Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

milkmaid. It means that character in literary works is a person who has some sort of an identity. An identity is made up by appearance, conversation, action, name and thoughts e.g. an identity which is made up by action and name such as a garrulous old man. Furthermore, there are traits that influence the building of the whole character. Kenny 32-34 states that there are three traits to build up the whole character. The first concerns social traits. Kenney says that these traits are related to the character’s role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or institutions that are recognized by society. The second covers physical traits that are related to the physical appearance of the character. The last concerns psychological traits that concern with the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Moreover, Forster divides the characters into two categories to determine the characters. They are flat and round characters. According to Forster 44, a flat character which is also called a type or two-dimensional, is built around a single idea or quality and is presented without much individualizing details. It can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence. Then, a round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity. Another expert, Abrams 50-56, categorizes the term characters into two namely major and minor characters based on their importance. Major characters are the ones that mostly appear in the novel. Usually the acts of the story focus on these characters from the beginning to the end. These major characters emerge from the beginning to the end of the story. The character’s personality is revealed in the interaction with others. While minor characters appear in certain setting or just becomes the background of the major one. Their roles are less important than those of the major characters.

2.1.2 Characterization

I use the theories of characterization proposed by Greenville, Thrall and Hibbart, and Murphy to understand Marguerite’s characters. Characterization is the process of creating the character. According to Greenville 36, characterization is everything that the writers do to build up the characters. Moreover, it is the process of transforming the real-life people into fiction characters. Therefore, the way of the author creates the character can be seen through the characters’ dialogues and actions. According to Thrall and Hibbart 81, there are three important methods of characterization. The first is an explicit presentation through direct exposition that is illustrated by action. The second is a presentation of character by action with little comments from the author so that the readers can recognize the character through the actions. The third is a presentation within the character without the comment from the author. It also presents the emotion and action in the character itself so that the readers will understand the attributes of the character. Additionally, Murphy 161-173 states that there are nine ways of characterization. He says that the author tries to make the character alive for his readers. The explanation for each way will be given as follows. The first way is