the development of technology used by their students who are considered as digital natives Dudeney and Hockly, 2007: 8.
a. The Nature of Mobile Learning
In defining m-learning, Winters 2006: 5 suggests his perspectives on m- learning which covers four broad categories, namely technocentric, relationship to
e-learning, augmenting formal education, and learner-centered. According to technocentric perspective, m-learning is viewed as learning using mobile devices,
such as PDAs, mobile phones, iPods, tablets, or e-readers. Based on relationship to e-learning perspective, m-learning is characterized as an extension to e-learning.
This perspectives consider m-learning as a subset of electronic learning e- learning, which in turn, is a subset of distance learning d-learning as illustrated
in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1. The Subsets of Distance Learning Honeyman, 1993 in Ali, 2013: 17
Honeyman 1993 in Ali 2013: 15 defines d-learning as “a process to create and provide access to learning when the source of information and the learners are
separated by time and distance, or both”. In the past, d-learning has some drawbacks, such as time and location restrictions, climate factors, and access
restrictions since it is delivered via satellite Ali, 2013: 16. However, recently, d- learning relies on the advancement of technology which makes the process of
delivering the learning materials and information much easier than before. Meanwhile, Brown 2005: 303 defines e-learning a subset of d-learning, as the
process of delivering content and information via electronic media, such as internet, intranet, audiovideo tape, or CD-ROM.
The term e-learning covers a wide set of applications and processes including computer-based learning, Web-based learning, virtual-
classrooms and digital collaboration. We define e-learning as the delivery of content and interaction via all electronic media,
including the Internet, intranets, extranets, satellite broadcast, audiovideo tape, interactive TV, and CD-ROM. Yet, e-learning is
defined more narrowly than distance learning, which would include text-based learning and courses conducted via written
correspondence Brown, 2005: 303.
Conceptually, as illustrated in Figure 2.1., e-learning comprises of online learning
wired and m-learning wireless. Dudeney and Hockly 2007: 136 mention that online learning, as the subset of e-learning, is learning which takes place via the
Internet, while m-learning is m-learning which includes the use of mobile phones, MP3 players, PDAs, iPods, or tablets.
In accordance with Winters’ 2006 third perspective i.e. augmenting formal education, m-learning offers opportunities for learning which extend beyond formal
education and traditional learning. As pointed out by Winters 2006: 5, formal education is characterized as face-to-face teaching, while traditional learning is
learning which takes place in the classroom. Therefore, by this point, m-learning provides learners with greater opportunities to learn not only in their classroom
context, but also outside the classroom context. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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