2.1.2.4 Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more dependent statements Langan, 2003:146. For example:
- Dina fixes a camera and she will give it to Reni because her father buys a new camera
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2.2 COMPOUND SENTENCE
A sentence will be called “compound” when it consists of two or more independent clauses. A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two principal
or main clauses, with or without subordinate clauses Miller, 1952: 255. It can be said that a compound sentence is made up of two or more complete thoughts
Langan, 2003:53. It is mostly used in reading and writing a text. For example, look at the following sentences below:
- The man is so poor -
. He is honest
These two simple sentences can be combined to form one compound sentence. .
- The man is so poor but he is honest The two complete statements in a compound sentence are usually connected
by a comma plus a joining, or coordinating word for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, or with a semicolon ; and sometimes use subordinate conjunction.
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We know that a sentence is the combination of clauses. The clauses from simple sentences join with subordinate clauses to make compound sentence. The
dorms of compound sentences are marked with:
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2.2.1 Coordinate Conjunction
Coordinate conjunction is ways of showing the exact relationship of ideas within a sentence. And a coordinate conjunction is a conjunction that joins sentences
of equal rank or it joins words that stand in the same relation to some other word in the sentence Langan, 2003:147. Put a comma plus a joining word also known as a
coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet. A coordinate process gives the balance of writing by bringing together
related independent clauses. Each of the coordinate conjunction has a different meaning and function. There are several conjunction according to Langan
2003:537: COORDINATE
CONJUNCTION MEANING
FUNCTION
And But
For Nor
Or So
Yet In addition to
However As a result
Negative Choice
Therefore However
To link idea To contrast ideas
To show case To reinforce negative
To show possibilities To show result
To show contrast or difference
2.2.2 Punctuation of Semicolon
A semicolon is a comma and period combined with this mark ;. The semicolon ; is made up of a period above comma and sometimes called a strong
comma. The semicolon signals more of a pause than a comma alone but not quite the
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full pause of a period Langan, 2003:126. It shows that first word in the clause after the semicolon begins with a small later. A semicolon may appear before a coordinate
conjunction or join clauses if there is already internal punctuation within one or more of the clauses.
A semicolon is used to do the following Langan, 2003: 331: -
Join two complete thoughts that are not already connected by a joining word such as and, but, for, or, and so.
Example: She lives in Malaysia; her mother lives in London -
Join two complete thoughts that include a transitional word such as however, moreover, therefore, furthermore, otherwise.
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There is a list common transitional word also known as Adverbial Conjunction. Brief meanings are given for the words according to Langan 2003:
236:
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TRANSITIONAL WORD MEANING
however nevertheless
on the other hand instead
meanwhile otherwise
indeed in addition
also moreover
furthermore as a result
thus consequently
therefore but
however however
as a substitute in the intervening time
under other conditions in fact
in addition in addition
in addition
as a result as a result
as a result
Example: Ratna always does her homework every night; however she forgets this night
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- Join independent clauses when one or both clauses contain comma.
Examples: She is a lazy, dishonest girl; and we all hate her.
2.2.3 Conjunctive Adverb
Conjunctive adverb, like coordinate conjunction and punctuation of semicolon, are used to connect basic sentence patterns and make compound
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sentence. The conjunctive adverbs which join independent clauses behave both as conjunctions and as adverbs. As conjunctions, they have the function of connecting
grammatical structures. Frank, 1972: 226 states that if conjunctive adverb as adverb, it both provides transitional adverbial meanings and have the ability of
filling adverbial positions. It means that conjunctive adverb connects the structures of independent clauses. Example:
- Nina really like mango, besides she also likes apple The conjunctive adverb besides connects the first independent clauses with
the second independent clauses. It means that conjunctive adverb explains the independent clauses in a sentence.
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Frank also states that the conjunctive adverbs are listed under the relationship they show. Frank gives the relationship between conjunctive adverb and coordinate
conjunction 1972:227:
No Conjunctive Adverb
Function Corresponding
Coordinate Conjunction
1.
2.
3. Besides, likewise, moreover,
furthermore, and in addition Accordingly, consequently,
hence, then, therefore, as a result, of for the reason
Then, subsequently, meanwhile, Addition
Result
Time And
So
-
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4. afterward, earlier, and later
However, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, conversely,
otherwise, instead, in contrast, or on the other hand.
Contrast concession
But, yet
Conjunctive adverbs joining clauses are punctuated in the same way as other adverbs. It is a guide by whether we would pause in speech. Example:
- My house was robbed last week, as a result, I bought a watchdog.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY