Theory of Character Review of Related Theories

13 through the progress of writing. It may be more difficult to find out the real intention of an author because we only read her thought only through her writings. Yet, in historical context, one can draw conclusion to an author‘s intention by analyzing the ―immediate configuration of the author including his intention, his audience, and their situation, which may be elucidated by other social, cultural, and historical factors ‖ Payne, 1977, p.243. Author‘s intention has an important role in dealing with the meaning of her literary work. It is the fundamental point of giving a work its identity. Words are simply the evidence of the meanings. According to Irvin 2006, To understand a work appropriately, perhaps we must see it as the product of an author: a particular human being in a certain socio-historical context, who writes with a certain style, tends to use words in certain ways, brings certain background knowledge and experiences to bear, and has written a body of works which may inform one another p.122. Thus, discovering author‘s intention needs detailed inspection through the work itself. Beside word, another evidence of the intention can be seen through author‘s behavior. Intention is not a ―private mental events‖. It is connected in certain system of human behavior, and for this reason, another evidences can be recognized by looking at the author‘s behavior Irvin, 2006, p.117. In its correlation with human behavior, author‘s intention cannot be separated with the way it works in the artist‘s mind, how it is displayed in the work, and which is its power in order to produce a certain experience Salar, 2011, p.8. Hancher 1972 proposes that: The concept of ―the author‘s intention,‖ as it has generally figured in literary criticism and literary theory, requires analysis into three separate elements: 1 the author‘s intention to make something or other; 2 the 14 author‘s intention to be understood as acting in some way or other; 3 the author‘s intention to cause something or other to happen p.829. In further explanation, Hancher 1972 says that the author‘s intention to make something or other is called ―programmatic intention‖ and intentions to be understood as acting is called ―active intention‖. The difference between these two intentions lies in ―an intention to do something oneself‖ and ―an intention that the thing one has made, mean somethi ng or other‖. Then, there is the third kind of intentions which purpose to cause an effect of one sort or another, termed as ―final intention‖. Yet the effect of this final intention is more explicit. An author‘s intention of her completed work towards the reader might be to change their knowledge or belief about subject matter; or purely to entertain; or to release experience of pity and fear. On the other hand, the completed work, as regard of the author herself, might be for earning certain amount of money, or to make her famous. An author‘s intention during the writing process before it is fully completed can be ―a kind of psychotherapy for him or to be a pure pleasure for him‖ Hancher, 1972, pp. 829-835. The psychological condition of an author such as anxiety, fear, sadness, and homesick, might initiate her to write something to relieve herself from those feeling. Intention is a thing that has ―causal and explanatory power over its effects and their features‖ and its components are influenced by its cause and influencing its effects ‖ Salar, 2011, p.10.