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author‘s intention to be understood as acting in some way or other; 3 the author‘s intention to cause something or other to happen p.829.
In further explanation, Hancher 1972 says that the author‘s intention to make
something or other is called ―programmatic intention‖ and intentions to be
understood as acting is called ―active intention‖. The difference between these two intentions lies in ―an intention to do something oneself‖ and ―an intention that
the thing one has made, mean somethi ng or other‖. Then, there is the third kind of
intentions which purpose to cause an effect of one sort or another, termed as ―final intention‖. Yet the effect of this final intention is more explicit.
An author‘s intention of her completed work towards the reader might be to change their knowledge or belief about subject matter; or purely to entertain; or
to release experience of pity and fear. On the other hand, the completed work, as regard of the author herself, might be for earning certain amount of money, or to
make her famous. An author‘s intention during the writing process before it is
fully completed can be ―a kind of psychotherapy for him or to be a pure pleasure for him‖ Hancher, 1972, pp. 829-835. The psychological condition of an author
such as anxiety, fear, sadness, and homesick, might initiate her to write something to relieve herself from those feeling.
Intention is a thing that has ―causal and explanatory power over its effects and their features‖ and its components are
influenced by its cause and influencing its effects ‖ Salar, 2011, p.10.
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C. Review of the Socio-Historical Background
The writer reviews the socio-historical background of the novel. Socio- historical background is used because the one of the ways
to ―locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it‖ Rohrberger Woods, 1971,
p.9. The writer divides the socio-historical review into two parts. The first part is concerning about Civil Rights Movement in general. The second part is the
specific topic of Women‘s Role in Southern Society during Civil Rights Movement.
1. Civil Rights Movement
The world politics were dominated by the rivalry between Russia and America during 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The rivalry is called Cold War. A lot of
human resources were needed. As a result, African American forebears were imported to United States as slaves during war time. They were being bought and
sold as property and the buyer will own them. They had no rights to enjoy proper living in United States and being considered less than human. Their human rights,
the rights that individuals have from the time they were born, were denied. African American race became minority, and they often
―regarded as inferior‖ South African History Online. The old rules of slavery seem to be continued
since some rules from the early eighteenth century slavery in the South are clearly ―codified‖. It is mentioned that African Americans were slaves who considered as
property to the owner. Children would also get their mother‘s status as a slave and
the Christian baptism did not lead to freedom of life. There is also prohibition of
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marriage between African American and white people. African American cannot get any kind of property by buying or inheritance either. African American
―could not engage in litigation or enter into civil contracts; they could not testify against
whites in cour t, nor could they sit on juries‖ Stampp, 1956; Starobin, 1970, p.7,
as cited in Aguirre Turner, 2011, p.115. Since 1865, the biggest population of slaves lived and worked on farms
and plantation in Southern America; North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. While it
was time for Northern America to end slavery, the Southern refused to follow the decision. African American in Southern were still discriminated based on racist
laws called Jim Crow South African History Online. The discrimination affected many fundamental aspects of life: housing, political, economical, and educational
discrimination. When African Americans experience housing discrimination, they were isolated from white American areas. While all the business is growing in the
city, African American lives far outside from it. According to Aguirre and Turner 2011, ―90 percent of all African Americans remained in the South, 75 percent
living under oppressive conditions in rural areas .‖ p.126. As the consequence,
not only they could not get employment, but also lost the access of good schools, public facilities and services. They were not allowed to vote either South African
History Online. Even though their presence among white American was objectionable, a
lot of African Americans were still working for white families. The racial discrimination against African American is higher than any other races in United
