 10-6. About 100
ml of alquot was spread on Plate Count Agar (Merck) and ncubated at 37oC for
24-48 hours. Total number of colones were counted and calculated as BAM Manual
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
245
Protocol (Maturn et al., 2001). Total aerobc count was expressed as log cfu/g.
Coliform and fecalcoliformcount were determned by usng MPN method
(Feng et al., 2002). One ml of 10-1 untl 10-5 dluton of ntestnes and water samples
were transferred nto three tubes of Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose (LST) Broth (Oxod)
and ncubated at 37oC for 24h. Approxmately, 10 µl of broth from postve tubes
were transferred nto 10 ml of Brllant Green Lactose Ble (BGLB) broth (Merck)
and ncubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Turbd tubes wth gas were consdered as postve and colform count were expressed as MPN/g or MPN/ml. Fecalcoliform count
was determned by transferrng 10 µl of BLGB broth from postve tubes nto three
tube of EC broth (Merck) and was ncubated at 44-45 oC for 24 hours. Tubes showng gas and turbdty were consdered postve for the presence of fecalcoliform and
these were expressed as MPN/g or MPN/ml. E. coli cultures (Food Mcrobology
Laboratory, School of Industral Technology, USM) were used as control.
Statistical Analysis
The dfference n APC, coliform and fecal coliform ponds was determned by
usng one-way ANOVA, SPSS software for Wndows Verson 13.
Results and Dscusson
In present study the mcrobologcal qualty of catfsh and tlapa fed by usng
chcken offal, spoled egg and commercal feed were evaluated. Our results showed
that total aerobc count on ntestnal of catfsh and tlapa fed bychcken offal and
tlapa fed by spoled egg were observed relatvely hgher compared to catfsh and
tlapa fed by commercal fsh feed. The aerobc plate count ranged from 5.00 to
7.26 log10 CFU/gcatfsh fed wth chcken offal, 5.97 to 6.69 log10 CFU/gcatfsh fed
wth commercal feed, 5.33 to 6.58 log10 CFU/g tlapa fed spoled egg, 5.11 to
6.11 log10 CFU/g tlapa fed commercal fsh feed. Later on, the fsh whch were
not evscerated properly, the bactera mght spread and contamnate through the
apparatus of the fsh ntestnal such as ntestnal wall and ntestnal cavty. The
proteolytc enzymes orgnated from ntestnes and/or the nsde of ntestnal canal
mght act for the spolage process (Andrej et al., 2006).
In water samples, chcken offal and spoled egg showed to be relatvely hgher
on total aerobc count compared to commercal fsh feed. There were no sgnfcant
dfferences between type of feed on catfsh, tlapa and water (P>0.05). The aerobc
plate count n water samples ranged from 6.00 to 7.21 log10 CFU/g for water obtaned
from the pond use chcken offal, 6.00 to 6.9 log10 CFU/gfor pond use commercal
feed, 5.32 to 6.58 log10 CFU/g for water obtaned from the pond use spoled egg,
5.05 to 6.18 log10 CFU/g for pond use commercal feed.
Chcken offal was more contamnate the water n pond compare to spoled
egg. Other study reported that chcken loaded by aerobc bactera (Cohen et al.,
246
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
2007). Spoled egg was formed as pellet to feed tlapa. The pellet form could fed
tlapa effcently and reduced the remaned feed n water. Thus, the contamnaton
n water was observed less than chcken offal whch was not formed n pellet. The
form of pellet n fsh feed can sgnfcantly reduce polluton caused by fsh feedng
and mprove both the feed effcency as well as fsh health (Agrculture Fsheres
and Conservaton Technology, 2004).
The detected values of coliform n ntestnal of catfsh and tlapafed by
usng chcken offal and spoled egg showed to be relatvely hgher compared to
commercal fsh feed. These were observed also n water samples. Thus, chcken
offal and spoled egg mght be the source of colform. There were sgnfcant dfferent
between ntestnes of catfsh fed chcken offal and catfsh fed commercal fsh feed
(P1 5?@>5.A@5;:;21>;.5/#8-@1;A:@5:/-@25?4@58-;.@-5:102>;9 ;9
@;
#!3 5:/-@25?4210C5@4/45/71:;22-82>;9
@; 8;3 #!3 @58-?@A0D2;A:0@4-@/45/71:-:0
spoled egg, from 7 to 11000 MPN/g tlapa fed commercal
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81B18;2
Proceeding
#!32;88;C10.D5:@13?@5:1?;2@58-