his or her mind. 9
Mannerisms The author can illustrate a person’s mannerisms, habit, or modes of
behavior which may also tell the readers something about the character.
2. Theory of Psychology
C.G. Jung states, “The psychological mode works with material drawn from man’s conscious life with crucial experiences, powerful emotions, suffering
passion, and the stuff of human fate in general” 1972: 89. From the statement mentioned before, it can be said that the personality of men can be seen through
the experiences they had. One of the experiences that men have is facing conflict and how to solve the conflict. Theory of psychology reflects that from the
psychological components and the experiences.
3. Theory of Conflict
Theory of conflict covers the explanations of definition of conflicts, kinds of the conflict and conflict resolution.
a. Definition
Jones and Gerard as cited in Worchel and Cooper, 1979: 460 determine conflict as a state that requires the person when he is motivated to make two or
more mutual incompatible actions. This means a person will face a conflict when he can not complete two or more mutual actions together. For that, a person has to
choose one action only as the consequence of the conflict. Another definition of conflict comes from Hocker and Willmot. According
to them as cited in Isenhart and Spangle 2000: 3, conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible
goals, scare resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goal. This implies that conflict may occur because of the involvement of at least
two parties or more. Because of the purpose to defend their goal, two or more parties involve and produce a conflict.
Conflicts are felt by people in the real life. A person might feel a conflict in his or her life when he or she finds an action in which he or she should decide
the options in order to reach a resolution.
b. Types of Conflicts
There are two types of conflict that people have experienced in the daily life. They are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict.
Worchel and Cooper 1979: 460-464 describe intrapersonal conflict as a conflict that an individual experiences when he or she makes a decision between
two or more alternatives which will lead to a situation in which other people do not behave as the individual expects them to.
Based on the dilemmas in responding the situation, there are four kinds of conflict. Those are approach – approach, avoidance – avoidance, approach –
avoidance and double approach – avoidance conflicts. In approach – approach conflict, an individual can only choose one actions
toward two positive goals. The individual has to make a decision between two attractive alternatives. This is the simplest conflict.
An avoidance – avoidance conflict occurs when an individual must choose PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
one between two equally unattractive goals. An individual, engages in this conflict, usually avoid choosing between two unattractive alternatives.
When an individual has to choose one goal which has both attractive and unattractive qualities is called an approach – avoidance conflict. An individual
involves in the conflict because of his or her fear or doubt in choosing the goal. The most common conflict situation is double approach – avoidance
conflict. This conflict contains two goals which both have the positive and negative sides. There are some factors that influence the individual in choosing
the goal. The factors are how close the individual is to the goal, the amount of the goal, the kind of the goal, and the attractiveness of the goal.
The second conflict, the interpersonal conflict, deals with two or more people. The interpersonal conflict is a conflict which happens between two or
more people when they are involved in achieving the incompatible goal. This conflict can also occur when the two people or parties agree with the goal but
disagree with the manner in achieving the goal. According to Beebe, Beebe and Redmon 1996: 297-300, the
interpersonal conflict can be divided into three types. They are pseudo conflict, simple conflict and ego conflict. Pseudo conflict is conflict caused by the lack of
understanding between the individuals or parties. Simple conflict happens because of the differences on definition, goals, ideas, and perceptions. While ego conflict
appears when personal differences attached to each individual in a group.
c.
Causes of Conflicts
Each person has his or her own definition, idea, goal, needs and attitude. A PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
conflict is believed to happen when the disagreement about the goals, behavior, attitudes and needs appears Verderber 1984: 97.
They may be many other causes or sources of the conflict. Isenhart and Spangle 2000: 14-15 resume the most common sources of conflict into seven
sources. The first is data – people often have differences of opinion about the best source, reliability, or interpretation of data. The second is interest – conflict
specifically happens when two or more parties have different interest. The third is procedures – parties will not involve in a discussion if they do not agree with the
procedure in solving the problem. The fourth is values – the hardest conflict will occur when the priority of values is different. The fifth is relationships – a conflict
exists when people can not trust each other or respect each other’s feeling. The sixth is roles – a conflict appears because of the imbalance role of the people
among the rules towards their own roles. The last is communication – conflict frequently results from how something is said and not interpreted among people.
d. Styles of Conflicts
