COMPOUND SENTENCE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.2.4 Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more dependent statements Langan, 2003:146. For example: - Dina fixes a camera and she will give it to Reni because her father buys a new camera .

2.2 COMPOUND SENTENCE

A sentence will be called “compound” when it consists of two or more independent clauses. A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two principal or main clauses, with or without subordinate clauses Miller, 1952: 255. It can be said that a compound sentence is made up of two or more complete thoughts Langan, 2003:53. It is mostly used in reading and writing a text. For example, look at the following sentences below: - The man is so poor - . He is honest These two simple sentences can be combined to form one compound sentence. . - The man is so poor but he is honest The two complete statements in a compound sentence are usually connected by a comma plus a joining, or coordinating word for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, or with a semicolon ; and sometimes use subordinate conjunction. . We know that a sentence is the combination of clauses. The clauses from simple sentences join with subordinate clauses to make compound sentence. The dorms of compound sentences are marked with: Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.2.1 Coordinate Conjunction

Coordinate conjunction is ways of showing the exact relationship of ideas within a sentence. And a coordinate conjunction is a conjunction that joins sentences of equal rank or it joins words that stand in the same relation to some other word in the sentence Langan, 2003:147. Put a comma plus a joining word also known as a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet. A coordinate process gives the balance of writing by bringing together related independent clauses. Each of the coordinate conjunction has a different meaning and function. There are several conjunction according to Langan 2003:537: COORDINATE CONJUNCTION MEANING FUNCTION And But For Nor Or So Yet In addition to However As a result Negative Choice Therefore However To link idea To contrast ideas To show case To reinforce negative To show possibilities To show result To show contrast or difference

2.2.2 Punctuation of Semicolon

A semicolon is a comma and period combined with this mark ;. The semicolon ; is made up of a period above comma and sometimes called a strong comma. The semicolon signals more of a pause than a comma alone but not quite the Universitas Sumatera Utara full pause of a period Langan, 2003:126. It shows that first word in the clause after the semicolon begins with a small later. A semicolon may appear before a coordinate conjunction or join clauses if there is already internal punctuation within one or more of the clauses. A semicolon is used to do the following Langan, 2003: 331: - Join two complete thoughts that are not already connected by a joining word such as and, but, for, or, and so. Example: She lives in Malaysia; her mother lives in London - Join two complete thoughts that include a transitional word such as however, moreover, therefore, furthermore, otherwise. . There is a list common transitional word also known as Adverbial Conjunction. Brief meanings are given for the words according to Langan 2003: 236: Universitas Sumatera Utara TRANSITIONAL WORD MEANING however nevertheless on the other hand instead meanwhile otherwise indeed in addition also moreover furthermore as a result thus consequently therefore but however however as a substitute in the intervening time under other conditions in fact in addition in addition in addition as a result as a result as a result Example: Ratna always does her homework every night; however she forgets this night . - Join independent clauses when one or both clauses contain comma. Examples: She is a lazy, dishonest girl; and we all hate her.

2.2.3 Conjunctive Adverb

Conjunctive adverb, like coordinate conjunction and punctuation of semicolon, are used to connect basic sentence patterns and make compound Universitas Sumatera Utara sentence. The conjunctive adverbs which join independent clauses behave both as conjunctions and as adverbs. As conjunctions, they have the function of connecting grammatical structures. Frank, 1972: 226 states that if conjunctive adverb as adverb, it both provides transitional adverbial meanings and have the ability of filling adverbial positions. It means that conjunctive adverb connects the structures of independent clauses. Example: - Nina really like mango, besides she also likes apple The conjunctive adverb besides connects the first independent clauses with the second independent clauses. It means that conjunctive adverb explains the independent clauses in a sentence. . Frank also states that the conjunctive adverbs are listed under the relationship they show. Frank gives the relationship between conjunctive adverb and coordinate conjunction 1972:227: No Conjunctive Adverb Function Corresponding Coordinate Conjunction 1. 2. 3. Besides, likewise, moreover, furthermore, and in addition Accordingly, consequently, hence, then, therefore, as a result, of for the reason Then, subsequently, meanwhile, Addition Result Time And So - Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. afterward, earlier, and later However, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, conversely, otherwise, instead, in contrast, or on the other hand. Contrast concession But, yet Conjunctive adverbs joining clauses are punctuated in the same way as other adverbs. It is a guide by whether we would pause in speech. Example: - My house was robbed last week, as a result, I bought a watchdog. Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY