The theories of identity are used to analyze the identity of Clay, helping the writer to explain
Clay’s identity struggle towards Lula’s racial stereotyping.
The explanation about racism and racial stereotypes is used to show how Lula uses racist speech that causes Clay to do sorts of things that show the
defensive attitude as an African American man. Last is the review of the history of African Americans. It is used to help
the writer to know more about African Americans life in that era, and about racial issues they encountered. This theory helps the writer to see more deeply their
struggle for life towards racial issues.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman was written and composed in the early 1960s, near the beginning the author’s involvement with the Black Nationalist
movement. It was first performed in 1964 at the Cherry Line Theatre and won the Village
Voice’s Obie Award for the Best American Play of the 1963-64 season. It is also the author’s Amiri Baraka last major work under his birth name, LeRoi
Jones. This play tells about two characters who met inside the subway train, Clay
and Lula. Clay is a young black man, and Lula is a middle-aged white woman. In this play, these two characters talk about something that leads to sexual
conversation. However, in the end of the play, Lula kills Clay with a knife.
B. Approach of the Study
In analyzing this particular research, the writer uses s socio-cultural historical approach. This approach concerns itself particularly with literature that
represents and concentrates on writings from social, cultural and historical point of views. Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods address the socio-cultural
historical approach. They state that the socio-cultural historical approach is the only way to locate the real work in reference to the civilization that produced it.
Civilization itself is the attitudes and actions as its subject matter. They also add
that this approach leads us to an ethical judgement concerning the truth of the author
’s statement Rohrberger, 1971: 9-10 By learning historical background of the play, the reader can connect it to
a situation that happened in history dependent on the time that the author uses in the play. It can be said that society and culture in story also reflect to the society
and culture in history. The purpose of this approach is to discuss the novel in the social condition,
culture, and historical context. The purpose of applying this approach is to know about social conditions, culture, and historical context in the play work, especially
about the struggle for identity againt racial stereotyping in the era of Civil Rights Act in the U. S. Racial stereotyping suffered by Blacks is closely connected to the
society and culture practiced in the society in the play work.
C. Method of the Study
This part is about the procedures that were taken in analyzing the work. In the first step, this study uses the library research. This is a method of collecting
data by reading books, articles, essays, websites that are collected in sentences. The writer has chosen some books to support the research.
As mentioned the research methodology involves collecting data. The primary data is the most important one, so the writer uses Dutchman by Amiri
Baraka as the primary data. The second data is taken from books, articles, and online references to support the research.
Some theories are also used as the references for the purpose of analysis. The writer uses books from M. H. Abrams, Christopher Russel Reaske, Rene
Wellek and Austin Warren, Allan G. Johnson, Hans Bertens, Joe R. Feagin, Newman and E. N. Layfield, Harry H. L. Kitano, and H. Golden. Those books
support the writer in analyzing the depiction of Clay, identity struggle and racial stereotyping. Further information is collected from websites and previous studies.
In the process of writing this study, the writer went through several steps. The first step was close reading and re-reading of the play, in order to understand
more about the story. The second step was choosing the topic. After choosing the topic, the writer started to find the background of the study and also the problems
related to the topic. To solve the major problems, some theories were chosen. The writer used the theory of character and characterization in the scope of
the depiction question. The relation between literature and society is used to help the writer to make a connection between the play and the society of African
American in the real life. The theory of racism and racial stereotype in the scope of racial
stereotyping, and used to have a better understanding about the practice of racial stereotyping that Clay experienced. Theory of identity is used to understand of
Clay’s struggle for his identity. The review of history of African American is the 1960s is used to help the writer to know more about racial issues that happened in
that era. It also to help the writer to see how they keep struggling against racial discrimination. In the last part of this research, the writer gives conclusion of the
analysis.
