activities. It provides the language elements such as grammar or list of vocabularies.
However, in school-based curriculum teaching reading materials for second grade of senior secondary school are:
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a. Procedure text
b. Narrative text
c. Banner, poster and pamphlet functional text
d. Report text
e. Analytical exposition
f. Spoof text
g. Hortatory exposition
5. Text Types of Reading
Text is a part that couldn’t be separated from reading activities. It is a part of passages. According to the curriculum, there are nine kinds of reading texts that
are learnt in second grade of senior high school; procedure text, narrative text, banner, poster, pamphlet, report text, analytical exposition, spoof text, and
hortatory exposition. Here are the explanations about those kinds of texts from some resources as follows:
a. Procedure Text
A procedure text is a piece of text that tells the reader or listener how to do something. Its purpose is to provide instructions for making something, doing
something or getting somewhere.
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- Generic structure
There are three sections in constructing a procedure text; introductory statements or title, a list of materials required to complete the procedure and
sequence of steps in the order they need to be completed. -
Language features
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School Syllabus
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Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English, South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia Pty ltd, 1998, p. 28.
Procedure texts usually include the following grammatical features; sentence that begin with verbs and are stated as commands, time words or numbers that
show the order for carrying out the procedure, adverbs to describe how the action should be performed, precise terms and technical language.
b. Narrative Text
It is a text to amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways and chronologically. Langan defines “narration is storytelling,
whether we are relating a single story or several related ones.”
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According to Mark and Kathy Anderson there are five generic structures and four linguistic features to construct narrative text, as follow:
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- orientation: it set the scene and introduce the participants it answers the
question who, when, what, and where. -
complication: tells the problem of story and how the main characters solve them.
- resolution: the crisis is resolved, for better or worse.
- re-orientation: the ending of story. - evaluation: the stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of
the story. However, there are four of linguistic features to construct narrative text. First
is specific character. Second is adjective which provides description. Third is the use of time words to connect events in a story. The last is verbs which showing
action. c.
Functional Text Banner, Poster and Brochure Functional texts are written to help readers perform, or function, in their daily
lives. These specialized texts provide information and directions to help a reader. Some examples of functional text are: announcement, advertisement, poster, and
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John Langan, College Writing Skills with Reading, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p. 175.
15
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, op. cit., p. 5.
