c. Dialogue between Characters
The language or diction that the characters use when they talk to other characters throughout the drama also gives contributions in revealing their
personalities.
d. Hidden Narration
The playwrights always implicitly give a clue about the characters through other characters. If often occurs in a drama when a certain character narrates
something about another character.
e. Character in Action
As characters become more engaged in the certain situations, we can gradually learn more about them. When they get involved in the action of the
play, they must perform particular acts which later will slowly reveal their motivations in behaving that way Reaske, 1966: 44-48.
The explanation about character and characterization above helped the writer to anal
yze Clay’s depiction as an African American man in the play.
2. The Relation between Literature and Society
Literary works have been very important for people in this living world. Literature is also one media to express many things in many aspects in the society,
and society makes the story alive. Literary work has been a very close “friend”
with society in years, and they related to one another. From Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, they state that
Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Such traditional literary devices as symbolism and metre are
social in their very nature. They are conventions and norms which could
have arisen only in society. But, furt hermore, literature ‘represents’ ‘life’;
and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of individual have also been
objects of literary ‘imitation’... But literature is not a reflection of the social process, but the essence, the abridgement, and summary of all
history. Much the most common approach to the relation of literature and society is the study of works of literature as social documents, as assumed
pictures of social reality. Used as a social document, literature can be made to yield the outlines of social history. For example is social picture of
American life Wellek, 1956: 94-103.
According to the explanation above, the writer sees that the literature is closely related with the society, especially American life in the 1960s, and what happened
in society can be revealed from literary work. The society in literature can somewhat represent real-life society, as the poet is a member of the society and
the fact that literature has a social use. However, as the society in the literary work is not always same as the
society in real life, the author does not make the content and the detail of the work same with the real life. This can happen only coincidentally.
3. Theory of Identity
There are some theories about identity, one of which comes from Harry H. L. Kitano. He states that i
dentity is “how an individual perceives and feels about “self remains” that serves as the end result of a process of socialization that
includes the family, the community, the ethnic group, and the society” Kitano,
1985: 82. Therefore, an identity is constructed with elements that make a person distinguishable from the others such as name, gender, race, and social status.
Another theory comes from Hans Bertens, which draws on Lacan’s theory
of identity. The relational character of identity suggests that the structure in which
we happen to find ourselves more or less creates us as subjects and thereby situates us as individuals. However, since the social and personal configuration in
which we find ourselves at a given point will inevitably change, identity is not something fixed and stable, it is a process that will never lead to completion.
Identity is not only subject to constant change, it can also never be coherent. Bertens, 2008:127
4. Racism and Racial Stereotyping
As the title of this thesis includes the issue of racial stereotyping, which is related and connected to race and racism, the writer will explain about race,
racism, stereotype, and racial stereotypes that will help the writer to analyze the problem.
a. Race
Before the writer explains about racism, it is important to know what race is. Race can be divided into two different meanings, b
ased on Allan G. Johnson’s book. His statement is
“first is as the biological concept, race refers to people who share a genetic heritage that results in distinct physical features, such as the color
of skin, eyes, and hair, or shape of the nose or eyes. Second is as an ascribed social status to which they attach values, attitudes, and norms that produce
important consequences for the occupants of different racial statuses ” Johnson,
1986: 353.
b. Racism
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