SENTENCE AND CLAUSE .1 A Brief Note on Sentence

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 SENTENCE AND CLAUSE 2.1.1 A Brief Note on Sentence A sentence is normally defined as a word or group of words that has a subject and a verb and must expresses a complete thought Langan, 2003:100. The subject includes the noun or pronoun that tells what the subject is about and what the sentence says about the subject is called the verb Langan, 2003:231. Examples: Most students failed the test Subject Verb . The bus arrived shortly Subject Verb . Ninda learnt French at school Subject Verb . Webster 1935: 280 gives a comprehensive definition of sentences that a sentences is a group of words so related as to convey a complete thought with the force of asserting something or of asking, commanding, exclaiming or wishing structurally considered as a group of words forming one or more predications in the latter case either linked in a series or subordinated one another. From quotation Universitas Sumatera Utara above, there are four kinds of sentences Wren Martin, 1990:1: declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative.

2.1.1.1 Declarative or Assertive Sentence

A declarative sentence is sentence that makes a statement or assertion. The declarative sentence ends with a period mark .. It is the common type of sentence used. In a declarative sentence, the subject and predicate have normal word order. The declarative sentence can be divided into two types: affirmative and negative sentence. - Affirmative is a sentence which stated the positive statement. Examples: - My best friend is a diligent - student. The poem is very difficult - . She has a good memor - Negative is the sentence which stated the denial statement. y. Examples: - I can’t read them without my - glasses. She is not a - student. There are no pictures in this book.

2.1.1.2 Interrogative Sentence

Interrogative sentence is sentence which asks a question and it needs an answer. The sentence ends with a question mark ? in writing. The interrogative sentence can be divided into two: yesno question and informative sentence. - Yes-No question is a question that needs an answer with yes or no.. Universitas Sumatera Utara Examples: - Do you go to the movie - ? Did you see the movie last night - Informative question is a question that needs the information as the answer. ? Examples: - How much does it cost - ? Where do you live ?

2.1.1.3 Imperative Sentence

Imperative sentence is a sentence which states the command or request. In imperative sentence, only the predicate is expressed. The simple form of the verb is used. The imperative sentence ends with a period in written language and a drop in pitch in spoken. Examples: - Shut the door - command Could you close the book ? request

2.1.1.4 Exclamatory Sentence

Exclamatory sentence is a sentence which expresses a feeling of amazement, a surprise or even a compliment of something. In written language, the exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamatory mark . In spoken language, the important word in exclamatory phrase may receive a stronger degree of stress and be accompanied by a rise in pitch. Example: - What a nice car Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.1.2 A Brief Note on Clause

A clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence; it is simply a word having a subject and a verb Langan, 2003:120. There are two kinds of clauses: - Independent clause: it has one subject part and one predicate part, it expresses a complete thought and it can stand alone. We can say the independent clause is also simple sentence. Example: - My brother studies very hard The subject part is my brother and the predicate part studies very hard. . It express a complete thought and can not stand alone. - Dependent clause: it is a group of words that contains a unit of subject and a unit of verb but does not expresses a complete thought, in another word it cannot stand alone Miller, 1952: 255. Example: - After the basketball game was over The subject part is the basketball and the predicate part is was over. It can not stand alone and it must be combined with independent clause to make a complete thought. . Based on the number and kind of clauses within a sentence, sentences in English are traditionally described as simple, compound, complex, or compound- complex 2003: 139. Each is explained below:

2.1.2.1 Simple Sentence

A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses. For example: Universitas Sumatera Utara - Dina fixes a camera .

2.1.2.2 Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction Laidlaw, 1987: 88. For example: - Dina fixes her camera and she will give it to Reni .

2.1.2.3 Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence a complete statement and a statement that begins with a dependent word dependent clause Langan, 2003: 142. Here is a list of common words according to Langan 2003:142: Dependent Words After if, even if when, whenever although, though in order that where, wherever as since whether because that, so that which, whichever before unless while even though until who how what, wherever whose For Example: - Dina who fixes a camera will give it to Reni. Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.1.2.4 Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more dependent statements Langan, 2003:146. For example: - Dina fixes a camera and she will give it to Reni because her father buys a new camera .

2.2 COMPOUND SENTENCE