The third alternative is facilitation. This alternative also needs third party’s help in resolving the conflict. Here, the third party acts as a facilitator who creates
the collaborative discussion process. The process might use many techniques such as brainstorming, opinion surveying or image building. Usually this alternative,
facilitation is applied in a conflict with a large size of groups and is a complex conflict.
The fourth alternative is arbitration. It is applied when the parties can not find the beneficial goal for both parties. Then in the process of resolution, the
third party is selected by the conflicting parties. The role of the third party arbitrator is to make the decision. However, the norms and the rules of the
process itself still depend on the parties’ agreement. The last alternative is judicial process. It combines legal and non legal
procedures, social norms and legal laws in the process of conflict resolution. The third party in this conflict resolution is court. This alternative is chosen after all
the alternatives are failed to be applied.
B. Women in Chinese Culture
In Chinese culture, women status changes during time. In the early twentieth century, women were subordinated to men. In this section, this study
discusses more about women status in the early twentieth century. Since infant period, a girl baby was already treated differently. It was a
birth of a son that was celebrated. Besides, Chinese girl baby were more likely to suffer from infanticide in poor family. Yet presumably they must have made up
about half of the population, or perhaps slightly less, for in hard times girl babies PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
were exposed by families to die Robert, 1993: 361. Another reason of this treatment is because a girl baby was a poor social investment, since after the years
of nature the majority of them would simply marry and become the part of other household Smith, 1994: 248.
The different gender did not stop at that age. In the childhood age, a daughter faced the pain because of the custom. In order to keep the girl’s feet at a
tiny size, the girl feet were bound in the ages between five and ten O’neill, 1987: 94. The process of foot binding was really painful. The girl was incapable to
walk normally because the feet were bound with cloth. The Chinese euphemism for the bound foot was “golden lotus” O’neill, 1987: 94. However, this custom
did not apply universal; the Hakkas, Manchus, non – Chinese tribes, the boat population in the south, and some of the very poor did not conform to it. The very
poor did not conform to it for economical reason. Unbinding the foot in later years also brought a pain. Latourette 1951: 680 in his book The Chinese Their History
and Culture states that a girl without small feet was regarded as disgraced and it was impossible to get a desirable husband for her.
A girl not only suffered from the binding feet but also the relationship with outside. In general, non family contacts became important for boys; whereas girls
were more and more confined to the home and had fewer outside contacts Hu, 1960: 169. Because of that, a girl at that era had almost no friends.
After the childhood period is the youth generation. In this period, a girl was suffered from the prostitution or slavery. Hard-pressed families might sell
their female children into slavery or prostitution, while a boy was considered crucial for the continuation of the family line and the maintenance of ancestral
sacrifice Smith, 1994: 248. In this age stage, usually a marriage took place. Being a wife of a husband continued the pain of a woman. There was not
any equal position between a wife and a husband in a family. A wife had to submit her husband as long as he lived. This means that a wife did not freely do
what she wanted to. She should obey her husband’s command. If a wife did something wrong, a husband might beat his wife Hu, 1960: 160. Nevertheless, a
wife could never strike him. In a peasant family, women and girls performed the household tasks and made the family clothing, while the men and boys usually
cultivated the land Hu, 1960: 162. Women and girls were banned to go and have contact outside. Although a wife performed household tasks, a wife’s first duty
was to produce sons to continue the male line. A wife position in her husband’s family was unenviable after her duty had been fulfilled Hu, 1960: 160. A wife
was considered invaluable when she could not give a son in her family. Without a son, a wife might suffer from concubine. In theory, the reason
for concubinage was to insure the all important continuation of the male line Hu, 1960: 170. Yet, concubinage was done because of sexual desire and competitive
argons of man. Smith also agreed that concubinage is also done for a man prestige, for example a rich man will take a concubine due to her beauty or talent
in singing or playing instrument 1994: 258. Women were subordinate to men under most circumstances. A widowed
mother of a young son might considered the head of her family, but once the son was grown any transactions made by the mother would be invalid unless her son
approved Hu, 1960: 161. For that reason, a widowed actually had no power to control the household.
Women in the early twentieth century were treated differently from men. Being inferior from men, women gained pain during their lives. From infant,
child, youth until old, women became less important than men.
C. Theoretical Framework
