2.1.4 Human Motivation
Theory of human motivation is really important in this study because it is used to find out Marguerite’s motivation to struggle and to resist her harsh life.
According to Smith 282, motivation is an internal process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation comes from
Latin word, ”moveo”. It is seen as an internal factor that “moves” human beings to give their efforts to reach their goals. It will prevent them from losing their way
of achieving their goals. It also makes human beings behave in a specific behavior that supports them in the process of achieving their goals.
Moreover, Murray 7 gives more explanation about motivation. He defines that motivation is desire. Motivation is related to behavior because it
involves in all kinds of behaviors such as learning, performing, perceiving, attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating and feeling. It affects
someone’s behavior because motivation may function as incentive for someone to
behave in a certain manner.
There are some needs to motivate someone to do something. Maslow asserts that there are five general types of needs physiological, safety, love and
belongingness, esteem and self-actualization that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He calls them the deficiency of needs. It is also called
as The Hierarchy of Needs qtd. in Franken 13-15. It is described alike the diagram below.
As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth and finally towards self-actualization. The explanation for each
need will be given as follows. The first deals with physiological needs. They are very basic needs such as
air, water, food, sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, and activity. When they are not satisfied, we may have the feeling of sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc.
The second concerns safety needs. They relate with security, shelter, freedom from fear, and anxiety. They have to do with establishing stability and
consistency in a chaotic world. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunction, i.e. a wife who has a rude husband cannot
move to the next level because she is worried for her safety. Love and belongingness needs have to wait to be accomplished until she does not feel fear.
Safety needs sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religions comfort us Physiological Needs
Safety Security Needs Love Belongingness Needs
Self-Esteem Needs Self-
Actualiza tion
Needs
with the promise of a secure place after we die and leave the insecurity of this world.
The third deals with love and belongingness needs which are the next on the hierarchy. They relate with acceptance, affection, giving, and receiving love.
Humans have a desire to belong to groups such as: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved non-sexual by others, to be
accepted, and to be needed by others. The fourth concerns self-esteem needs. They relate with ego, success,
status, recognition, and accomplishments. They are similar to the belongingness level. There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which results from
competence or mastery of a task. Second is the attention and recognition that comes from others.
The last one concerns self-actualization needs. They relate with self- fulfillment and realization, and enriching experience. People who have everything
can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, and oneness with God, etc.
2.1.5 Sexual Abuses
Marguerite as a central character faces sexual abuse which makes her depressed. It is important to use the theory of sexual abuses to understand the
emotional development of Marguerite. According to Ferrara 74, a child exposed to abuse may harbor many emotional concerns arising from the abuse. It means
that a child’s experience to of sexual abuse will have a bad effect to her emotional
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