Review of the Related Studies

11 with previous elements Gill, 1995, p.148. Thus, setting and social context are important factors in analyzing a character. Murphy 1972 mentions several examples of ways which the author makes the characters understandable to the readers. According to Murphy, there are nine ways of characterizing pp. 161-173: a. Personal description The author directly describes the person ‘s physical appearance such as herhis build, herhis skin-color, herhis hair, and herhis clothes with various adjectives that make the description more vivid. b. Character as seen by another The author conveys the person‘s character through the choice of words and phrases through another character‘s eyes and opinion so that the reader will get the reflected image of the person. c. Speech The author gives the reader clue about the person ‘s personality through what the person says and every time the person has conversation with other characters. d. Past life The author lets the reader learn about the person ‘s past life events that shape her character. It can be done by giving direct comments, through the person ‘s inner thought, or through the medium of another character. The person ‘s past life might influence her personality in the present day. e. Conversation of others 12 The author gives a clue to the person‘s character through the things other characters say about herhis in conversations when they talk about the person. f. Reactions The author gives the reader a clue of the person‘s character through her reactions on some situations and events in the story. g. Direct comments The author directly gives comments and descripti on on the person‘s character. h. Thoughts The author gives the reader direct information of the person‘s thoughts. The person‘s thoughts might be different with her action in real life. i. Mannerism The author describes the person‘s character through her habits and behavior that may tells some information about her character to the readers.

3. Author’s Intention

The writer chooses the author‘s intention theory to analyze the main character‘s possible intentions in writing the book. An author has various reasons for writing a paragraph, sentence, or even word. An author has specific purpose and conscious plan in mind and put it into her work because every piece of literature is basically a ―reservoir of sensory and mental experiences‖ Payne, 1977, p.245. Intention is a part of the mental experience and it is developing 13 through the progress of writing. It may be more difficult to find out the real intention of an author because we only read her thought only through her writings. Yet, in historical context, one can draw conclusion to an author‘s intention by analyzing the ―immediate configuration of the author including his intention, his audience, and their situation, which may be elucidated by other social, cultural, and historical factors ‖ Payne, 1977, p.243. Author‘s intention has an important role in dealing with the meaning of her literary work. It is the fundamental point of giving a work its identity. Words are simply the evidence of the meanings. According to Irvin 2006, To understand a work appropriately, perhaps we must see it as the product of an author: a particular human being in a certain socio-historical context, who writes with a certain style, tends to use words in certain ways, brings certain background knowledge and experiences to bear, and has written a body of works which may inform one another p.122. Thus, discovering author‘s intention needs detailed inspection through the work itself. Beside word, another evidence of the intention can be seen through author‘s behavior. Intention is not a ―private mental events‖. It is connected in certain system of human behavior, and for this reason, another evidences can be recognized by looking at the author‘s behavior Irvin, 2006, p.117. In its correlation with human behavior, author‘s intention cannot be separated with the way it works in the artist‘s mind, how it is displayed in the work, and which is its power in order to produce a certain experience Salar, 2011, p.8. Hancher 1972 proposes that: The concept of ―the author‘s intention,‖ as it has generally figured in literary criticism and literary theory, requires analysis into three separate elements: 1 the author‘s intention to make something or other; 2 the