Motivation Definition of Terms

personal description. The author may portray a person’s character based on appearance and clothes. He can tell the details of the character’s appearance such as face, skin, body, hair and clothes. The readers may see the character’s appearance by looking at the person’s clothes. The second way is character as seen by another. The author may also describe the character through the eyes and opinion of others instead of describing the character directly. He represents the character’s performance and personality by letting other characters in the story convey to their readers what they are like based on the character that they encounter. The readers may gain the description as a reflected image. The third way is speech. The author describes one of the characters in the story through what he says. Whenever the character speaks or states an opinion, he is giving some clues to his character. The fourth way is past life. The author may give the past life of one character in the story in order to understand the character. He gives some events that have helped to shape a person’s character by learning something from someone’s past life in the story. He may reveal a person’s character by giving direct comment, through the person’s thought, through conversation with others or the medium of another person. The fifth way is conversation with others. The author may give clues to the readers in order to show the person’s character through conversation with other characters. People often talk about other people. And the matter of the conversation can give us reference to the person’s character. The sixth way are reactions. The character often reacts to various situations and events which may reveal his character. Using this kind of characterization, the author presents a clue to the readers who might expect to find the quality of the characters in dealing with situations and events they encounter. The seventh way is direct comment. On one occasion, the author may give comments explicitly about his characters and gives his opinion about the character in the story. In other words, he has a possibility to describe or comment on a person’s character directly. The eighth way is thought. The author is able to give readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. Here, he is able to reveal the inmost thoughts of a person as if he were the secret listener. The last way is mannerism. The author may describe a person’s mannerism or habits which may also tell readers something about hisher character. He can reveal the character’s habits both the positive and negative ones.

2.1.3 Critical Approaches

In this study, the psychological and the sociocultural-historical approaches are applied and used. Through the psychological approach, the character of Marguerite can be analyzed deeply. In addition, Marguerite’s life background can be analyzed through the sociocultural-historical approach. In this study, I use this approach to discover the condition of social, cultural and historical background at that time. According to Rohrberger and Woods 6-15, there are five approaches related to literary works. They are the formalist approach, the biographical