Psychological Approach Review of Related Theories

15 15 a conversation between two people about someone and they say their opinion about someone. Reaction is the next way of characterization from Murphy 1972. In analyzing a person’s character, the author gives a clue to the reader to know a person’s character through the person’s reaction to various situations and events. The way a person responds to something helps the reader to see hisher real character. It is also possible for the author to describe or comment on a person’s character in the story directly. The author will describe a person’s character based on his or her point of view towards the character. The character of a person can be analyzed through the character’s direct comment. Murphy 1972, p. 171 clarifies that “the author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.” The author is able to do what human beings cannot do in a real life. The author can tell the readers the difference thought of people. In this part, the readers will take a position as good observers in concluding what comes to their mind about a person’s character through what he or she is thinking about. This characterization’s way is called as thoughts. Moreover, a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies may also tell the readers about the character. Mannerism is the way to understand a person’s character through his or her behavior. This will help the readers to know easily what kind of a person heshe is. 16 16

3. Theory of Aggression

In this study, the writer applies the theory of aggression to answer the formulated problems. The theory is used to find out Sheila’s characteristics before and after learning in the special education class with Torey, her teacher. This theory is used to find out the Sheila’s aggressive behavior changes into non- aggressive behavior as the influence of Torey’s teaching styles. According to Freud as cited in Bandura 1973, p. 13 aggression is a result of the antagonist influence of the life instinct. The people are forced to behave destructively in order to protect themselves from destruction. Furthermore, the aggressive behavior according to Bandura 1973, p. 2 is behavior to dominate by hurting others or destroying objects. Bandura also views 1973, p. 5 aggression as “behavior that is likely to produce aversive consequences, such as physical assaults, humiliation, and social rebuffs.” Berkowitz 1995, p. 4 says “aggression is the behavior that is aimed to physically and mentally injure of someone to achieve their own goals or desires. Berkowitz 1995, p. 14 mentions two types of aggression where the intension is not aimed to hurt others, namely, instrumental aggression and emotional aggression.

a. Instrumental Aggression

Berkowitz 1995, p. 15 states that instrumental aggression is behavior that is intended to achieve the aggressor’s goal or desire not to injure the target. This aggression intends to defense power, domination and status social other than the target’s injury. Vanden Bos 2006, p. 30 says that aggression, in which the attack